ライフサイエンスコーパス: Cry

1 pigments, phytochrome (PHY) or cryptochrome (CRY).

2 AR-protein domain1 (PDP1), and cryptochrome (CRY).

3 at specifically interacts with cryptochrome (CRY).

4 to the spectral sensitivity of CRYPTOCHROME (CRY).

5 ythmicity in SCN never previously exposed to CRY.

6 sion severity, and recognition of own infant cry.

7 hms persist in constant darkness and without CRY.

8 rs mutant Fbxl3(Afh) to stabilize endogenous CRY.

9 We used norpA(P24) cry(02) double mutants that are circadianly blind in low

10 light-induced behavioral phase resetting in cry(03) mutant flies and sensitively reports GFP-CRY exp

11 w that the core clock proteins cryptochrome (CRY) 1 and 2 repressed inflammation within the FLSs, and

12 csn mutants, as well as cop1, cryptochromes (cry)1 cry2, and phytochromes (phy)A phyB mutants, do not

13 Plant cryptochromes (cry) act as UV-A/blue light receptors.

14 lar reductants may be a general mechanism of CRY activation.

15 the FLSs, and provide novel evidence that a CRY activator has anti-inflammatory properties in human

16 ot reduced upon Cry deficiency, which places CRY activity downstream from JAK2.

17 support the hypothesis that MF modulation of CRY activity is capable of influencing neuron activity t

18 sm by which a magnetically induced change in CRY activity might produce a behavioral response.

19 ns after light exposure, and in many animals CRY acts independently of light to repress rhythmic tran

20 rosophila peripheral tissues and reveal that CRY acts together with K(+) channels to maintain passive

21 CRY also acts independently of TIM in Drosophila to alte

22 Bacillus thuringiensis produces insecticidal Cry and Cyt proteins that are toxic to different insect

23 Cry and Cyt toxins interact by specific epitopes, and th

24 In contrast, infant cry and laughter, which are species-specific signals app

25 nsduction systems, we tested mutants lacking CRY and mutants with disrupted opsin-based phototransduc

26 CRY and opsin-based external photoreceptor systems coope

27 ite REV-ERB-alpha and REV-ERB-beta with PER, CRY and other components of the principal feedback loop

28 ese mutants, we show that the stabilities of CRY and PER are independently regulated, contrary to the

29 In this model, the mechanistic roles of CRY and PER are unclear.

30 crucial regulators of circadian homeostasis (cry and per genes) are absent from the icefish genome, s

31 In this model, CRY and PER proteins repress their own transcription by

32 n genotypes to characterize the functions of CRY and PER.

33 involves the turnover rate of the repressors CRY and PER.

34 onsidering their effects at high irradiances cry and phot are critical for the control of transpirati

35 Results for baby-cry and picture stimuli may fit with both locationist an

36 ecially of their own infant - including baby cry and picture.

37 Immunostaining against CRY and the neuropeptide pigment-dispersing factor (PDF)

38 (TTFL) in which expression of Cryptochrome (Cry) and Period (Per) genes is inhibited by their protei

39 transcriptional activator, and Cryptochrome (CRY) and Period (PER) proteins function as repressors.

40 LOCK and BMAL1, and repressors Cryptochrome (CRY) and Period (PER).

41 and transcriptional repressors cryptochrome (CRY) and period (PER).

42 The eyelets antagonize Cryptochrome (CRY)- and compound-eye-based photoreception in the large

43 rating scale and the Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability Scale were used for pain scoring.

44 (Afh), which lengthens period by stabilizing CRY, and Csnk1epsilon(tm1Asil) (CK1epsilon(Tau)), which

45 s, their function with respect to the phot-, cry-, and phy-mediated signal transduction cascades, and

46 Notably, dopamine and CRY are required for acute arousal upon sensory stimulat

47 Since phot and cry are UV-A/blue light photoreceptors, they may be invo

48 evidence that photosensitive Cryptochromes (Cry) are involved in the response to magnetic fields (MF

49 underlying mechanism showed a novel role of CRY as a repressor for protein kinase.

50 mplicate the blue-light sensor cryptochrome (CRY) as an endogenous light-dependent magnetosensor enab

51 ight significantly differ in mutants lacking CRY, as well as mutants with disrupted opsin-based photo

52 ivity in the RFIC to own versus other infant cry at the group level.

53 elucidation of CRY-CRY homo-oligomers and a CRY-BIC heterodimer reveals how the activity of plant CR

54 These results demonstrate a CRY-BIC negative-feedback circuitry that regulates the a

55 ield modulates the activity of cryptochrome (CRY) by influencing photochemical radical pair intermedi

56 In contrast, deletion of the CRY C terminus disrupts EMF responses, indicating that i

57 domains of the two proteins and involves the CRY C terminus.

58 emotional "balance;" (b) feeling the need to cry; (c) feeling the need to talk.

59 or independent mechanisms of vertebrate-like CRY circadian regulation on the BMAL1 C terminus and the

60 mented by the specific disruption of the Per/Cry circadian regulatory complex in brain regions that g

61 RNAi depletion of KPNB1 traps the PER/CRY complex in the cytoplasm by blocking nuclear entry o

62 nslocation and repressor function of the PER/CRY complex.

63 Specifically, PER/CRY complexes act at E-box sequences in Per and Cry to i

64 y BMAL1-CLOCK complexes is suppressed by PER-CRY complexes.

65 Light-activated CRY couples to membrane depolarization via a well conser

66 Structural elucidation of CRY-CRY homo-oligomers and a CRY-BIC heterodimer reveals

67 in which transactivation of Per (period) and Cry (cryptochrome) genes by BMAL1-CLOCK complexes is sup

68 CRY dampens temperature input to the clock and thereby c

69 , the blue-light photoreceptor CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) dampens temperature-induced PERIOD (PER)-LUCIFERASE

70 These results support a role for Phycomyces cry-DASH as a photolyase and suggest a similar role for

71 However, cry-DASH can repair CPDs in single-stranded DNA, but the

72 a photolyase and suggest a similar role for cry-DASH in mucoromycotina fungi.

73 s, Synechocystis, Human)-type cryptochromes (cry-DASH) belong to a family of flavoproteins acting as

74 ptochrome/photolyase family (CPF) encoding a cry-DASH, cryA, despite its ability to photoreactivate.

75 Photoreduction of the Drosophila CRY (dCRY) flavin cofactor to the anionic semiquinone (A

76 Down-regulation of IGF-1 upon Cry deficiency correlates with reduced Igf-1 mRNA expres

77 rylation of JAK2 kinase was not reduced upon Cry deficiency, which places CRY activity downstream fro

78 In both CRY-deficient backgrounds, circadian rhythms of wheel-ru

79 In agreement, Cry-deficient mice have reduced body ( approximately 30%

80 rcadian function, we expressed CRY in SCN of Cry-deficient mice using adeno-associated virus (AAV).

81 IGF-1 rhythms are disrupted in Cry-deficient mice, and IGF-1 level is reduced by 80% in

82 reduced in the liver and skeletal muscles of Cry-deficient mice.

83 ligase complex essential for light-mediated CRY degradation in Drosophila cells.

84 XL3 degradation in the nucleus and promoting CRY degradation within the cytoplasm.

85 eveal unanticipated consequences of delaying CRY degradation, indicating that the Afh mutation prolon

86 se a dual negative-feedback model in which a CRY-dependent CK2-driven posttranslational BMAL1-P-BMAL1

87 Here, we show that this CRY-dependent effect is significantly potentiated in the

88 his proposal will remain theoretical until a CRY-dependent effect on a receptor neuron is shown to be

89 e studies tackled the problem of whether the Cry-dependent magnetosensitivity is coupled to the sole

90 y displacing CLOCK-BMAL1 from promoters in a CRY-dependent manner.

91 s provides a tool to study the regulation of CRY-dependent physiology and aid development of clock-ba

92 Cry genes, however, carry no CREs, and how CRY-dependent SCN pacemaking is synchronized remains unc

93 artmentalization of competing E3 ligases for CRY determine circadian period of the clock in mammals.

94 lexippus), which possesses a vertebrate-like CRY (dpCRY2) and an ortholog of BMAL1, to show that inse

95 nt, ecologically relevant stimulus of infant cry during fMRI, we tested hypotheses that postpartum ne

96 re Per circadian expression in real time, no Cry equivalent exists.

97 ctivation of the photoreceptor CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) evokes rapid depolarization and increased action po

98 To investigate CRY expression and function in body tissues, we generate

99 CRY expression has been characterized in the Drosophila

100 CRY expression in a subset of clock neurons, or the phot

101 These findings for the first time define CRY expression in Drosophila peripheral tissues and reve

102 We found that CRY expression is also required for nighttime activity i

103 l eukaryotes, and suggest that Clk, cyc, and cry expression is sufficient to drive clock expression i

104 Specifically, Cry expression must be circadian and appropriately phase

105 Altered circadian rhythms and CRY expression were also observed in human fibroblasts f

106 enus, although there is variation in PDF and CRY expression.

107 03) mutant flies and sensitively reports GFP-CRY expression.

108 The cryptochrome (CRY) flavoproteins act as blue-light receptors in plants

109 e clock genes Period (Per) and Cryptochrome (Cry) following nuclear entry of their protein products i

110 hat the NORPA pathway is less efficient than CRY for synchronizing rest-activity rhythms with delayed

111 FBXL21 plays a dual role: protecting CRY from FBXL3 degradation in the nucleus and promoting

112 the in vitro data demonstrating PER removes CRY from the CLOCK-BMAL1-E-box complex.

113 K and dissociation of CLOCK-BMAL1 along with CRY from the E-box.

114 Fruit flies are a far cry from the quaint genetic model of the past, but rathe

115 al studies have not been straightforward and Cry function has not been examined in real clock cells u

116 new opportunities for mechanistic studies of CRY function.

117 L.), transformed with Bacillus thuringiensis Cry genes (Bt G. hirsutum) that confer resistance to lep

118 ccumulated near termination sites on Per and Cry genes but not on control genes.

119 Transgenic rice expressing cry genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt

120 olutionary analyses suggested that zebrafish cry genes have evolved divergent functions, which is fur

121 Cry genes, however, carry no CREs, and how CRY-dependent

122 bsequent gene losses, zebrafish retained six cry genes, renamed as cry1aa (zcry1a in the old nomencla

123 tter understanding of evolution of zebrafish cry genes.

124 loop in which period (Per) and cryptochrome (Cry) genes are negatively regulated by their protein pro

125 ebrafish are known to have six cryptochrome (cry) genes but their evolutionary relationships are not

126 expression of Period (Per) and Cryptochrome (Cry) genes is periodically suppressed by their protein p

127 It constitutes part of a rallying cry, "gig 'em" that inspires Texas A&M Aggies to victory

128 We propose that CRY has a distinct role in acute responses to sensory st

129 elated gene, are ion conducting channels for CRY/Hk-coupled light response.

130 l abnormalities (including abnormal neonatal cry, hypotonia, epilepsy, polyneuropathy, cerebral gray

131 n CRY2- and CRY1-deficient mice to test each CRY in isolation.

132 Our data reveal a causal role for CRY in regulating the midbrain dopamine reward system, a

133 equired for circadian function, we expressed CRY in SCN of Cry-deficient mice using adeno-associated

134 n SCF E3 ligase complex that slowly degrades CRY in the cytoplasm but antagonizes the stronger E3 lig

135 of the Sophophora subgenus completely lacked CRY in the large ventrolateral clock neurons (lLN(v) s)

136 is required for timely nuclear import of PER/CRY in the negative feedback regulation of the circadian

137 of the circadian photoreceptor CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) in large ventral lateral neurons (l-LN(v)s).

138 n of CLOCK-BMAL1 by PERIOD and CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) in mammals lies at the core of the circadian timeke

139 core circadian clock component CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) in the NAc.

140 AD) in a light-dependent manner and that the CRY-Inactivation No Afterpotential D interaction is medi

141 t however, firing-mediated phase-shifting is CRY-independent and exploits the E3 ligase component CUL

142 biquitin ligase CULLIN-3, possibly mediating CRY-independent degradation of TIMELESS during light:dar

143 Fbxl3(Afh/Afh) had no effect on these CRY-independent rhythms, confirming its circadian action

144 Previous work showed that CRY inhibits CLOCK-BMAL1-activated transcription by a "b

145 Finally, we show that CRY inhibits D1R-induced G protein activation, likely by

146 (vp) is very similar to that of the Bacillus Cry insecticidal toxin-like proteins, despite the low se

147 subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase as a CRY-interacting protein and found that loss or inhibitio

148 ess mice, we found that higher expression of CRY is associated with decreased activation of dopamine

149 in the paralog CRY2 and reduced when either CRY is bound to the circadian corepressor PERIOD2.

150 re known and it is known that Drosophila (d) CRY is degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system as we

151 In bodies, CRY is detected in clock-containing tissues including Ma

152 from larval identified motoneurons, in which CRY is ectopically expressed, to show that BL-dependent

153 shed that blue-light (BL) photoactivation of CRY is sufficient to depolarize and activate Drosophila

154 Our data show that CRY is the primary repressor in the TTFL: It binds to CL

155 Light activation of CRY is transduced to membrane depolarization, increased

156 Cryptochrome (CRY) is a core clock protein that plays an essential rol

157 Cryptochrome (Cry) is a key protein in the negative arm of the transcr

158 Cryptochrome (CRY) is expressed in most brain clock neurons, whereas s

159 Cryptochrome (CRY) is the primary circadian photoreceptor in Drosophil

160 Cryptochrome (CRY) is the principal light sensor of the insect circadi

161 ich had high and specific binding ability to Cry j 2 (K(d)=24 nM), detected an amount of Cry j 2 equi

162 s slides without extraction, similar to anti-Cry j 2 antibodies.

163 Cry j 2 contained in house dust was detected in a spike

164 Cry j 2 (K(d)=24 nM), detected an amount of Cry j 2 equivalent to that in several tens of micrograms

165 dar pollen, and the histochemical sensing of Cry j 2 in ruptured Japanese cedar pollen.

166 ompatible with starch localization, in which Cry j 2 is present.

167 n recognition in the practical biosensing of Cry j 2, leading to preventive measures against allergic

168 he identification of DNA aptamers binding to Cry j 2, one of the major allergens in Japanese cedar po

169 of SELEX, we identified aptamers binding to Cry j 2.

170 Furthermore, D1R-MSN-specific CRY-knockdown in the NAc reduced susceptibility to stres

171 e core clock component protein cryptochrome (CRY) leads to constitutive elevation of proinflammatory

172 Because dopamine signaling and CRY levels are typically high at night, this may explain

173 of heterologously expressed CRY suggest that CRY may mediate functional responses to UV-A (ultraviole

174 y CLOCK/SIRT1, were shown to be critical for CRY-mediated BMAL1-CK2beta binding.

175 The CRY-mediated light response requires a flavin redox-base

176 f protein-protein interactions revealed that CRY-mediated periodic binding of CK2beta to BMAL1 inhibi

177 eception in the large LNvs while synergizing CRY-mediated photoreception in the small LNvs.

178 While the mechanism of CRY-mediated repression was explained by both in vitro a

179 Incorporation of CRY-mediated transcriptional feedback thus confers stabi

180 CRY mediates behavioral avoidance responses related to e

181 Drosophila melanogaster CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) mediates behavioral and electrophysiological respon

182 the circadian and cell cycle oscillators via CRY-modulated turnover of TLK2.

183 erved in phytochrome (phy) and cryptochrome (cry) mutant backgrounds.

184 It has been found that Cry mutation in cells with p53-null genotype increased t

185 Interestingly, KPNB1 regulates the PER/CRY nuclear entry and repressor function, independently

186 cts mainly with PER proteins and directs PER/CRY nuclear transport in a circadian fashion.

187 However, in the presence of CRY, nuclear entry of PER inhibits transcription by disp

188 nt from the FAD interaction site, mimics the cry-null behavioral light response to constant light exp

189 arization in wild-type flies, absent in both cry-null flies, and following acute treatment with the f

190 Furthermore, Ras-transformed p53- and Cry-null mouse skin fibroblasts are more sensitive than

191 at a local duplication of ancestral chordate Cry occurred likely before the first round of vertebrate

192 heses that postpartum neural response to the cry of "own" versus a standard "other" infant in the rig

193 However, the effects of phot and cry on photosynthesis were largely nonstomatic.

194 The effects of cry on stomatal conductance are largely indirect and inv

195 Loss of either cry or rh7 caused minor defects in photoentrainment, whe

196 ation of behavioral rhythms relies on either CRY or the canonical rhodopsin phototransduction pathway

197 leep are blunted in constant darkness and in cry(OUT) mutants in light:dark, suggesting that they are

198 er primates, show functional stability, with cry overwhelmingly expressing negative and laughter posi

199 l relationship between the CKI-PER and FBXL3-CRY pathways, we generated robust mechanistic prediction

200 tion by a "blocking"-type mechanism and that CRY-PER inhibits CLOCK-BMAL1 by a "displacement"-type me

201 Here, we show that CRY-PER participates in the displacement-type repression

202 f CLOCK-BMAL1 transcriptional activators and CRY-PER transcriptional repressors.

203 y both in vitro and in vivo experiments, the CRY-PER-mediated repression in vivo seemed in conflict w

204 ent for the functions of CRY2, implying that CRY photooligomerization is presumably accompanied by ad

205 f cryptochromes, collectively referred to as CRY photooligomerization, have not been well established

206 ly conserved photoreaction characteristic of CRY photoreceptors in plants and some non-plant species.

207 and non-plant species possess cryptochrome (CRY) photoreceptors to mediate blue light regulation of

208 Cryptochrome (CRY) photoreceptors undergo photoresponsive homo-oligome

209 NADPH, NADH, and ATP, were found to promote cry photoreduction even in mutants lacking the classic T

210 nce of Trp residues (Trp-triad) required for CRY photoreduction.

211 help reconcile the diverse functions of the CRY/PL family by demonstrating how conserved protein arc

212 However, members of the CRY/PL family differ in the substrates recognized (prote

213 osing banded mongoose groups to scents, 'war cry' playbacks, and live intruders from a rival group.

214 ive RNA polymerase II large subunit, Per and Cry pre-mRNAs, and SETX, a helicase that promotes transc

215 ast three types of functionally flexible non-cry precursors to speech rarely reported in other ape in

216 amenable to electrophysiological recording, CRY prevents membrane input resistance from falling to l

217 proteins in soils requires understanding of Cry protein adsorption to soil particles.

218 malian circadian clock by revealing that the CRY protein has an additional unsuspected feedback role

219 urbation of the NRON complex affects PER and CRY protein nuclear translocation, dampens amplitude, an

220 onal synthetic pesticides, the use of either Cry protein or dsRNA PIPs results in their release to re

221 hile investigating the environmental fate of Cry protein PIPs and suggests new avenues to advance the

222 ed on these data, we propose that absence of CRY protein(s) might release its (their) inhibition on c

223 might emulate the functional domains of the Cry protein, and in particular its pore-forming activity

224 o infect C. elegans, the addition of the PFP Cry protein, Cry5B, results in a robust lethal infection

225 ucture, which is the first for a nematicidal Cry protein, shows the familiar three-domain arrangement

226 y process affecting the fate of insecticidal Cry proteins (Bt toxins), produced by genetically modifi

227 In vitro binding of biotinylated Cry proteins and competition assays in midgut protein ve

228 crystal inclusions composed of three-domain Cry proteins and cytolytic Cyt toxins, which are toxic t

229 thway alter nuclear translocation of PER and CRY proteins and impact circadian rhythms in peripheral

230 The CRY proteins are part of a large repressive complex, the

231 Cyt1Aa is lipophilic and synergizes Bti Cry proteins by increasing midgut binding.

232 Both CRY proteins dose-dependently lengthen the intrinsic, hi

233 First-generation insecticidal PIPs were Cry proteins expressed in GM crops containing transgenes

234 that is a paralog of Fbxl3 that targets the CRY proteins for degradation.

235 Here we study the effect of Cry proteins in B. thuringiensis pathogenesis of the nem

236 g the fate and potential risks of transgenic Cry proteins in soils requires understanding of Cry prot

237 nic matter in models that assess the fate of Cry proteins in soils.

238 tematic cell transfection assays divided six Cry proteins into repressive Cry1aa, Cry1ab, Cry1ba and

239 xtensively characterized of the anthelmintic Cry proteins is Cry5B.

240 ver, pests such as aphids not susceptible to Cry proteins may require other integrated pest managemen

241 ndicated the aphids were not affected by the Cry proteins or the pyrethroid, thus removing any effect

242 is built on a feedback loop in which PER and CRY proteins repress their own transcription.

243 To interrogate the properties of CRY proteins required for circadian function, we express

244 g WCR populations resistant to two different Cry proteins show that AfIP-1A/1B and mCry3A differ in t

245 e strength of repression by various forms of CRY proteins significantly correlates with rhythm amplit

246 Although both CRY proteins slowed the clock, CRY1 was significantly mo

247 Trace amounts of the three Cry proteins were detected in BPH feeding on Bt rice cul

248 hree-domain arrangement seen in insecticidal Cry proteins.

249 resembles a banana lectin than it does other Cry proteins.

250 Bt isolates or through modifications of the Cry proteins.

251 mammals, the PERIOD (PER) and CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) proteins accumulate, form a large nuclear complex (

252 The Cryptochrome (CRY) proteins are critical components of the mammalian c

253 Crystal (Cry) proteins are globally used in agriculture as protei

254 Crops producing insecticidal crystal (Cry) proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) control i

255 genes individually expressing three crystal (Cry) proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) tested th

256 cases of pest resistance to Bt crystalline (Cry) proteins produced by transgenic crops increased fro

257 Bt crystal (Cry) proteins with limited potential for field-relevant

258 d B. anthracis is the production of crystal (Cry) proteins, which are pore-forming toxins or pore-for

259 CRY repression of CLOCK-BMAL1 and regulation of circadia

260 regulates the accumulating phase of the PER-CRY repressive complex by controlling the nuclear import

261 Regulated nuclear translocation of the PER/CRY repressor complex is critical for negative feedback

262 lock proteins period (PER) and cryptochrome (CRY), respectively.

263 aker neurons, the flavoprotein cryptochrome (Cry), responds only to high levels of light in vitro.

264 prevented ubiquitin-dependent degradation of CRY, resulting in lengthening of the circadian period.

265 studies on the effects of these compounds on CRY stability implicate the existence of an as yet undis

266 Furthermore, KL001-mediated CRY stabilization inhibited glucagon-induced gluconeogen

267 Selective CRY-stabilization demonstrated that both CRYs are endoge

268 role for the NRON complex in regulating PER/CRY subcellular localization and circadian timekeeping.

269 ochemical assays of heterologously expressed CRY suggest that CRY may mediate functional responses to

270 FL) in which the negative regulators Per and Cry suppress their own expression, which is driven by th

271 , the blue-light photoreceptor CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) synchronizes these feedback loops to light:dark cyc

272 exes to the elongating polymerase at Per and Cry termination sites inhibited SETX action, impeding RN

273 c EMF, and this is mediated by cryptochrome (CRY), the blue-light circadian photoreceptor.

274 However, in the absence of CRY, this TIM-mediated resetting still occurs in some pa

275 ut is independent of the classical circadian CRY-TIMELESS interaction.

276 complexes act at E-box sequences in Per and Cry to inhibit their transactivation by CLOCK/BMAL1 hete

277 The ability of CRY to maintain high input resistance in these non-excit

278 levated in Clk(Jrk) mutants and acts through CRY to promote the nocturnal activity of this mutant.

279 PER actually interferes with the binding of CRY to the CLOCK:BMAL1:E-box ternary complex.

280 ve to be a limitation when there is no known Cry toxin active against a particular target.

281 ptibility to Cry3Ba toxin, demonstrating the Cry toxin receptor functionality for these proteins.

282 Two of the overexpressed Cry toxin variants showed significant activity against A

283 ortality triggered by B. thuringiensis and a Cry toxin.

284 ubozoan toxins and insecticidal three-domain Cry toxins (delta-endotoxins) suggests that the toxins h

285 mosquitocidal activity since they synergize Cry toxins and are able to overcome resistance to Cry to

286 However, the high specificity of Cry toxins can also prove to be a limitation when there

287 Transgenic maize lines expressing various Cry toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis have been adopted

288 The insecticidal Cry toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are i

289 , which synergizes the activity of the other Cry toxins, thereby resulting in high toxicity.

290 oxins and are able to overcome resistance to Cry toxins.

291 n in body tissues, we generated a GFP-tagged-cry transgene that rescues light-induced behavioral phas

292 nt Bacillus thuringiensis strains to express Cry-type toxins in transgenic crops is a common strategy

293 ols this negative feedback loop by promoting CRY ubiquitination and degradation.

294 We show that CRY ubiquitination engages two competing E3 ligase compl

295 x and a multifaceted regulatory mechanism of CRY ubiquitination.

296 this finding, we show that in the absence of CRY very limited expression of PER in a few dorsal clock

297 VT (F8,18 = 0.548; P = .81) but tendency to cry was positively correlated with MAO-A VT in the prefr

298 ning molecules that target the cryptochrome (CRY) were thus discovered.

299 e the blue light photoreceptor CRYPTOCHROME (CRY), which is required for both light entrainment and c

300 A resolution crystal structure of Drosophila CRY with an intact C terminus.