ライフサイエンスコーパス: Aplysia

1 odel species, Aplysia californica (hereafter Aplysia).

2 naptic plasticity, long-term facilitation in Aplysia.

3 underlying intermediate-term memory (ITM) in Aplysia.

4 ical role in long-term memory maintenance in Aplysia.

5 log of ApCPEB, a functional prion protein in Aplysia.

6 nic stimulation of the presynaptic neuron in Aplysia.

7 ic plasticity underlying memory formation in Aplysia.

8 l III, was cloned from the nervous system of Aplysia.

9 itation (LTF) of the sensorimotor synapse in Aplysia.

10 investigate it here in the feeding system of Aplysia.

11 verall decline in reflexive movement in aged Aplysia.

12 sensory neuron (SN)-motor neuron synapses in Aplysia.

13 o be necessary for long-term memory (LTM) in Aplysia.

14 RNAs, 13 of which were novel and specific to Aplysia.

15 tor neurons of the gill-withdrawal reflex of Aplysia.

16 is critical for the expression of feeding in Aplysia.

17 Here we study a feeding network in Aplysia.

18 or nondifferential classical conditioning in Aplysia.

19 g-lasting plasticity and memory formation in Aplysia.

20 r the formation of long-term facilitation in Aplysia.

21 ng-term synaptic facilitation (LTF) in adult Aplysia.

22 xtrinsic modulation of the feeding system of Aplysia.

23 tation (LTF) in sensorimotor cocultures from Aplysia.

24 actable model system; the feeding network of Aplysia.

25 er that mediates behavioral sensitization in Aplysia[1-3], induces long-term facilitation (LTF) of th

26 o play a major role in long-term learning in Aplysia[5].

27 stingly, no D-Ser was detected in the CNS of Aplysia, a "primitive" invertebrate.

28 uce long-term synaptic facilitation (LTF) in Aplysia, a neuronal correlate of memory.

29 Molecular analyses of Aplysia, a well-established model organism for cellular

30 A water soluble chimera of Aplysia acetylcholine binding protein with the same alph

31 Crystal structures of Aplysia AChBP bound with the agonist anabaseine, two par

32 Analysis of Aplysia AChBP complexes with nicotinic ligands shows tha

33 tures of multiple neuropeptides (bradykinin, Aplysia acidic peptide 1-20, and insulin).

34 Like the K2p subunit cloned previously from Aplysia, AcK2p2 appears to be more closely related to hu

35 ng in Drosophila, long-term sensitization in Aplysia, active-avoidance conditioning in Zebrafish, and

36 In the hermaphroditic mollusc Aplysia, after learning that food is inedible, memory is

37 address this issue in the feeding network of Aplysia and demonstrate that degeneracy in network funct

38 Previous studies in Aplysia and Drosophila have found that a neuronal varian

39 both in the CNS and the peripheral organs of Aplysia and implies a role for NO as a modulator of chem

40 loops may operate in several systems (e.g., Aplysia and rat).

41 intracellularly on injection into the living Aplysia and that its concentration increases when the an

42 ituted anabaseines with AChBPs from Lymnaea, Aplysia, and Bulinus species and correlated their bindin

43 found that a translation regulator CPEB from Aplysia, ApCPEB, that stabilizes activity-dependent chan

44 term sensitization of withdrawal reflexes of Aplysia are attributable at least in part to facilitatio

45 most motor neurons in the buccal network of Aplysia at low, nontoxic Mn(2+) concentrations.

46 of a single neuron in the buccal ganglion of Aplysia at room temperature.

47 Using a multi-compartment model of the Aplysia axon, we demonstrate that the miniature coil cau

48 We have now used Aplysia bag cell (BC) neurons, which regulate reproducti

49 and docked mitochondria in chick sensory and Aplysia bag cell neurons growing rapidly on physiologica

50 Here, we examine how H(2)O(2) influences Aplysia bag cell neurons, which elicit ovulation by rele

51 the rat pituitary gland and single cultured Aplysia bag cell neurons.

52 We use experimental measurements in the Aplysia bag growth cone to develop and constrain a simpl

53 of how food-seeking behavior in the sea slug Aplysia becomes compulsive provides new insights into th

54 al of the tail-mantle and head of individual Aplysia before and after attack by lobsters.

55 tence of long-term memory was examined using Aplysia bifurcated sensory neuron-motor neuron cultures.

56 able liganded (open) and metal-free (closed) Aplysia BK channel structures.

57 closely related to the cyclases cloned from Aplysia but also shows significant homology with the mam

58 ory (AD-ITM) for sensitization is induced in Aplysia by a single tail shock that gives rise to plasti

59 ng the amount of available gene sequences of Aplysia by two orders of magnitude, this collection repr

60 ts activation, after axotomy, is mediated by Aplysia c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (apJNK), which enters th

61 ymes, including the ADP-ribosyl cyclase from Aplysia california (ADPRAC) and CD38 from human.

62 tinoid and high nicotinoid sensitivities and Aplysia californica (Ac) AChBP of high neonicotinoid sen

63 rom extensive research on the model species, Aplysia californica (hereafter Aplysia).

64 Neurons isolated from Aplysia californica , an organism with a well-defined ne

65 siphon-withdrawal reflex in the marine snail Aplysia californica [4, 5] could undergo reconsolidation

66 idated by identifying a known DAACP from the Aplysia californica abdominal ganglion.

67 ing the antagonist-bound conformation of the Aplysia californica acetylcholine binding protein as a t

68 of cytisine and varenicline in complex with Aplysia californica acetylcholine-binding protein and us

69 cture of alpha-conotoxin GIC in complex with Aplysia californica AChBP (Ac-AChBP) at a resolution of

70 rid and thiacloprid in the binding site from Aplysia californica AChBP at 2.48 and 1.94 A in resoluti

71 additional in situ reactions with a mutated Aplysia californica AChBP that was made to resemble the

72 en synthesized from NADP enzymatically using Aplysia californica ADP-ribosyl cyclase or mammalian NAD

73 Aplysia californica ADP-ribosyl cyclase tolerates even t

74 sized, and their substrate properties toward Aplysia californica ADP-ribosyl cyclase were investigate

75 e dinucleotide analogues enzymatically using Aplysia californica ADP-ribosyl cyclase.

76 of rejection responses in the marine mollusk Aplysia californica and compared these mechanisms with t

77 To explore this important question, we used Aplysia californica as a model system.

78 We explored this general question by using Aplysia californica as a model system.

79 Positioned in the extracellular media near Aplysia californica bag cell neurons, upon electrical st

80 Using Aplysia californica bag cell neurons, which initiate rep

81 entified and isolated large neurons from the Aplysia californica central nervous system.

82 eta) gene, this transcript does not exist in Aplysia californica despite the fact that inhibitors of

83 The feeding system of Aplysia californica displays repetition priming via an i

84 We examine this question in the Aplysia californica feeding motor network in five electr

85 The siphon of Aplysia californica has several functions, including inv

86 Here we present the Slo1 structure from Aplysia californica in the absence of Ca(2+) and compare

87 The crystal structure of AChBP from Aplysia californica in the apo form reveals a more open

88 structure of a full-length Slo1 channel from Aplysia californica in the presence of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+)

89 including the hermaphrodite marine mollusk, Aplysia californica Moreover, different types of long-te

90 ancreatic islets of Langerhans, and from the Aplysia californica nervous system, are classified using

91 , we quantified retrograde traction force in Aplysia californica neuronal growth cones as they develo

92 tive microanalysis of peptides in individual Aplysia californica neurons and small pieces of tissue.

93 Aplysia californica neurons comprise a powerful model sy

94 is suitable for a range of cell sizes, from Aplysia californica neurons larger than 75 mum to 7-mum

95 A primary neuronal culture of Aplysia californica neurons was established directly ins

96 We used the marine mollusk Aplysia californica to investigate circadian modulation

97 ontaining cells in the opisthobranch mollusc Aplysia californica was studied by using NADPH-diaphoras

98 aracterized, peptidergic bag cell neurons of Aplysia californica were collected and their temporal pa

99 Nicotinic agonist interactions with mollusk (Aplysia californica) acetylcholine binding protein, a so

100 mum in diameter) isolated from the sea slug (Aplysia californica) central and rat (Rattus norvegicus)

101 --as intraspecific alarm cues for sea hares (Aplysia californica).

102 ntally advantageous preparation (the mollusk Aplysia californica).

103 on (PNA-LTF) of the sensorimotor synapses in Aplysia californica, a cellular analog of long-term sens

104 We recorded from bag cell neurons of Aplysia californica, a model system to study neuronal ex

105 ically isolated from the CNS of the sea slug Aplysia californica, a well characterized neurobiologica

106 rain and the central nervous system (CNS) of Aplysia californica, a widely used neuronal model, were

107 of the F- and C-clusters of the invertebrate Aplysia californica, and D-Asp appears to be involved in

108 of identified neurons in the marine mollusk Aplysia californica, and in axons within the vagus nerve

109 In the marine mollusc, Aplysia californica, feeding-induced transition from a h

110 two feeding behaviors in the marine mollusk Aplysia californica, one of which must precede the secon

111 ogenates of the mouth area from the sea slug Aplysia californica, previously shown to be NO-positive,

112 In the hermaphroditic marine-snail, Aplysia californica, synaptic input to the neuroendocrin

113 In the marine mollusk Aplysia californica, waterborne protein pheromones that

114 Using Aplysia californica, we found that crushing peripheral n

115 learning in defensive withdrawal reflexes in Aplysia californica, we investigated the molecular proce

116 peptide release from the bag cell neurons of Aplysia californica, which initiate reproduction by secr

117 is demonstrated with identified neurons from Aplysia californica--the R2 neuron and metacerebral cell

118 tization of defensive withdrawal reflexes in Aplysia californica-can be prolonged by additional stimu

119 central nervous system of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica.

120 n the central nervous system of the sea slug Aplysia californica.

121 rrelate of aging in the California sea hare, Aplysia californica.

122 llel sequencing to profile the small RNAs of Aplysia californica.

123 ted facilitation of sensorimotor synapses in Aplysia californica.

124 peptide distributions in nervous tissue from Aplysia californica.

125 ion in the siphon-withdrawal reflex (SWR) of Aplysia californica.

126 and neurite outgrowth in the marine mollusk Aplysia californica.

127 long-term memory (LTM) for sensitization in Aplysia californica.

128 te to feeding behavior in the marine mollusk Aplysia californica.

129 ned from the CNS of the marine opisthobranch Aplysia californica.

130 sing sensory neurons from the marine mollusk Aplysia californica.

131 tive and nonassociative forms of learning in Aplysia californica.

132 e unmyelinated axons from the marine mollusk Aplysia californica.

133 vercome these limitations using the sea slug Aplysia californica.

134 tion of two dissimilar feeding structures in Aplysia californica: the external lips and the internal

135 ctly from neurons isolated from the sea slug Aplysia californica; the fraction of the peptide with th

136 The Aplysia CAM (apCAM), an invertebrate IgCAM, shares struc

137 ing of the gill-withdrawal response (GWR) in Aplysia can be elicited by training in which a condition

138 , we reported that long-term memory (LTM) in Aplysia can be reinstated by truncated (partial) trainin

139 hat drives consummatory feeding behaviors of Aplysia can produce ingestive, egestive, and intermediat

140 irs of cerebral serotonergic interneurons in Aplysia, CC9 and CC10, were persistently activated by tr

141 itogen-activated protein kinase (P-MAPK) and Aplysia CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (ApC/EBP).

142 To explore the role of both Aplysia cell adhesion molecule (ApCAM) and activity of s

143 noglobulin superfamily molecules such as the Aplysia cell adhesion molecule (apCAM) leads to actin fi

144 The Aplysia cell adhesion molecule (apCAM), a member of the

145 with a cantilever that was modified with an Aplysia cell adhesion molecule (apCAM)-coated microbead.

146 eptides in bag cell neuron clusters from the Aplysia central nervous system, the rat cerebellum, and

147 At sensorimotor synapses of Aplysia, changes in activation or expression of CREB1 an

148 mbinant insulin-like peptide cloned from the Aplysia CNS cDNA replicated both the enhancement of syna

149 mmunostaining mapped its distribution in the Aplysia CNS.

150 We identified four putative ACs in Aplysia CNS.

151 that both GFFD and GdFFD were present in the Aplysia CNS.

152 s, we generated small RNA libraries from the Aplysia CNS.

153 acterized a tyrosine phosphorylation site in Aplysia cortactin that plays a major role in the Src/cor

154 Aplysia cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding (CPE

155 At the sensory-motor neuron synapse of Aplysia, either spaced or continuous (massed) exposure t

156 Withdrawal reflexes of the mollusk Aplysia exhibit sensitization, a simple form of long-ter

157 The sensorimotor synapse of Aplysia expresses different forms of long-term facilitat

158 Aplysia fasciata myoglobin, having no naturally occurrin

159 hiaje (sea cucumber), the gastropod molluscs Aplysia fasciata Poiret and Aplysia punctata Cuvier (sea

160 extended our studies to a nocturnal species, Aplysia fasciata.

161 In the Aplysia feeding central pattern generator (CPG), identif

162 We conclude that the Aplysia feeding CPG really has a coherent internal netwo

163 Here we demonstrate that, in the Aplysia feeding CPG, inhibitory inputs may be critical f

164 Thus, the small microcircuit of the Aplysia feeding network is advantageous in understanding

165 In the Aplysia feeding network, we show that interneuron B65 re

166 The Aplysia feeding system is advantageous for investigating

167 The Aplysia feeding system with its high degree of plasticit

168 In a learning paradigm affecting Aplysia feeding, when animals were trained after being a

169 ulica, we targeted two predicted peptides in Aplysia, GFFD, similar to achatin-I (GdFAD versus GFAD,

170 Both approaches showed that Aplysia growth cones can develop traction forces in the

171 y the P domain, T zone, and C domain of live Aplysia growth cones.

172 namics in both lamellipodia and filopodia of Aplysia growth cones.

173 cortactin, in lamellipodia and filopodia of Aplysia growth cones.

174 In Aplysia, habituation is mediated by rapid depression of

175 lyl cyclase (AC) in sensory neurons (SNs) in Aplysia has been proposed as a molecular coincidence det

176 The accessory radula closer (ARC) muscle of Aplysia has long been studied as a typical "slow" muscle

177 Aplysia has only one HCN gene, which codes for a channel

178 For decades, the marine snail Aplysia has proven to be a powerful system for analyzing

179 Levels of CREB1, the Aplysia homolog of CREB, show sustained elevations for s

180 CAM and therefore has been considered as the Aplysia homolog of NCAM.

181 apCAM has been considered to be the Aplysia homolog of the vertebrate neural cell adhesion m

182 Mammalian CD38 and its Aplysia homolog, ADP-ribosyl cyclase (cyclase), are two

183 We first cloned and characterized the Aplysia homologs of the small G proteins, Ras and Rap1 (

184 t that inhibitors of PKMzeta erase memory in Aplysia in a fashion similar to rodents.

185 aptic plasticity at sensorimotor synapses of Aplysia in cell culture when expressing persistent long-

186 issue in the feeding network of the mollusc Aplysia In this system, there are two stimulation paradi

187 olleagues identify 170 distinct microRNAs in Aplysia, including one, miR-124, that plays a critical r

188 regulate Ca(2+)-dependent processes, and for Aplysia, influence how reproductive behavior is triggere

189 n of nanoliter volume samples containing the Aplysia insulin C beta peptide.

190 feeding that are mediated by the endogenous Aplysia insulin-like system.

191 earning in an invertebrate, the marine snail Aplysia, involves local, postsynaptic protein synthesis.

192 The AP1 complex in Aplysia is a c-Jun homodimer.

193 that a change in behavior after learning in Aplysia is accomplished, in part, by regulating connecti

194 f the ecological context of sensitization in Aplysia is completely lacking.

195 eins during long-term facilitation by 5HT in Aplysia is delayed for several hours, suggesting that wh

196 of yeast cells wherein the neuronal CPEB of Aplysia is expressed in the absence of any neuronal fact

197 ts support the idea that long-term memory in Aplysia is maintained via a positive-feedback loop invol

198 litation (LTF) of sensory neuron synapses in Aplysia is produced by either nonassociative or associat

199 terminal fragment (amino acids 1-181) of the Aplysia Kv1.1 channel.

200 Partial inactivation of Aplysia Kv2.1 during repetitive firing produces frequenc

201 In the bag cell neurons of Aplysia, Kv2.1 channels contribute to the repolarization

202 These findings were unexpected since Aplysia lack the mammal-specific affinity between insuli

203 the major inhibitory constraint of memory in Aplysia, leading to enhanced long-term synaptic facilita

204 Fe-CN tilt, decreases at high temperature in Aplysia limacina Mb, indicating a molecular structure th

205 tein kinase A (PKA) activity correlates with Aplysia LTM, the analysis focuses on a positive feedback

206 e experimentally advantageous marine mollusk Aplysia, LTM for sensitization can be induced by the pre

207 ansposon silencing previously encountered in Aplysia may also have potential roles in the mammalian b

208 Three new findings on Aplysia may be relevant for the understanding and treatm

209 ow that the modular feeding motor network of Aplysia mediates variations in protraction duration in b

210 Importantly, because Aplysia muscle contractions are a graded function of mot

211 ts (E(m)s) at pH 7 in sperm whale myoglobin, Aplysia myoblogin, hemoglobin I, heme oxygenase 1, horse

212 ange from -250 mV in peroxidase to 125 mV in Aplysia myoglobin.

213 We have used Aplysia neuronal cultures to examine the contribution of

214 ctin network structure and dynamics in large Aplysia neuronal growth cones.

215 products and represent 50%-70% of the total Aplysia neuronal transcriptome.

216 a cAMP-binding 105 kDa band in extracts from Aplysia neurons as a putative third class of R subunit o

217 uropeptide releasates collected from several Aplysia neurons cultured in the capillary, with the subs

218 he PD during SHG imaging of stained cultured Aplysia neurons were examined with intracellular electro

219 In addition, Aplysia neurons were used to examine the effects of DOX

220 f Neuron, Lyles et al. show that in cultured Aplysia neurons, clustering of an mRNA at nascent synaps

221 In Aplysia neurons, two classes of PKA (I and II) differing

222 -type specificity of translocation in living Aplysia neurons.

223 Injections of Aplysia neuropeptide Y (apNPY) reduced food intake and s

224 We provide evidence that an Aplysia neuropeptide, identified using an enhanced repre

225 One family of Aplysia neuropeptides is the myomodulins (MMs), original

226 e based on the heterologous expression of an Aplysia octopamine receptor, a G-protein-coupled recepto

227 We cloned Aplysia PARP-1 (ApPARP-1) and determined that its expres

228 We imaged populations of neurons in the Aplysia pedal ganglion during execution of a locomotion

229 tein kinase C (PKC) potentiates secretion in Aplysia peptidergic neurons, in part by inducing new sit

230 ion of PKC via a PDZ domain interaction with Aplysia PICK1.

231 in waterborne protein pheromone detection in Aplysia-possibly via a phosphoinositide signaling mechan

232 In Aplysia, prestimulation of egestive inputs [esophageal n

233 The feeding behavior of Aplysia provides a model system suitable for addressing

234 Feeding behavior of Aplysia provides a useful model system for addressing th

235 stropod molluscs Aplysia fasciata Poiret and Aplysia punctata Cuvier (sea hares), from Portuguese wat

236 zation of the defensive withdrawal reflex in Aplysia require elevated postsynaptic Ca(2+), postsynapt

237 nderlies dishabituation and sensitization in Aplysia requires local, postsynaptic protein synthesis.

238 tory transmitter released during learning in Aplysia, requires upregulation of kinesin heavy chain (K

239 We have isolated cDNAs encoding Aplysia Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 and found that Rho and Rac h

240 reover, the expression of both the AprpL27a (Aplysia ribosomal protein L27a) and the ApE2N (Aplysia u

241 electrical synapses of identified neurons in Aplysia's central pattern-generating network for feeding

242 u was not detected either in rat brain or in Aplysia's CNS.

243 By imaging Aplysia's pedal ganglion during fictive locomotion, here

244 dy exploited the technical advantages of the Aplysia sensorimotor culture system to examine the role

245 We have previously shown in the Aplysia sensorimotor model that distinct isoforms of per

246 input to the same postsynaptic neuron in an Aplysia sensorimotor preparation, we found that each for

247 induces long-term facilitation (LTF) of the Aplysia sensorimotor synapse [4].

248 -induced long-term facilitation (LTF) of the Aplysia sensorimotor synapse depends on enhanced gene ex

249 vity underlies the persistence of LTF of the Aplysia sensorimotor synapse, a form of synaptic plastic

250 re, long-term synaptic facilitation (LTF) at Aplysia sensorimotor synapses in cell culture was used a

251 ined whether long-term facilitation (LTF) of Aplysia sensorimotor synapses in cell culture-a cellular

252 of long-term facilitation (LTF) in cultured Aplysia sensorimotor synapses rely on the activities of

253 assical conditioning, which was expressed at Aplysia sensorimotor synapses when a tetanic stimulation

254 ndent long-term synaptic depression (LTD) in Aplysia sensorimotor synapses.

255 duced in the monosynaptic connection between Aplysia sensory and motor neurons in dissociated cell cu

256 Cocultures of Aplysia sensory and motor neurons were trained with spac

257 nts studied synaptic transmission between an Aplysia sensory neuron (B21) and its postsynaptic follow

258 f rodent hippocampal neurons and neurites of Aplysia sensory neurons (SNs) and binds to specific impo

259 the formation of functional synapses between Aplysia sensory neurons and specific postsynaptic neuron

260 In addition, knock down of RSK by RNAi in Aplysia sensory neurons impairs LTF, suggesting that thi

261 Accordingly, application of 5-HT to Aplysia sensory neurons in the absence of neuronal firin

262 In Aplysia sensory neurons, syntaxin mRNA accumulates at th

263 In isolated Aplysia sensory neurons, which do not form chemical syna

264 hibitor of the Rho family of GTPases, at the Aplysia sensory to motor neuron synapse blocks long-term

265 Whereas short-term (minutes) facilitation at Aplysia sensory-motor neuron synapses is presynaptic, lo

266 In Aplysia sensory-motor neuronal cultures, synapse formati

267 RNA localization and translation in cultured Aplysia sensory-motor neurons revealed that RNAs were de

268 at synapses during long-term facilitation of Aplysia sensory-motor synapses.

269 LTD but not long-term facilitation (LTF) of Aplysia sensory-motor synapses.

270 In Aplysia, serotonergic neurons are widely activated durin

271 ctrophysiological recordings in free-feeding Aplysia showed that as the meal progressed, food elicite

272 he isoform specificity of PKMs during LTF in Aplysia SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Long-lasting changes in s

273 ituation in a semi-intact preparation of the Aplysia siphon-withdrawal reflex.

274 question in a simplified preparation of the Aplysia siphon-withdrawal reflex.

275 FMRP to inside-out patches containing native Aplysia Slack channels increased channel opening and, in

276 CREB2 from distal neurites to the nucleus of Aplysia SN during phenylalanine-methionine-arginine-phen

277 this work, homomeric AChBPs from Lymnaea and Aplysia snails were used as in situ templates for the ge

278 Here, we cloned two novel Aplysia Src kinases, termed Src1 and Src2, and we show t

279 In Aplysia, stimulation of cerebral-buccal interneuron-2 (C

280 nduction of long-term sensitization (LTS) in Aplysia such that long-term memory formation is signific

281 sistent facilitation induced by serotonin at Aplysia synapses depends upon rapid postsynaptic protein

282 regulation, we cloned the promoter region of Aplysia synapsin, and found that the synapsin promoter c

283 We find that the 3' untranslated region of Aplysia syntaxin mRNA has two targeting elements, the cy

284 In Aplysia, the long-term facilitation (LTF) of sensory neu

285 We have previously shown that, in Aplysia, the ortholog of PKCzeta, PKC Apl III, is cleave

286 In Aplysia, there are two major phorbol ester-activated PKC

287 d the modularly organized feeding network of Aplysia to characterize the organizational principles th

288 ortical neurons and sensory neurons (SNs) of Aplysia to examine the effects of DOX on levels of phosp

289 lysia ribosomal protein L27a) and the ApE2N (Aplysia ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2N) mRNAs also inc

290 Although YAEFLa in Aplysia was detected only in an all L-form, we found tha

291 log of operant conditioning in neuron B51 of Aplysia, we examined second-messenger pathways engaged b

292 is a substrate for long-term memory (LTM) in Aplysia, we examined the requirement of a secreted TrkB

293 Using this strategy in Aplysia, we have identified 5,657 unique sequences consi

294 -trial training pattern which induces LTM in Aplysia, we show that the first of two training trials r

295 exocytosis of AMPA receptors in learning in Aplysia, we test the effect of injecting botulinum toxin

296 This is the case in Aplysia, where prestimulation of CBI-2 inputs not only e

297 tion, we examined whether gill withdrawal in Aplysia, which has already been studied extensively for

298 We find that a critical neural connection in Aplysia, which is modified with different stimuli that m

299 on synapses of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia, which undergoes sensitization, a simple form of

300 have recently been discovered in neurons of Aplysia, with a role in the epigenetic regulation of gen