ライフサイエンスコーパス: FMDV

1 FMDV has seven genetically distinguished serotypes with

2 FMDV protein 2C is part of the replication complex and t

3 FMDV structural and nonstructural proteins were localize

4 FMDV-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC), predominan

5 ity to infect CHO cells by type O and Asia-1 FMDV.

6 PCs) loaded with peptides derived from all 7 FMDV serotypes, suggesting that CD8(+) T cells recognizi

7 RF7/3(5D) inhibited the replication of all 7 FMDV serotypes.

8 of representative samples from each of the 7 FMDV serotypes showed that the putative epitope is highl

9 We developed a FMDV mutant virus that could not bind DCTN3.

10 sest relative from outside of Bulgaria was a FMDV collected during 2010 in Bursa (Anatolia, Turkey).

11 main of FMDV polymerase and conserved across FMDV serotypes, to a cysteine (F257C) to study the relat

12 n alphavbeta6 and two tissue culture adapted FMDV strains by cryo-electron microscopy.

13 hat subsequently identified three additional FMDV-infected livestock premises by serosurveillance, as

14 The detection of antibodies (Ab) against FMDV structural proteins (SP) using virus neutralization

15 ambda3, exhibited antiviral activity against FMDV in bovine cell culture.

16 iremia, virus shedding or antibodies against FMDV nonstructural proteins.

17 the innate immune response of cattle against FMDV.

18 and resulted in complete protection against FMDV challenge at 6, 24, or 48 h posttreatment.

19 are pivotal in providing protection against FMDV infection.

20 approach to induce rapid protection against FMDV, we have examined the ability of VRPs containing ei

21 , is directly involved in protection against FMDV.

22 he development of effective vaccines against FMDV.

23 d5-poIRF7/3(5D) in vitro and in vivo against FMDV.

24 pecific (93%) detection of antibodies to all FMDV strains used in this study.

25 y and absence of proofreading activity allow FMDV to rapidly mutate and adapt to dynamic environments

26 s (FMDV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase allows FMDV to exhibit high genetic diversity.

27 ing sequence is considerably conserved among FMDV serotypes.

28 Using an FMDV replicon in complementation experiments, our data d

29 ct of ITAFs on the conformations of EMCV and FMDV IRESs by comparing their influence on hydroxyl radi

30 demonstrated that IRES elements of HRV2 and FMDV severely attenuated the neurovirulence of VSV witho

31 Moreover, PKD inhibitors also block PV and FMDV replication.

32 can inhibit the replication of HRV, PV, and FMDV, and therefore, PKD may represent a novel antiviral

33 ty and sensitivity of rVP2 in capturing anti-FMDV Ab were 98.3% and 100%, respectively.

34 A for serotype-independent detection of anti-FMDV Ab.

35 le effectively promotes the presence of anti-FMDV ASC in lymphoid tissues associated with the respira

36 that IC could dynamically influence the anti-FMDV immune response and that this may explain why the e

37 e containment of infectious diseases such as FMDV as its strongly enhanced sensitivity may facilitate

38 tification and/or abrogation of asymptomatic FMDV infection.

39 timization as a strategy to safely attenuate FMDV and further develop live attenuated vaccine candida

40 exploited for the development of attenuated FMDV vaccine candidates that are safer and more stable t

41 r 10(10) PFU of Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D) 24 h before FMDV challenge were fully protected from FMD clinical si

42 ated that the subclinical divergence between FMDV carriers and animals that cleared the infection had

43 wth, suggesting that the interaction between FMDV 2C and cellular vimentin is essential for virus rep

44 ese results suggest that interaction between FMDV 2C and host protein Beclin1 could be essential for

45 ding specific antibodies to integrin-binding FMDV at neutralizing or subneutralizing IgG concentratio

46 susceptible to infection by integrin-binding FMDV but were susceptible to culture-adapted virus.

47 P) or poIFN-alpha (VRP-poIFN-alpha) to block FMDV replication in vitro and in vivo.

48 the endogenous stress response antagonist by FMDV leader protease (L(pro)) or 3C(pro), we demonstrate

49 However, induction of autophagosomes by FMDV appeared to differ from starvation, as the generati

50 imately 50% of the autophagosomes induced by FMDV colocalized with VP1.

51 and alphavbeta5) that, although not used by FMDV, have the potential to be used as receptors; howeve

52 nt harboring the same mutations in O1 Campos FMDV (O1C3A-PLDGv).

53 -specific ASCs in the absence of circulating FMDV-specific ASCs, indicating the presence of short-liv

54 herapeutic strategy so far tested to control FMDV in cattle.

55 y help to develop countermeasures to control FMDV infections in the future.

56 lued and 50/dynamitin, resulted in decreased FMDV replication in infected cells.

57 could be used as a peptide antigen to detect FMDV-specific antibodies against all types of the virus.

58 hat the local lymphoid tissue had detectable FMDV-specific ASCs in the absence of circulating FMDV-sp

59 beta6 cells were more effective at detecting FMDV in clinical samples, supporting their use as a more

60 apid, and accurate test capable of detecting FMDV-specific Ab, regardless its serotype.

61 uential vaccination regime of four different FMDV serotypes.

62 nomic region of the samples collected during FMDV epidemics caused by serotype O in Sri Lanka during

63 viral RNA shed in oropharyngeal fluid during FMDV persistence were similar in vaccinated and nonvacci

64 containing viral proteins is not seen during FMDV infection, a process that is stimulated by Beclin1;

65 hat the stress response is suppressed during FMDV infection.

66 , a metabolic pathway required for efficient FMDV replication.

67 ered by either UV-inactivated virus or empty FMDV capsids, suggesting that autophagosome formation wa

68 at use of an especially proficient 'extended FMDV 2A' coding region allows production of two independ

69 post-translational remnants of the extended FMDV 2A peptide localize correctly to various cellular c

70 ed for their compatibility with the extended FMDV 2A peptide.

71 demonstration of the utility of the extended FMDV 2A system, confocal fluorescence microscopy is used

72 g5, suggesting that autophagy may facilitate FMDV infection.

73 characterized poliovirus polymerase fibrils, FMDV fibrils are narrower, are composed of both protein

74 For FMDV SAT2 viruses, studies have shown that at least two

75 pathway, which was shown to be important for FMDV replication.

76 aVbeta6 integrin is a principal receptor for FMDV, we transduced a bovine kidney cell line to stably

77 istence of nonintegrin, non-HS receptors for FMDV on CHO cells and revealed a novel, non-RGD-dependen

78 oropharynx have been identified as sites for FMDV persistence.

79 the B cell response are similar for all four FMDV serotypes tested following a homologous FMDV vaccin

80 CD8(+) T cells from FMDV serotype O-vaccinated A31(+) cattle recognized anti

81 Furthermore, FMDV yields were reduced in cells lacking Atg5, suggesti

82 were also tested on five recently generated FMDV datasets and the best model was able to achieve an

83 FMDV serotypes tested following a homologous FMDV vaccination regime.

84 e, but it is largely unknown whether and how FMDV modulates the integrated stress response.

85 There is substantial insight into how FMDV suppresses the type I interferon (IFN) response, bu

86 and biochemical analyses, we have identified FMDV 3D(pol) mutations that affect polymerase fidelity.

87 Domain 3 in FMDV IRES is phylogenetically conserved and highly struc

88 presence of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells in FMDV-vaccinated and -infected cattle.

89 aimed to identify CD8(+) T cell epitopes in FMDV recognized by cattle vaccinated with inactivated FM

90 s that is stimulated by Beclin1; however, in FMDV-infected cells overexpressing Beclin1 this fusion o

91 and immunofluorescence staining to occur in FMDV-infected cells.

92 and confocal microscopy to actually occur in FMDV-infected cells.

93 l tertiary structure of the apical region in FMDV IRES domain 3.

94 Contrastingly, gene regulation in FMDV carriers suggested inhibition of T cell activation

95 of immunity to pathogens, but their role in FMDV infection of cattle is uncharacterized.

96 We carried out studies in FMDV SAT1 persistently infected buffaloes to characteriz

97 The single amino acid substitution in FMDV polymerase resulted in a high-fidelity virus varian

98 t exposing moDC to IC containing inactivated FMDV resulted in significantly increased T cell stimulat

99 Current inactivated FMDV vaccines generate short-term, serotype-specific pro

100 l inoculation of three different inactivated FMDV serotypes (O, A, and Asia1 serotypes) a B cell resp

101 wing homologous and heterologous inactivated FMDV vaccination regimes.

102 t 2 (TI-2) antigenic response to inactivated FMDV capsid.IMPORTANCE We have demonstrated the developm

103 gnized by cattle vaccinated with inactivated FMDV serotype O.

104 e sample of choice for recovering infectious FMDV up to 400 days postinfection (dpi).

105 When binding of intact FMDV particles (146 S; 8200 kDa) or pentameric FMDV coat

106 is an option to protect animals against many FMDV serotypes as soon as 24 h and for about 4 days post

107 Here, two marker FMDV vaccine candidates (A(24)LL3D(YR) and A(24)LL3B(PVK

108 conserved protein of 153 amino acids in most FMDVs examined to date.

109 ity to process P1 polyproteins from multiple FMDV serotypes.

110 wing sequential FMDV challenge with multiple FMDV serotypes.

111 Interestingly, mutant FMDV W105A was viable.

112 production in bacteria.IMPORTANCE The mutant FMDV 3C protease L127P significantly increased yields of

113 Neither FMDV nor ERAV L(pro) interfered with phosphorylation of

114 Thus, neutralized FMDV concurrently loses its ability to infect susceptibl

115 mong the seven serotypes of FMDV, serotype O FMDV have the broadest distribution worldwide, which cou

116 the lower polymerase fidelity of the type O FMDV could contribute to its dominance worldwide.IMPORTA

117 ence that higher genetic diversity of type O FMDV could increase both virulence and transmissibility,

118 Given that type O FMDV exhibits the highest genetic diversity among all se

119 otein P1D, comprising residues 795 to 803 of FMDV serotype O UKG/2001.

120 110 may allow for cell culture adaptation of FMDV by design, which may prove useful for vaccine manuf

121 gs resulting from cell culture adaptation of FMDV.

122 cattle were challenged by aerosolization of FMDV, using a method that resembles the natural route of

123 L127P) mutant produced crystalline arrays of FMDV-like particles in mammalian and bacterial cells, po

124 her understanding of this critical aspect of FMDV pathogenesis.

125 (Syncerus caffer) are efficient carriers of FMDV, and it has been proposed that new virus variants a

126 cally, it was demonstrated that clearance of FMDV from the nasopharyngeal mucosa was associated with

127 ity is essential for successful clearance of FMDV infection and should be considered for development

128 geal mucosa in association with clearance of FMDV.

129 This suggests that the clearing of FMDV infection is associated with an enhanced mucosal an

130 method, while applied here in the context of FMDV, is general and with slight modification can be use

131 le and time-efficient assay for detection of FMDV seropositive animals, regardless the FMDV serotype

132 rful and valuable tool for the dissection of FMDV populations within hosts.

133 sly, we showed that the genetic diversity of FMDV plays an important role in virulence in suckling mi

134 idue Phe257, located in the finger domain of FMDV polymerase and conserved across FMDV serotypes, to

135 VRP-GFP and challenged with a lethal dose of FMDV 24 h later were protected from death.

136 can identify already known viral epitopes of FMDV in the context of the viral capsid.

137 aithful RNA synthesis activity (fidelity) of FMDV 3D(pol), suggesting that the role of the NLS motif

138 However, studies examining the function of FMDV 2C have been rather limited.

139 rus caffer) are the primary carrier hosts of FMDV in African savannah ecosystems, where the disease i

140 ine cells resulted in moderate inhibition of FMDV replication, along with a decrease of the overall s

141 el insights into the intricate mechanisms of FMDV persistence and contributes to further understandin

142 The traditional diagnostic methods of FMDV have demonstrated many drawbacks related to sensiti

143 The prevalence of FMDV persistence was similar in both groups (62% in vacc

144 ession of ISG15 resulted in the reduction of FMDV viral titers.

145 Thus, the N-terminal region of FMDV 3D that acts as a nuclear localization signal (NLS)

146 lays an essential role in the replication of FMDV and potentially other picornaviruses through ribonu

147 wo 3Bs is necessary for trans replication of FMDV replicons, which is unlike other picornaviruses whe

148 ential epitopes on more than one serotype of FMDV, consistent with experimental results.

149 hly sensitive for detecting all serotypes of FMDV from experimentally infected animals, including the

150 wide.IMPORTANCE Among the seven serotypes of FMDV, serotype O FMDV have the broadest distribution wor

151 netic diversity among all seven serotypes of FMDV, we propose that the lower polymerase fidelity of t

152 However, due to variations within SP of FMDV serotypes, each serotype-specific Ab should be dete

153 ng clinical cases and seronegative status of FMDV-free/naive-animals prior transportation.

154 n of which suggests that multiple strains of FMDV are responsible for observed yearly herd-level outb

155 -binding and cell culture-adapted strains of FMDV in vitro.

156 ntiviral host response evasion strategies of FMDV may help to develop countermeasures to control FMDV

157 In this study, we used the structure of FMDV 3D(pol) in combination with previously reported res

158 highly conserved region in the N terminus of FMDV capsid protein VP2 (VP2N) was characterized using a

159 This represents a change in the tropism of FMDV that could occur after the onset of the antibody re

160 Serological protection against one FMDV serotype does not confer interserotype protection.

161 nd/or LPBE for rapid diagnosis of an ongoing FMDV infection.

162 alent peptides derived from all of the other FMDV serotypes.

163 DV particles (146 S; 8200 kDa) or pentameric FMDV coat protein aggregates (12 S; 282 kDa) was detecte

164 l response in tissues maintaining persistent FMDV was downregulated, whereas upregulation of IFN-lamb

165 a interferon) in association with persistent FMDV.

166 Unlike other picornaviruses, FMDV-induced autophagosomes did not colocalize with the

167 h the local trivalent vaccine and guinea pig FMDV antiserum, which is routinely used as tracing/detec

168 Although O1C3A-PLDGv FMDV and its parental virus (O1Cv) grew equally well in

169 nfected animals, including the porcinophilic FMDV strain O/TAW/97.

170 plication to rapidly and effectively prevent FMDV replication and dissemination.

171 expression of viral nonstructural proteins, FMDV induced autophagosomes very early during infection.

172 Consistently, infection with a recombinant FMDV lacking L(pro) resulted in SG formation.

173 ignificantly increased yields of recombinant FMDV subunit antigens and produced virus-like particles

174 on 3C(L127P) increased yields of recombinant FMDV subunit proteins in mammalian and bacterial cells e

175 Recombinant FMDVs containing substitutions at 3D(pol) tryptophan res

176 RF7/3(5D) significantly and steadily reduced FMDV titers by up to 6 log10 units in swine and bovine c

177 c response upon contact with the replicating FMDV, suggesting that FMD vaccination induces the circul

178 have been identified on the capsid of a SAT2 FMDV.

179 otection can be induced following sequential FMDV challenge with multiple FMDV serotypes.

180 ed moDC were unable to efficiently stimulate FMDV-specific CD4(+) memory T cells, but exposing moDC t

181 ffaloes offers a unique opportunity to study FMDV persistence, as transmission from carrier ruminants

182 e generated a single amino acid substitution FMDV variant with a high-fidelity polymerase associated

183 This study provides evidence that FMDV genetic diversity is important for viral virulence

184 s not inhibited by wortmannin, implying that FMDV-induced autophagosome formation does not require th

185 Here, we show that FMDV can suppress SG formation via its leader protease (

186 These results suggest that FMDV induces autophagosomes during cell entry to facilit

187 These data suggest that FMDV persistence occurs in the germinal centers of lymph

188 n growth rates were up to 300% annually, the FMDV-like pathogen persisted in <25% of simulations rega

189 protein into mature capsid proteins, but the FMDV 3C protease is toxic to host cells.

190 Infection of moDC by the FMDV IC was productive and associated with high levels o

191 amples of complete genomic sequences for the FMDV SAT 2 topotype VII, which is thought to be endemic

192 Persistence probability was near 0 for the FMDV-like case under a wide range of parameter values an

193 accines requires cytosolic expression of the FMDV 3C protease to cleave the P1 polyprotein into matur

194 To identify less-toxic isoforms of the FMDV 3C protease, we screened 3C mutants for increased t

195 in motif F and R416 at the C terminus of the FMDV 3D(pol) and RNA template-primer.

196 ze the role of individual amino acids of the FMDV 3D(pol) nuclear localization signal (NLS).

197 ork described here elucidates aspects of the FMDV carrier state in cattle which may facilitate identi

198 ase and ensuring faithful replication of the FMDV genome.

199 n of RHA did not require the activity of the FMDV leader protein.

200 mportant for maintaining the fidelity of the FMDV polymerase and ensuring faithful replication of the

201 ct structure, persistence probability of the FMDV-like pathogen was always <10%.

202 dy, we have investigated the kinetics of the FMDV-specific antibody-secreting cell (ASC) response fol

203 for the rapid and selective detection of the FMDV.

204 of FMDV seropositive animals, regardless the FMDV serotype that can be implemented in a combination w

205 probability, even very early response to the FMDV-like pathogen in feral swine was unwarranted while

206 iruses encode a single copy but uniquely the FMDV genome includes three (nonidentical) copies of the

207 and epitope affinity were compared using the FMDV-recognizing VHH.

208 There were no sets of conditions where the FMDV-like pathogen persisted in every stochastic simulat

209 ine tract binding protein (PTB), whereas the FMDV IRES requires PTB and ITAF(45).

210 wed that 100% of animals inoculated with the FMDV A12 P1 deoptimized mutant (A12-P1 deopt) survived,

211 was also observed in cells infected with the FMDV LproW105A mutant.

212 In addition, animals inoculated with the FMDV SAP mutant displayed a memory T cell response that

213 in which 3B copy number expansion within the FMDV genome has allowed evolution of separate cis and tr

214 from antibody neutralization contributing to FMDV persistent infection in African buffalo.IMPORTANCE

215 n distinct anatomic compartments critical to FMDV infection.

216 5-poIRF7/3(5D) 1 day before being exposed to FMDV were completely protected from viral replication an

217 so expressed CD32 but were nonsusceptible to FMDV immune complex (IC) infection, indicating a require

218 may explain why the early immune response to FMDV has evolved toward T cell independence in vivo.

219 A, and Asia1 serotypes) a B cell response to FMDV SAT1 and serotype C was induced.

220 lete understanding of the immune response to FMDV.

221 ssue, further evidence of a TI-2 response to FMDV.

222 a6 expression and enhanced susceptibility to FMDV infection for >/= 100 cell passages.

223 ansmissibility compared to that of wild-type FMDV in the porcine model.

224 e clusters provided evidence that undetected FMDV infection had occurred.

225 imization of the P1 region rendered a viable FMDV progeny.

226 predict the probability of recovering viable FMDV by probang and culture, conditional on the animal's

227 ires the growth of large volumes of virulent FMDV in biocontainment-level facilities.

228 The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) "carrier" state was defined by van Bekkum in 1959.

229 hallenged with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 1 day later.

230 expression of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 3C(pro) and that this requires the protease activi

231 region of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 3D polymerase contains the sequence MRKTKLAPT (res

232 The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) afflicts livestock in more than 80 countries, limi

233 xperiments for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and African swine fever virus (ASFV).

234 ne recognizing foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and another recognizing the 16 kDa heat-shock prot

235 virus (EMCV), foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and other picornaviruses comprise five major domai

236 Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a fast-spreading disease that affects farm

237 nes.IMPORTANCE Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious acute vesicular disease

238 Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious acute vesicular disease

239 Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious infection in cloven-hoo

240 Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes an acute vesicular disease of farm animals.

241 Two foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genome sequences have been determined for isolates

242 ld isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) have a restricted cell tropism which is limited by

243 virus (PV) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in a variety of cells.

244 persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in micro-dissected compartments of the bovine naso

245 e picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) induces the formation of autophagosomes.

246 of persistent foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection was investigated in 46 cattle that were

247 pendent on the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) internal ribosome entry site (IRES) occurs at two

248 Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious viral disease.

249 alo.IMPORTANCE Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious virus of cloven-hoofed anim

250 e picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a notorious animal pathogen that puts a major e

251 protein 3A of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a partially conserved protein of 153 amino acid

252 Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an important animal pathogen responsible for fo

253 Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is one of the most devastating viral pathogens of

254 ly inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is widely practiced to control FMD.

255 Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) leader proteinase (L(pro)) cleaves itself from the

256 bic residue in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) leader proteinase (Lpro) (W105) that is involved i

257 Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) leader proteinase (Lpro) affects several pathways

258 Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) mediates cell entry by attachment to an integrin r

259 ive to inhibit foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) replication in swine, a similar approach had only

260 Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) (3D(pol)) cata

261 ow fidelity of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase allows FMDV to exhibi

262 e 2 (HRV2) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) to control the translation of the matrix gene (M),

263 The foot-and-mouth-disease virus (FMDV) utilizes non-canonical translation initiation for

264 ical data in a Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) veterinary outbreak in England and a Klebsiella pn

265 ns recognizing foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) were used for making biosensors, and azides were i

266 Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), is a highly contagious virus due to its ease of t

267 he RdRp of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), is responsible for replication of viral genomes.

268 Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), particularly strains of the O and SAT serotypes,

269 Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), the causative agent of foot-and-mouth disease, is

270 Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), the causative agent of foot-and-mouth disease, is

271 tion enzyme of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, forms fibrils i

272 genic sites on foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which resulted in the identification of neutraliz

273 replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV).

274 ens, including foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV).

275 region (P1) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV).

276 genic sites on foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV).

277 the capsid of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV).

278 iruses such as foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV).

279 rier" hosts of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV).

280 e picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV).

281 K epidemics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV): the 2007 outbreak, and a subset of the large 2001

282 e picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV; genus Aphthovirus), one of the most notorious path

283 ly susceptible to most strains of FMD virus (FMDV) but are difficult and expensive to prepare and mai

284 ompartmental modelling to explore FMD virus (FMDV) persistence, outbreak dynamics and disease burden

285 over the biological relevance of FMD virus (FMDV) persistence.

286 to be tailored to the individual FMD virus (FMDV) serotype and their sensitivity may be affected by

287 en full genome sequences (FGS) of FMD virus (FMDV) were generated and analysed, including eight repre

288 ines, formulated with inactivated FMD virus (FMDV), are regularly used worldwide to control the disea

289 enhancer of IFN activity against FMD virus (FMDV).

290 Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) circulates as multiple serotypes and strains in ma

291 Like many other viruses, FMDV must manipulate antiviral host responses to establi

292 enhanced mucosal antiviral response, whereas FMDV persistence is associated with suppression of the h

293 h to IgG1 was clear in prescapular LN, while FMDV-specific ASC were detected in all lymphoid tissues

294 zed O-aminophenol (O-AP) film imprinted with FMDV serotype O on a gold screen-printed electrode (SPE)

295 ficantly inhibited subsequent infection with FMDV as early as 6 h after treatment and for at least 12

296 During infection with FMDV, several host cell membrane rearrangements occur to

297 later by intradermolingual inoculation with FMDV.

298 D8(+) T cells responding to stimulation with FMDV-derived peptides revealed one putative CD8(+) T cel

299 mpletely protected against challenge with WT FMDV as early as 2 days postinoculation and for at least

300 evels detected in animals inoculated with WT FMDV that developed disease.