ライフサイエンスコーパス: B. fragilis

1 B. fragilis 9343 expresses at least three capsular polys

2 B. fragilis enterotoxin did not affect enterocyte viabil

3 B. fragilis enterotoxin was associated with HT-29 cell r

4 B. fragilis lacking PSA is unable to restrain T helper 1

5 B. fragilis OxyR and Dps proteins showed high identity t

6 B. fragilis was anergistic (antagonistic) to E. coli in

7 B. fragilis, as well as purified capsular polysaccharide

8 B. fragilis, which by itself is immunogenic, did not pro

9 97.3%) Actinomyces strains, 42 of 46 (91.3%) B. fragilis group strains, 79 of 103 (76.7%) Clostridium

10 Of 382 B. fragilis-positive specimens, 14.4% of the strains fou

11 analysis of the PS A biosynthesis loci of 50 B. fragilis isolates indicates that regions flanking eac

12 A collection of 50 B. fragilis strains was examined.

13 used to amplify the region from 45 of the 50 B. fragilis strains studied.

14 mylase indicates that amino acid residue 90 (B. fragilis numbering) plays an important role in confer

15 A B. fragilis knockout strain that cannot metabolize branc

16 ributes to sepsis in mice, and we identify a B. fragilis protease called fragipain (Fpn) that is requ

17 o lethal disease from ETBF colonization in a B. fragilis toxin (BFT)-dependent manner.

18 NAc as the sole carbon source, we isolated a B. fragilis mutant strain that can grow on this substrat

19 Although B. fragilis does not normally grow with manNAc as the so

20 assimilation and metabolism in the anaerobe B. fragilis have diverged from those of aerobic and facu

21 An increase in recovery of E. coli and B. fragilis was noted in patients with bowel or bladder

22 al conjugation experiments using E. coli and B. fragilis.

23 lence of F. nucleatum among 19 countries and B. fragilis among 10 countries were indicated to be 38.9

24 analysis of the link between human diet and B. fragilis' metabolic products.

25 a scan of the Flavobacterium johnsoniae and B. fragilis genomes for putative promoters, resulting in

26 bolic pathways for C. difficile WT, luxS and B. fragilis upon co-culture, indicating that AI-2 may be

27 olonized with a healthy human microbiota and B. fragilis, induction of colitis caused a decline of PS

28 racterization of LPS from E. coli Nissle and B. fragilis.

29 is study, the prevalence of F. nucleatum and B. fragilis among CRC patients has been assessed worldwi

30 ized the high prevalence of F. nucleatum and B. fragilis in CRC patients.

31 C. perfringens and B. fragilis provided moderate synergy to each other but

32 ay an altered serum metabolomic profile, and B. fragilis modulates levels of several metabolites.

33 re those of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and B. fragilis.

34 By this approach, B. fragilis enterotoxin gene sequences were detected in

35 nds exemplified by 11, discovered earlier as B. fragilis metallo-beta-lactamase inhibitors, was selec

36 aling that Tn5520 mobilizes plasmids in both B. fragilis and Escherichia coli at high frequency and a

37 ction or commensalism, induction of IL-10 by B. fragilis is critical to this microbe's interactions w

38 Whether the virulence mechanisms employed by B. fragilis during infections differ from those employed

39 hain amino acids taken up in the host gut by B. fragilis.

40 e were protected from peritonitis induced by B. fragilis and particulate bran.

41 zation of the gnotobiotic mouse intestine by B. fragilis requires that the organism synthesize only a

42 ite that is increased by MIA and restored by B. fragilis causes certain behavioral abnormalities, sug

43 udy, we demonstrate that BfUbb lyses certain B. fragilis strains by non-covalently binding and inacti

44 Only cfiA(+) B. fragilis strains, which represent 3% of the clinical

45 ize microbial biogeography within the colon, B. fragilis penetrates the colonic mucus and resides dee

46 nted indicate that during aerobic conditions B. fragilis NrdAB may have a role in maintaining deoxyri

47 imulation and survival in vivo Consequently, B. fragilis acquires essential heme from host tissues du

48 constitution with polysaccharide A-deficient B. fragilis restored EAE susceptibility.

49 When intestinal integrity is disrupted, B. fragilis and colonic contents escape into the periton

50 he immunomodulatory activities of PSA during B. fragilis colonization include correcting systemic T c

51 Mutants in either B. fragilis gene displayed a fitness defect in competing

52 MRP cells cocultured with either B. fragilis CPC of LPS in vitro produced tumor necrosis

53 and those that do are called enterotoxigenic B. fragilis (ETBF).

54 Fpn-deficient, enterotoxigenic B. fragilis has an attenuated ability to induce sepsis i

55 ated with diarrheal disease (enterotoxigenic B. fragilis) produce a 20-kDa zinc-dependent metalloprot

56 agilis toxin gene (bft) from enterotoxigenic B. fragilis (ETBF) 86-5443-2-2 is reported.

57 ssay can be used to identify enterotoxigenic B. fragilis and may be used clinically to determine the

58 hogenicity island (BfPAI) in enterotoxigenic B. fragilis (ETBF) strain 86-5443-2-2 and a related gene

59 and efficient elimination of enterotoxigenic B. fragilis (ETBF) in the murine gut by BfUbb, suggestin

60 ly known virulence factor of enterotoxigenic B. fragilis.

61 ces or 100 to 1,000 cells of enterotoxigenic B. fragilis/g of stool.

62 diarrhea in children (termed enterotoxigenic B. fragilis, or ETBF) produce a heat-labile ca. 20-kDa p

63 er, the cloning and sequencing of the entire B. fragilis toxin gene (bft) from enterotoxigenic B. fra

64 Near the epithelium, B. fragilis upregulated numerous genes involved in prote

65 igenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) expresses B. fragilis toxin (BFT) that we hypothesized may contrib

66 Deletion of its gene resulted in the first B. fragilis mutant able to synthesize only one phase-var

67 al homologs, allow corrected annotations for B. fragilis bfr and other dpsl genes within the bacteria

68 t Bacteroidales strains analyzed, except for B. fragilis strains with the same T6SS locus.

69 ignificant elevation in samples positive for B. fragilis presence.

70 Notably, the CCF system is required for B. fragilis colonization following microbiome disruption

71 TLR2 on CD4(+) T cells is required for B. fragilis colonization of a unique mucosal niche in mi

72 Our findings define a role for B. fragilis enterotoxin and its activating protease in t

73 Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis) has been identified as a potential promoter

74 tum (F. nucleatum) and Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis) in the gut is associated with the developme

75 ociated and complex colonized mice, and from B. fragilis-induced murine abscesses.

76 Tn5520 was captured from B. fragilis LV23 by using the transfer-deficient shuttle

77 new, self-transferable transfer factor from B. fragilis LV23 and that this new factor encodes a tetr

78 , overexpressing a recombinant bsh gene from B. fragilis NCTC9343 strain, results in increased unconj

79 with the promoter regions of nqrA genes from B. fragilis and Vibrio cholerae.

80 cLV25 was isolated from B. fragilis LV25 by its capture on the nonmobilizable Es

81 dynamics of the metallo-beta-lactamase from B. fragilis have been examined using (15)N NMR relaxatio

82 ucidation of structural details for LPS from B. fragilis, revealing a putative hexuronic acid (HexA)

83 ese data indicate that a purified toxin from B. fragilis strains associated with diarrhea rapidly and

84 biotic colonization of mammals, we generated B. fragilis strains deleted in the global regulator of p

85 the sequence of mlh1, msh2, and msh6 genes, B. fragilis specific 16srRNA and bacterial universal 16s

86 Among the Bacteroides spp. in the gut, B. fragilis has the unique ability of efficiently harves

87 In animals harbouring B. fragilis not expressing PSA, H. hepaticus colonizatio

88 However, B. fragilis Cmr does not synthesize cyclic oligoadenylat

89 In B. fragilis, protein glycosylation is a fundamental and

90 to 5-nitroimidazole antimicrobial agents in B. fragilis strains from Europe and Africa.

91 supports lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in B. fragilis and is subject to feedback regulation by CMP

92 sible for lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in B. fragilis.

93 t transporter SusCD (designated as ButCD) in B. fragilis as the BfUbb transporter.

94 g them able to induce abscesses is common in B. fragilis.

95 te-specific recombinase family, conserved in B. fragilis, mediate additional DNA inversions of the B.

96 psis in mice; however, Fpn is dispensable in B. fragilis colitis, wherein host proteases mediate BFT

97 a single gene, oxe (i.e., oxygen enabled) in B. fragilis allows for growth in concentrations as high

98 t the presence of the uroS and yifB genes in B. fragilis seems to be linked to pathophysiological and

99 brings the total of oxyR-controlled genes in B. fragilis to five and suggests the existence of a seco

100 ence of two distinct subfamilies of GH110 in B. fragilis and thetaiotaomicron strains.

101 putative promoters, resulting in 188 hits in B. fragilis and 109 hits in F. johnsoniae.

102 ive function, associated with an increase in B. fragilis.

103 scriptional regulator and may be involved in B. fragilis peroxide resistance.

104 e global regulatory nature of the process in B. fragilis suggest an evolutionarily ancient mechanism

105 ) for predicting carbapenemase production in B. fragilis based off the principles of the well-establi

106 lar tests to detect carbapenem resistance in B. fragilis exist, they are not available in most clinic

107 Carbapenem resistance in B. fragilis is most often mediated by the activation of

108 accurately detected carbapenem resistance in B. fragilis with categorical agreement (CA) of 87% (52/6

109 an important role in peroxide resistance in B. fragilis.

110 tion of carbapenemase-mediated resistance in B. fragilis.

111 nduction of selective metabolic responses in B. fragilis.

112 further our understanding of DNA transfer in B. fragilis, we isolated and characterized a new transfe

113 pore-forming toxins, which are widespread in B. fragilis and other human gut-associated Bacteroidales

114 BD patients, which correlated with increased B. fragilis-associated bacteriophages.

115 We find that intra-individual B. fragilis populations contain substantial de novo nucl

116 required for GALT development, we introduced B. fragilis along with stress-response mutants of B. sub

117 eriae), Bacteroidetes (the most important is B. fragilis) and Proteobacteria (E. coli, Salmonella, Ye

118 the distribution and colonization of labeled B. fragilis along the intestine, as well as niche compet

119 In contrast to other Bacteroidetes members, B. fragilis produces three HmuY homologs (Bfr proteins).

120 sorption studies demonstrate that the native B. fragilis enzyme tightly binds 2 mol of Zn(II) and, al

121 Neither B. fragilis ATCC 25285(pFD340-prtP) cells nor the CHAPS

122 rates of isolation of B. fragilis versus non-B. fragilis species had an overall effect on susceptibil

123 rom DNA extracted from 28 nonenterotoxigenic B. fragilis isolates or B. distasonis, B. thetaiotaomicr

124 cate that whereas both ETBF and nontoxigenic B. fragilis (NTBF) chronically colonize mice, only ETBF

125 udying a collection of ETBF and nontoxigenic B. fragilis (NTBF) strains, we found that bft and a seco

126 ins that do not secrete BFT are nontoxigenic B. fragilis (NTBF), and those that do are called enterot

127 can be transferred from ETBF to nontoxigenic B. fragilis strains by a mechanism similar to that for t

128 ally acting as a damage signal, SCC, but not B. fragilis, activates canonical pathway of NLRP3 promot

129 lla pneumoniae (serotypes O1, O2ab, and O3), B. fragilis, and Bacteroides vulgatus.

130 symbiosis factor (PSA, polysaccharide A) of B. fragilis signals through TLR2 directly on Foxp3(+) re

131 any of these genes eliminates the ability of B. fragilis to grow on NANA.

132 In this study, we show that the ability of B. fragilis to utilize heme or protoporphyrin IX for gro

133 tential correlation between the abundance of B. fragilis and alterations in the expression of MMR gen

134 tive stress are physiological adaptations of B. fragilis to its environment that enhance survival in

135 the role of the CPC in promoting adhesion of B. fragilis to the peritoneal wall and coordinating the

136 ress response important for aerotolerance of B. fragilis.

137 0', enabling rapid isolation and analysis of B. fragilis mutants has been constructed.

138 no curated systems-level characterization of B. fragilis' metabolism that provides a comprehensive an

139 There are 2 classes of B. fragilis distinguished by their ability to secrete a

140 Colonization of B. fragilis 638R, a strain with low BSH activity, overex

141 We studied the dissemination of B. fragilis after acute peritonitis and characterized th

142 nts were designed to determine the effect of B. fragilis enterotoxin on bacteria-enterocyte interacti

143 2, msh6, mlh1, and the relative frequency of B. fragilis in biopsy samples from CRC patients.

144 The relative frequency of B. fragilis in the cancer group demonstrated a significa

145 nested PCR to detect the enterotoxin gene of B. fragilis in stool specimens.

146 The ccf genes of B. fragilis are upregulated during gut colonization, pre

147 e identified 1021 candidate glycoproteins of B. fragilis.

148 The pathogenicity islet of B. fragilis VPI 13784 was defined as 6,033 bp in length

149 Clinical isolates of B. fragilis displayed a greater capacity for growth unde

150 ich represent 3% of the clinical isolates of B. fragilis, displayed heterogeneity in the regions flan

151 This change in rates of isolation of B. fragilis versus non-B. fragilis species had an overal

152 highlights and resolves gaps in knowledge of B. fragilis' carbohydrate metabolism and its correspondi

153 with that of the PS B1 biosynthesis locus of B. fragilis NCTC 9343.

154 developed a genome-scale metabolic model of B. fragilis strain 638R.

155 Three-dimensional modeling of B. fragilis Omp121 (based on 1D and 3D sequence profiles

156 A PSA mutant of B. fragilis does not restore these immunologic functions

157 and may explain the abscessogenic nature of B. fragilis.

158 dies against CTLA-4 favored the outgrowth of B. fragilis with anticancer properties.

159 could also contribute to the pathogenesis of B. fragilis in extraintestinal infections.

160 of these findings for the pathophysiology of B. fragilis in extraintestinal infections and competitio

161 ped the sphingolipid biosynthesis pathway of B. fragilis and determined that alpha-galactosyltransfer

162 In this study, we analysed the phenotype of B. fragilis mutants with defective protein glycosylation

163 lycosylation is central to the physiology of B. fragilis and is necessary for the organism to competi

164 , one of the two capsular polysaccharides of B. fragilis 9343.

165 The capsular polysaccharides of B. fragilis are part of a complex of surface polysacchar

166 rovides the basis for rational prediction of B. fragilis' metabolic interactions with its environment

167 relation between disease and the presence of B. fragilis enterotoxin.

168 in the number of IRs are active processes of B. fragilis in the endogenous human intestinal ecosystem

169 formation in mice through the production of B. fragilis toxin (BFT).

170 BfUbb-sensitivity profiling of B. fragilis strains revealed a key tyrosine residue (Tyr

171 han half of the extracytoplasmic proteins of B. fragilis, are glycosylated.

172 ulatory molecule, polysaccharide A (PSA), of B. fragilis mediates the conversion of CD4(+) T cells in

173 Bioassay-driven purification of B. fragilis supernatant led to the isolation of the grow

174 be used clinically to determine the role of B. fragilis in diarrheal diseases.

175 plots of the deduced amino acid sequence of B. fragilis Omp121 display striking similarity with thos

176 T-ETBF) strains, a nontoxigenic WT strain of B. fragilis (WT-NTBF), WT-NTBF overexpressing bft (rETBF

177 estinal recolonization with either strain of B. fragilis.

178 Enterotoxigenic strains of B. fragilis have been associated with diarrheal diseases

179 e epidemiology of enterotoxigenic strains of B. fragilis in clinical infections and whether there is

180 ecreted by enterotoxigenic (ETBF) strains of B. fragilis.

181 mologue (BfUbb) that is toxic to a subset of B. fragilis strains in vitro.

182 t and that addAB is required for survival of B. fragilis following DNA damage.

183 polysaccharides, or by adoptive transfer of B. fragilis-specific T cells.

184 Unlike the other described Tsrs of B. fragilis, Tsr19 brings about inversion of two DNA reg

185 esponses specific for B. thetaiotaomicron or B. fragilis were associated with the efficacy of CTLA-4

186 of MPII and FRA is required for the overall B. fragilis virulence in vivo.

187 e for commensal bacterial Ags, in particular B. fragilis expressing polysaccharide A, in protecting a

188 Enterotoxigenic strains that produce B. fragilis toxin (BFT, fragilysin) contribute to coliti

189 transmission from dams to pups and promotes B. fragilis dominance during early life.

190 e studied the effects of the highly purified B. fragilis fragilysin on the barrier function of cultur

191 We now demonstrate that purified B. fragilis toxin (BFT) up-regulates SMO in HT29/c1 and

192 2.5 mM, while those of Bacteroides pyogenes, B. fragilis, and Akkermansia muciniphila were greater in

193 To chart the evolution of the more reactive B. fragilis enzyme, we have made changes in an active si

194 f the possibility of metronidazole-resistant B. fragilis strains in the United States and the importa

195 ETBF that secretes B. fragilis toxin (BFT) causes human inflammatory diarrh

196 In this study, the six B. fragilis thioredoxins (Trxs) were investigated to det

197 A soluble B. fragilis metallo-beta-lactamase has been purified to

198 egions of GA3 loci, GA3 T6SSs of the species B. fragilis are likely the source of numerous novel effe

199 polysaccharide complex of a commonly studied B. fragilis strain, 638R, that is distinct from strain 9

200 roximately 6-kb pathogenicity island (termed B. fragilis pathogenicity island or BfPAI) which is pres

201 cretes a 20-kDa metalloprotease toxin termed B. fragilis toxin (BFT).

202 ca. 20-kDa heat-labile protein toxin (termed B. fragilis toxin [BFT]) have been associated with diarr

203 Collectively, these results demonstrate that B. fragilis adapts within individual microbiomes, pointi

204 Our results therefore demonstrate that B. fragilis co-opts the Treg lineage differentiation pat

205 Here we demonstrate that B. fragilis encodes a cytochrome bd oxidase that is esse

206 These results imply that B. fragilis has two pathways for alpha-ketoglutarate bio

207 ies and enzyme kinetics assays indicate that B. fragilis UroS is functionally different from canonica

208 e deduced amino acid sequences revealed that B. fragilis AhpCF shares approximately 60% identity to o

209 Additional analysis revealed that B. fragilis from patients with polyps are bft-negative,

210 otting and oxyR'::xylB fusions revealed that B. fragilis OxyR does not control its own expression.

211 ysis of infant gut metagenomes revealed that B. fragilis predominantly accounts for agcT abundance re

212 Our studies show that B. fragilis fragilysin alters the barrier function of th

213 X-ray protein crystallography showed that B. fragilis Bfr proteins are structurally similar to P.

214 ansferrin as a model, it has been shown that B. fragilis alone can rapidly and efficiently deglycosyl

215 The data provided herein suggest that B. fragilis uses N-succinyl-L-ornithine rather than N-ac

216 The B. fragilis nrdA and nrdB genes were overexpressed in Es

217 The B. fragilis protein profile was significantly altered af

218 The B. fragilis toxin (bft) gene from ETBF strain 86-5443-2-

219 absence of C. difficile LuxS alleviates the B. fragilis-mediated growth inhibition.

220 The bft gene and the B. fragilis pathogenicity island (BfPAI) were cloned int

221 D Q5LIW1) is the only protein encoded by the B. fragilis genome with significant identity to any know

222 alloproteinase II (MPII)) are encoded by the B. fragilis pathogenicity island.

223 in conferring charged groups that enable the B. fragilis capsular polysaccharides to induce abscesses

224 %) differ greatly from that reported for the B. fragilis chromosome (42%), suggesting that the BfPAI

225 ce in time to detection was greatest for the B. fragilis group: FN, 28 h, versus SN, 60.0 h.

226 e proposed minimum kinetic mechanism for the B. fragilis metallo-beta-lactamase-catalyzed nitrocefin

227 egions flanking the Tn4400' insertion in the B. fragilis chromosome revealed the presence of five ope

228 e bacterioferritin-related (bfr) gene in the B. fragilis oxidative stress response.

229 ight into the role of individual Trxs in the B. fragilis oxidative stress response.

230 ly, by introducing a C104R mutation into the B. fragilis enzyme, binding of two zinc ions is maintain

231 ng power equivalents to the periplasm of the B. fragilis cell.

232 be complemented by a 6.6 kb fragment of the B. fragilis chromosome.

233 obtained which was confirmed as part of the B. fragilis enterotoxin gene by Southern blotting with a

234 uxs1 is located in a conserved region of the B. fragilis genome, whereas Bfuxs2 is in the heterogeneo

235 is, mediate additional DNA inversions of the B. fragilis genome.

236 Analysis of the B. fragilis genomic sequence, together with genetic cons

237 prevalence of F. nucleatum while most of the B. fragilis isolates in CRC cases were reported in Europ

238 mation on hand, a catalytic mechanism of the B. fragilis metallo-beta-lactamase is proposed.

239 tively, the two mobilization proteins of the B. fragilis mobilizable transposon Tn4399.

240 was found to be present in the genome of the B. fragilis NCTC9343 strain but absent in strains 638R,

241 report the cloning and overexpression of the B. fragilis phosphonopyruvate decarboxylase gene (aepY),

242 the protein profile of crude extracts of the B. fragilis strains revealed that at least three oxidati

243 ory region was also observed upstream of the B. fragilis superoxide dismutase gene sod.

244 ICE acquisition increases the fitness of the B. fragilis transconjugant over its progenitor by arming

245 Expression of the B. fragilis trxB gene was induced following treatment wi

246 ETBF was isolated from 20.3% (40/197) of the B. fragilis-positive diarrheal specimens and from 8.1% (

247 heal specimens and from 8.1% (15/185) of the B. fragilis-positive nondiarrheal specimens (P < .001) a

248 islet is inserted at a specific site on the B. fragilis chromosome.

249 isolation of the various species showed the B. fragilis species comprised 58% of the isolates in 198

250 c-dependent metalloprotease toxin termed the B. fragilis toxin (BFT) have been associated with acute

251 Homology searches indicated that the B. fragilis aconitase is most closely related to aconita

252 at they are functional paralogs and that the B. fragilis NCTC 9343 PSF repeat unit contains xylose.

253 etic calculations have demonstrated that the B. fragilis protein efficiently binds the internal Na(+)

254 subconfluent HT29/C1 cells treated with the B. fragilis toxin (BFT) develop morphologic changes with

255 Thus, B. fragilis possesses a new pathway of NANA utilization,

256 -independent IL-10 production in response to B. fragilis during its pathogenic interactions with the

257 raabdominal abscess formation in response to B. fragilis.

258 ed IL-10 and IL-27 production in response to B. fragilis.

259 E. coli provided strong synergy to B. fragilis but not to C. perfringens.

260 udied the expression of bft in non-toxigenic B. fragilis (NTBF) strains.

261 pment that was inaccessible to non-toxigenic B. fragilis.

262 20-kDa zinc-dependent metalloprotease toxin (B. fragilis enterotoxin; BFT) that reversibly stimulates

263 rete a zinc-dependent metalloprotease toxin, B. fragilis toxin (BFT).

264 ained from mice reconstituted with wild type B. fragilis had significantly enhanced rates of conversi

265 Recolonization with wild type B. fragilis maintained resistance to EAE, whereas recons

266 l abscesses induced by challenge with viable B. fragilis.

267 rum reactivity against Bacteroides vulgatus, B. fragilis, Prevotella intermedia, and, to a lesser ext

268 nsferrin deglycosylation occurs in vivo when B. fragilis is propagated in the rat tissue cage model o

269 We identify an alternative pathway by which B. fragilis is able to reestablish capsule production an

270 Monocolonization of germ-free animals with B. fragilis increases the suppressive capacity of Tregs

271 o develop abscesses following challenge with B. fragilis or abscess-inducing zwitterionic polysacchar

272 Upon challenge with B. fragilis, mortality rates and serum proinflammatory c

273 ut Tregs demonstrated that colonization with B. fragilis promotes a distinct IFN gene signature in Fo

274 significantly reduced when co-cultured with B. fragilis in mixed biofilms.

275 This defect was overcome by gavage with B. fragilis, by immunization with B. fragilis polysaccha

276 9 enterocytes were incubated for 1 hour with B. fragilis enterotoxin, followed by 1 hour of incubatio

277 avage with B. fragilis, by immunization with B. fragilis polysaccharides, or by adoptive transfer of

278 o was increased in YAMC cells incubated with B. fragilis, an effect mediated by lipopolysaccharide an

279 ritonitis was worsened in mice injected with B. fragilis and high-fiber SCC, whereas zero-fiber SCC a

280 Monocolonization of mice with B. fragilis revealed that bacteriophage infection increa

281 sphingolipids, we found that treatment with B. fragilis glycosphingolipids-exemplified by an isolate