ライフサイエンスコーパス: BCG vaccination

1 ge 6 to 11 years for children given neonatal BCG vaccination.

2 the human host response induced by neonatal BCG vaccination.

3 able to that provided by Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination.

4 t were strongest after BCG/rAd85A and rAd85A/BCG vaccination.

5 following M. tuberculosis infection or after BCG vaccination.

6 t in acquired immunity conferred by M. bovis BCG vaccination.

7 gens were significantly enhanced by M. bovis BCG vaccination.

8 ewer tubercles than did intradermal M. bovis BCG vaccination.

9 immune responses to mycobacteria induced by BCG vaccination.

10 ater than in vaccinees administered a single BCG vaccination.

11 ith degree of exposure to the index case and BCG vaccination.

12 , which was comparable with that afforded by BCG vaccination.

13 the levels were significantly enhanced after BCG vaccination.

14 phages infected with live mycobacteria after BCG vaccination.

15 fore, as well as 2 weeks and 3 months after, BCG vaccination.

16 ation of IFN-gamma mRNA expression following BCG vaccination.

17 xposed to various stimuli was enhanced after BCG vaccination.

18 uishes between M. tuberculosis infection and BCG vaccination.

19 s adjuvants to increase the effectiveness of BCG vaccination.

20 sting of 15 mm or greater 1 to 3 years after BCG vaccination.

21 investigate human T cell subsets induced by BCG vaccination.

22 rtially restored by concurrent or subsequent BCG vaccination.

23 ion status influenced the effect of neonatal BCG vaccination.

24 losis infection was strongly associated with BCG vaccination.

25 predominance of the Beijing genotype, after BCG vaccination.

26 y also contributes to the anti-TB effects of BCG vaccination.

27 ad presented with BCG osteitis after newborn BCG vaccination.

28 rs2275913 was associated with osteitis after BCG vaccination.

29 IP may provide a novel adjuvant strategy for BCG vaccination.

30 ection status, bacterial drug resistance, or BCG vaccination.

31 azimine selectively expands Tcm cells during BCG vaccination.

32 ) vaccination after infancy or with repeated BCG vaccinations.

33 deoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) before versus after BCG vaccinations.

34 eous or intradermal bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination.

35 (TB) infection and bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccination.

36 were 10 mm or greater than did percutaneous BCG vaccination (12 of 46 participants compared with 1 o

37 mune responses following Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination, 15-mer synthetic peptides were synthesi

38 (+) T cells, in immunity induced by M. bovis BCG vaccination, 4-week-old specific-pathogen-free pigs

39 Three months after BCG vaccination, 51 (100%) of 51 UK infants had an IFN-g

40 volunteers who had received two intradermal BCG vaccinations 6 months apart.

41 Despite significant progress in BCG vaccination across Africa over the last three decade

42 We sought to determine whether BCG vaccination activated mycobacteria-specific MAIT cel

43 s with a history of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination after infancy or with repeated BCG vacc

44 ext of experimental bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination, Ag-specific T cell responses to mycoba

45 Protection from the BCG vaccination against M tuberculosis infection, measur

46 ssess the heterologous protective effects of BCG vaccination against respiratory infection (RI) and s

47 s: this showed that the protective effect of BCG vaccination against the development of asthma identi

48 ariable efficacy of Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccination against tuberculosis has prompted effor

49 ogy in four/eight parameters assessed, while BCG vaccination alone did so in only one parameter studi

50 Depletion of NK1.1(+) cells at the time of BCG vaccination also increased the bacillary burden and

51 s with active tuberculosis (P<.05), and oral BCG vaccination also induced significant increases in LA

52 ght be affected by various factors including BCG vaccination and age, our results suggest that the pr

53 confounders, we found no association between BCG vaccination and asthma.

54 nding which did not markedly differ based on BCG vaccination and CD4 count.

55 he null hypothesis of no association between BCG vaccination and COVID-19 mortality, and suggest that

56 Our findings support a causal link between BCG vaccination and improved ability to control growth o

57 fected controls, while in kinetic studies of BCG vaccination and INH treatment we compared pre-experi

58 n both cattle models of protective immunity (BCG vaccination and INH treatment) was transient over ti

59 er (NK) cells in the combined effect between BCG vaccination and INH.

60 Widespread BCG vaccination and multidrug therapy have dramatically

61 ted here, and to establish causality between BCG vaccination and protection from severe COVID-19.

62 patients with active tuberculosis even after BCG vaccination and suggest that combinatorial use of an

63 y ages are functionally enhanced by M. bovis BCG vaccination and suggests an important role for this

64 reactivity may explain disparate outcomes of BCG vaccination and susceptibility to TB disease.

65 esponses induced by bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination and active tuberculosis infection were

66 ssociation between bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination and childhood asthma in a birth cohort

67 g IFN-gamma during bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination and subsequent M. tuberculosis challeng

68 mmune responses to bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-vaccination and susceptibility to pediatric tubercu

69 justing for other TB risk factors (age, sex, BCG-vaccination and stays >=3 months in Africa/Asia).

70 ce/ethnicity, poverty, education, history of BCG vaccination, and history of household exposure to tu

71 We accounted for the effects of age, BCG vaccination, and HIV infection.

72 tatus of kidney transplantation, old age, no BCG vaccination, and positive donor-specific antibody ar

73 to investigate the immunogenicity of aerosol BCG vaccination, and the phenotypic profile of periphera

74 lation differences in immune responses after BCG vaccination are observed among infants, as well as a

75 ound to mount Th1-like responses to M. bovis BCG vaccination as determined by immunoproliferation and

76 tion in school-aged children who had had one BCG vaccination as infants.

77 ous for COVID-19 who did and did not receive BCG vaccination as part of routine childhood immunizatio

78 in skin test (TST) negative and eligible for BCG vaccination as part of the last round of Norway's ma

79 Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination as a surrogate for M. tuberculosis infe

80 nistration increased tuberculosis deaths-eg, BCG vaccination at 6 weeks, the recommended age of DTP1,

81 ed infants were randomly assigned to receive BCG vaccination at birth (the early vaccination arm) or

82 We have previously reported that BCG vaccination at birth alters in vitro cytokine respon

83 Our results suggest that BCG vaccination at birth is effective at preventing tube

84 BCG vaccination at birth may decrease hospitalization du

85 sitization biases T cell immunity induced by BCG vaccination away from type 1 IFN-gamma responses ass

86 BCG vaccination, blood samples drawn for immunologic stu

87 ell and monocyte activation that occur after BCG vaccination but do not support the hypothesis that B

88 cells at an early time point after M. bovis BCG vaccination, but CD4(+) T cells were found to be mor

89 for age and sex, we found that a history of BCG vaccination, but not meningococcal, pneumococcal, or

90 Studies have suggested that BCG vaccination can have nonspecific effects, reducing g

91 reventing tuberculosis is uncertain and that BCG vaccination can interfere with the detection and tre

92 Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination can confer nonspecific protection again

93 Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination can potentially reduce the rate of resp

94 ts for age at vaccination, tribe, subsequent BCG vaccination, chronic medical illness, isoniazid use,

95 BCG vaccination clinical trials are required to corrobor

96 mycobacteria and/or bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination compromise the estimates derived from p

97 cytokine responses (trained immunity) after BCG vaccination.CONCLUSIONThe capacity of BCG to enhance

98 The protection observed following BCG vaccination concurrent with anti-IL-10R mAb treatmen

99 BCG vaccination conferred the advantage of recruiting gr

100 We explored whether BCG vaccination continues to be associated with decrease

101 At US2-3 dollars per dose, BCG vaccination costs US206 dollars (150-272) per year o

102 We hypothesized that BCG vaccination could also enhance immune responses to i

103 BCG vaccination coverage among children aged 12-23 month

104 Between 1990 and 2022, BCG vaccination coverage increased by at least 25% in 85

105 BCG vaccination coverage was defined as the number of ch

106 o-distribution of high TB prevalence and low BCG vaccination coverage were created by overlying spati

107 patial distribution of TB prevalence and low BCG vaccination coverage.

108 ex, an estimation of the degree of universal BCG vaccination deployment in a country, and COVID-19 mo

109 BCG vaccination did not affect hospitalization rates but

110 however, the addition of IL-12 or CpG ODN to BCG vaccination did not alter granuloma formation or res

111 BCG vaccination did not alter levels of antibodies again

112 Despite these effects, BCG vaccination did not increase the rate of SIV oral tr

113 vaccinated and unvaccinated groups, and that BCG vaccination did not perturb normal development.

114 atic review and meta-analysis suggested that BCG vaccination did not protect against allergic sensiti

115 The effect of neonatal BCG vaccination differed significantly between children

116 ability to detect LTBI, was less affected by BCG vaccination, discriminated responses due to nontuber

117 w that treatment with these two drugs during BCG vaccination dramatically improves vaccine efficacy.

118 ta activity augments the initial response to BCG vaccination, early bacterial clearance may adversely

119 ng novel vaccines, since Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination effectively prolongs survival after low-

120 used to assess trained immunity.RESULTSWhile BCG vaccination enhanced cytokine responses to restimula

121 BCG vaccination enhanced the number of IFN-gamma-produci

122 icate that inclusion of CT in the intranasal BCG vaccination enhances COX-2-mediated PGE(2) release b

123 ow that inhibition of IL-10 signaling during BCG vaccination enhances host-generated Ag-specific IFN-

124 ermore, mice that received clofazimine after BCG vaccination exhibited significantly enhanced resista

125 ovis infected animals, including those where BCG vaccination failed to prevent bovine TB pathology fo

126 s, such as IPT and bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination for preventing TB disease among exposed

127 for use as diagnostic markers to distinguish BCG vaccination from latent tuberculosis.

128 pment of new diagnostic tests to distinguish BCG vaccination from tuberculosis infection.

129 Although widely used, Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination given at birth does not protect against

130 We estimated that the 100.5 million BCG vaccinations given to infants in 2002 will have prev

131 Protection afforded by BCG vaccination gradually wanes over time and although b

132 BCG vaccination had no effect on the incidence of RTIs,

133 These initial studies indicate that BCG vaccination has a positive effect on IL-1 beta and R

134 BCG vaccination has been demonstrated to increase levels

135 immunity may suggest increased inflammation, BCG vaccination has been epidemiologically associated wi

136 BCG vaccination has beneficial nonspecific (heterologous

137 BCG vaccination has beneficial off-target ("nonspecific"

138 Previous studies have found that BCG vaccination has nonspecific beneficial effects on ch

139 Why BCG vaccination has not reduced disease prevalence, espe

140 BCG vaccination has recently been proposed as a strategy

141 ormation following bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination has been associated with lower all-caus

142 Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination has been suggested to have nonspecific

143 In patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), BCG vaccinations have been shown in randomized clinical

144 y against mycobacteria are upregulated after BCG vaccination; however, a significantly weaker respons

145 ing system, we were able to demonstrate that BCG vaccination imparted significant protection by reduc

146 BCG (BCG lux), to study immune responses to BCG vaccination in 50 neonates in a setting in Cape Town

147 Organization recommends Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination in areas of high tuberculosis prevalence

148 Low levels of IFNy were induced by BCG vaccination in CCM suggesting that IFNy alone does n

149 To assess the risk of BCG vaccination in HIV infection, we randomly assigned n

150 The immunogenicity of BCG vaccination in HIV-exposed, uninfected infants is no

151 systemic mycobacterial infection in mice and BCG vaccination in humans.

152 BCG-reactive memory NK cells were induced by BCG vaccination in infants, whereas in vitro IFN-gamma e

153 ere, we perform a dose-ranging study of i.v. BCG vaccination in macaques to generate a range of immun

154 studies on mucosal and intravenous routes of BCG vaccination in non-human primate models have renewed

155 erable debate regarding the effectiveness of BCG vaccination in preventing tuberculosis and death, pa

156 ults differ from those of studies of delayed BCG vaccination in South Africa and the Gambia, suggesti

157 demonstration of known vaccine effects (eg, BCG vaccination in specific populations), and by compari

158 cellular and molecular responses induced by BCG vaccination in the guinea pig model of pulmonary tub

159 ed by histopathology, and resembled M. bovis BCG vaccination in this respect.

160 By studying Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination in a human cohort, Ziogas and colleague

161 Here we show that bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination in healthy volunteers led not only to a

162 study suggests a temporal window soon after BCG vaccination, in which STAT1-dependent activation of

163 BCG vaccination increased fluid volume and cellular accu

164 Depletion of NK1.1(+) cells at the time of BCG vaccination increased the number of immunosuppressiv

165 Intradermal BCG vaccination induced a larger number of persistent re

166 ig IFN-gamma (gpIFN-gamma) and reported that BCG vaccination induced a significant increase in the IF

167 Importantly, BCG vaccination induced effector and memory cell differe

168 with nonsensitized controls, indicating that BCG vaccination induced gamma delta T cell activation as

169 lts in a low tuberculosis incidence setting, BCG vaccination induced heterologous innate cytokine pro

170 BCG vaccination induced significantly higher gamma inter

171 In experimental studies, BCG vaccination induced T- and B-lymphocyte-independent

172 Systemic BCG vaccination induced up to 600-fold increases in expr

173 Our findings demonstrated that intranasal BCG vaccination induces the expansion of CD3-NK1.1+CD69+

174 Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination induces a marked increase in the interf

175 Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination induces variable protection against pul

176 expression levels of 138 immune genes after BCG vaccination/infection of rhesus macaques.

177 t of vaccine-elicited T cell responses after BCG vaccination/infection.

178 ek and was sustained at > or = 6 weeks after BCG vaccination/infection.

179 o optimally study immune gene networks after BCG vaccination/infection.

180 ogether with the unexpected observation that BCG vaccination influenced M. avium subsp. paratuberculo

181 als randomizing low-weight neonates to early BCG vaccination (intervention) versus no BCG vaccination

182 BCG vaccination is a highly cost-effective intervention

183 ation but do not support the hypothesis that BCG vaccination is a risk factor for postnatal HIV trans

184 e generation of host Th1 responses following BCG vaccination is accepted as the major mechanism of pr

185 Also, BCG vaccination is currently being widely tested in huma

186 BCG vaccination is routine in Brazil but BCG revaccinati

187 ycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination is efficacious for newborns or adults w

188 Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination, known to induce partial protection aga

189 BCG vaccination leads to changes in IFN-gamma responsive

190 in 1975, where discontinuation of newborns' BCG vaccination led to a dramatic decrease in BCG covera

191 in vaccinated and nonvaccinated populations, BCG vaccination led to TB case declines of 15.4% and 21.

192 toms of sepsis, but 18 of 33 infants without BCG vaccination lesions did.

193 Six months after BCG vaccination, macaques were challenged with virulent

194 idly from antigen-presenting cells following BCG vaccination, maintenance of OX40-expressing vaccine-

195 date of birth was negatively associated with BCG vaccination (marginal RD = -1.5; 95% CI -2.2, -0.9),

196 Our data show that BCG vaccination may be effective in protecting children

197 Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination may induce persistent and booster purif

198 have suggested that bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination may lessen the severity of Coronavirus

199 ave suggested that Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination may reduce the risk of allergic disease

200 justment for prior bacillus Calmette-Guerin [BCG] vaccination).Measurements and Main Results: For all

201 However, unlike BCG vaccination, MPB83 DNA vaccination did not protect c

202 roinflammatory leukocyte responses following BCG vaccination, nonspecific effects of influenza vaccin

203 as associated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination (odds ratio: 25.1 [95% confidence inter

204 ts for elimination may be enabled by routine BCG vaccination of cattle.

205 the effectiveness of treatment programs, and BCG vaccination of HIV-negative homeless individuals hav

206 e longitudinal CD4 T-cell response following BCG vaccination of human newborns.

207 o have beneficial nonspecific effects; early BCG vaccination of low-birth-weight (LBW) newborns reduc

208 vestigated the effects of M.tb infection and BCG vaccination on B cell responses to heterologous path

209 earer evidence that any protective effect of BCG vaccination on childhood asthma is likely to be tran

210 r understanding of the effect of respiratory BCG vaccination on gammadelta T cell responses in the lu

211 We studied the effects of BCG vaccination on gene expression in tuberculosis granu

212 Effects of BCG vaccination on hospitalization risk were assessed in

213 The effect of Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination on interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) or reg

214 was to determine the effect of this delay in BCG vaccination on the induced immune response.

215 However, the overall impact of BCG vaccination on the inflammatory status of an individ

216 the effectiveness of preventive therapy and BCG vaccination on the risk of developing tuberculosis.

217 as performed to examine the effects of early BCG vaccination on the risk, cause, and severity of infa

218 t to assess whether the protective effect of BCG vaccination on wheeze observed in the MANCAS cohort

219 he EC skin test remained high, regardless of BCG vaccination or CD4 count.

220 adily trafficked to the airway or lung after BCG vaccination or M. tuberculosis infection, and some o

221 e marrow, aspirated before and 90 days after BCG vaccination or placebo.

222 ically significant waning of the efficacy of BCG vaccination over time, greater among men than women.

223 eas ELISPOT results were not associated with BCG vaccination (p=0.44).

224 orrelation between incidence of COVID-19 and BCG vaccination policies.

225 rity of COVID-19 in countries with universal BCG vaccination policies.

226 ting rates, there was no association between BCG vaccination policy and COVD-19 spread rate or percen

227 s lower for the majority of countries with a BCG vaccination policy for at least the preceding 15 yea

228 do not provide evidence to correlate overall BCG vaccination policy with the spread of CoV-2 and its

229 only for countries with a mandatory neonatal BCG vaccination policy.

230 n between national bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination policy and the prevalence and mortality

231 BCG vaccination prevents disseminated tuberculosis in ch

232 BCG vaccination prior to influenza vaccination results i

233 A BCG vaccination program that reached 10% of eligible chi

234 tive therapy and treatment, coupled with the BCG vaccination program, would lead to a 47% decline in

235 's mandatory mass tuberculosis screening and BCG vaccination programme between 1962 and 1975.

236 s including slum clearances, introduction of BCG vaccination programmes, and the ending of postwar fo

237 BCG vaccination programs continued to be associated with

238 rograms with targeted preventive therapy and BCG vaccination programs.

239 used to the Ag 85B epitope showed that prior BCG vaccination promoted high-affinity IgG1 responses th

240 ous inhibition of Th2 cells and Tregs during BCG vaccination promotes vaccine efficacy.

241 Taken together, these data demonstrate that BCG vaccination protects against infection with diverse

242 rage, including countries with high national BCG vaccination rates.

243 ges of gammadelta T cells caused by M. bovis BCG vaccination rather than being due solely to help fro

244 BCG vaccination reduced the risk of a positive baseline

245 Previous BCG vaccination reduces the predictive value of serial P

246 Nonspecific effects of BCG vaccination related to enhanced function of myeloid

247 Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination remains a cornerstone against tuberculo

248 e, Ab blockade of IL-10R specifically during BCG vaccination resulted in additional protection agains

249 Although i.v. BCG vaccination resulted in an influx of tissue-resident

250 These results indicate that the BCG vaccination route can affect both in vivo and in vit

251 Our findings shed light on BCG vaccination's profound and lasting effects on HSPCs

252 cy, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, BCG vaccination, season, and body habitus on susceptibil

253 However, BCG vaccination sensitises cattle to bovine tuberculin,

254 BCG vaccination significantly enhanced the ability of IN

255 Recent intradermal BCG vaccination significantly enhanced the inhibitory ac

256 , rMtb72F delivered by coadministration with BCG vaccination significantly improved the survival of t

257 BCG vaccination significantly protected against pulmonar

258 erculin skin test or IFNgamma release assay, BCG vaccination significantly protected against tubercul

259 BCG vaccination significantly reduced growth of BCG lux

260 st, ELISPOT results were not correlated with BCG vaccination status (p=0.7), whereas TST results were

261 uestionnaires, which included information on BCG vaccination status and preexisting demographic and c

262 Both sex and maternal BCG vaccination status influenced the effect of neonatal

263 BCG vaccination status was determined from health record

264 n Immunity and Health (1974-1994), including BCG vaccination status, perinatal and sociodemographic c

265 tal zone of residence, country of birth, and BCG vaccination status, while occupations were placed in

266 yses examined age, bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination status, and sex as predictor variables

267 mammalian host, in particular with regard to BCG vaccination strategies.

268 support further evaluation of this modified BCG vaccination strategy for HIV-exposed infants.

269 BCG vaccination tended to reduce neonatal and infant sep

270 and the type of immune responses elicited by BCG vaccination to enable comparisons with potential new

271 pport a role for immune adjuvants given with BCG vaccination to enhance its biologic efficacy.

272 Many countries offer a second BCG vaccination to prevent tuberculosis, although there

273 ycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination to protect against mycobacterial infect

274 y, an in vivo immunisation model showed that BCG vaccination under PD-L1 blockade could enhance antig

275 ntly registered to inform on the benefits of BCG vaccinations upon exposure to CoV-2.

276 rly BCG vaccination (intervention) versus no BCG vaccination (usual practice in low-weight neonates,

277 We aimed to determine whether neonatal BCG vaccination, vitamin A supplementation and other vac

278 FN-gamma production evaluated 10-14 mo after BCG vaccination was 26-fold higher for infants who were

279 ry immunity conferred by Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination was affected in mice with chronic enteri

280 2 IgG seroconversion.CONCLUSIONSA history of BCG vaccination was associated with a decrease in the se

281 Prior BCG vaccination was associated with a negative IFN-gamma

282 In infants <6 months old, recent BCG vaccination was associated with a non-M. tuberculosi

283 Here, we determined whether a history of BCG vaccination was associated with decreased SARS-CoV-2

284 BCG vaccination was associated with enhanced cytokine re

285 trend was observed with guinea pigs in which BCG vaccination was boosted by DNA vaccination, although

286 oluble, substrate of the circadian effect of BCG vaccination was demonstrated by the enhanced capacit

287 ve tuberculin skin test (OR, 2.21; P = .03); BCG vaccination was particularly protective, especially

288 In the four studies with mortality data, BCG vaccination was significantly protective against dea

289 e majority of gamma delta T cells induced by BCG vaccination were gamma 9+ delta 2+ T cells reactive

290 ut of ten macaques that received intravenous BCG vaccination were highly protected, with six macaques

291 Effects of primary and booster intradermal BCG vaccinations were assessed in 3 distinct assays of m

292 nd than elsewhere at the time when universal BCG vaccinations were given to Finnish newborns.

293 In randomized controlled trials, BCG vaccinations were shown to gradually improve two aut

294 imary or secondary bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination were assessed for Ab responses to AM vi

295 Finally, i.v. bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination (which activates multiple TLRs, especia

296 of INH can be augmented following historical BCG vaccination, which support findings from previous ob

297 ating inflammatory proteins before and after BCG vaccination, while ex vivo Mycobacterium tuberculosi

298 sis that the coadministration or boosting of BCG vaccination with Mtb72F may limit the lung consolida

299 To determine whether Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination would alter gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)

300 hesized that Mtb PPD-induced IFN-gamma after BCG vaccination would be similar in infants from these 2