ライフサイエンスコーパス: IL-21

1 IL-21 also influenced responsiveness to IL-4 because exp

2 IL-21 and IFN-gamma are coexpressed by Tfh cells during

3 IL-21 differentially promoted the expression of the chem

4 IL-21 directly promotes apoptosis of Treg cells and ther

5 IL-21 does not induce Il1b expression in CD4(+) T cells,

6 IL-21 drastically increased the number of IL-10(+) Bregs

7 IL-21 has been implicated in promotion of effector CD4(+

8 IL-21 has been shown to accelerate thymic recovery in mi

9 IL-21 induced STAT1 phosphorylation, and this was augmen

10 IL-21 is a key player of adaptive immunity, with well-es

11 IL-21 is a pleiotropic cytokine produced predominantly b

12 IL-21 promotes B cell and CTL responses in vivo, conferr

13 IL-21 promotes transcription of all miR-29 species throu

14 IL-21 was a critical negative regulator of IgE responses

15 IL-21, a Tfh cell-derived cytokine, provides instruction

16 IL-21-induced IL-1beta processing in cDCs does not requi

17 IL-21-mediated cMyc upregulation is only observed in IL-

18 Histamine, IL-6, IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22 induced the expression of H4R in monocyt

19 onocytes were treated with histamine, IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22, and a H4R antagonist (JNJ7777120), the

20 iotic regimens significantly reduced IL-17A, IL-21, IL-22 and IFN-gamma mRNA levels in the terminal i

21 Inflammatory cells and IL-17A(+), IL-17F(+), IL-21(+), IL-22(+), and IL-23(+) cells were examined by

22 cytokines (interleukin-17A [IL-17A], IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, and IL-26) in regulating the immune respon

23 h induction of intracellular interleukin 21 (IL-21) and inducible costimulator (ICOS) post vaccinatio

24 Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is involved in regulating the expansion and effec

25 o mutating B cells, secreted interleukin 21 (IL-21), induced expression of the transcription factor B

26 0-targeted therapy, we fused interleukin 21 (IL-21), which induces direct lymphoma cytotoxicity and a

27 implicated in regulation of interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-17 secretion in mice and humans.

28 nt on CD4(+) T cell help via interleukin-21 (IL-21) and that exploitation of this developmental pathw

29 rol, it is not known whether interleukin-21 (IL-21) contributes to early HIV-1 immunity.

30 une cell-mediated effects of interleukin-21 (IL-21) in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), providing a precli

31 Interleukin-21 (IL-21), a cytokine produced by many subsets of activated

32 maintained by T-cell-derived interleukin-21 (IL-21), and promoted repeated rounds of divisions of sel

33 se SOX11 expression, whereas interleukin-21 (IL-21)-induced STAT3 activation or overexpression of the

34 all subset of gp120-specific interleukin-21 (IL-21)-secreting CXCR5(+) CD4(+) T cells were significan

35 he T(FH)-associated cytokine interleukin-21 (IL-21).

36 l a relationship among TLR engagement, IL-4, IL-21, and IFN-gamma that regulates T-bet expression in

37 Time-dependent induction of IL-4, IL-21, and IL-6 was observed in nasal mucosa following i

38 expression of IL-17, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-4, IL-21, TGF-beta1 and IFN-gamma were significantly increa

39 thermore, IL-6-stimulated production of IL-4/IL-21 through c-Maf induction is responsible for impaire

40 TAT3 and STAT1 activation profiles for IL-6, IL-21, and IL-27, as well as for cytokine pairs over tim

41 B-cell lymphoma 6, IL-21, inducible costimulator, CXCR5, and programmed cel

42 ent in the presence of interleukin-7 (IL-7), IL-21, and the glycogen synthase-3beta inhibitor TWS119,

43 Also, similar to IL-7, IL-21 seems to be involved in the positive selection of

44 Conversely, abrogating IL-21 receptor signaling in donor T cells and inhibiting

45 Additionally, IL-21, in combination with ART, was associated with redu

46 LDH inhibition did not significantly affect IL-21-induced metabolism but caused major transcriptomic

47 cells, to the anti-CD20 antibody (alphaCD20-IL-21 fusokine).

48 Further, the alphaCD20-IL-21 fusokine stabilizes IL-21 and prolongs its half-li

49 the dual functional ability of the alphaCD20-IL-21 fusokine to induce direct apoptosis and activate i

50 In vivo alphaCD20-IL-21 therapy resulted in a significant tumor control in

51 dysfunctional Ag.pTfh cells with an altered IL-21/IL-2 axis contribute to inadequate vaccine respons

52 Although IL-21 can activate several STAT family transcription fac

53 Our work highlights the diversity among IL-21 producing CD4(+) Tfh cells, and the interrelations

54 provide B cell help for IgG production in an IL-21 and CD40L dependent manner.

55 horiomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in an IL-21-dependent manner.

56 im of this study is to test the effect of an IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) blocking antibody on the early p

57 ), IL-4(+) (V6, P = .003; V8, P = .004), and IL-21(+) (V6, P = .003; V8, P = .002) follicular helper

58 ally stimulated in the presence of IL-12 and IL-21 to generate TFH cells.

59 IL-15 and IL-21 production appears to feed back on CD4(+) T cells

60 Finally, synergy between IL-15 and IL-21 was observed only upon CD137 engagement and the pr

61 gamma and oncostatin M, as well as IL-15 and IL-21, activity and resulted in clinical and histologic

62 eukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21.

63 ptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21.

64 r cytokines, including IFN-gamma, IL-17, and IL-21.

65 nd higher numbers (P < .01) of IL-17F(+) and IL-21(+) cells in nasal biopsies were observed in SAs co

66 5) of neutrophils, IL-17A(+), IL-17F(+), and IL-21(+) cells in bronchial biopsies and higher numbers

67 Interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-21 dichotomously shape CD8(+) T cell differentiation.

68 , soluble CD40L in combination with IL-2 and IL-21 induces these activities in both memory and naive

69 at soluble BAFF in combination with IL-2 and IL-21 is a T cell contact-independent inducer of human B

70 ciprocal influence of interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-21.

71 and extending these findings, TNF, IL-2, and IL-21 also synergistically triggered the proliferation o

72 Furthermore, we identify TNF, IL-2, and IL-21 as CD4(+) T-cell cytokines that synergistically me

73 ion that the soluble factors BAFF, IL-2, and IL-21 induce memory and DN B cell activation and differe

74 n Ag that induced type 1 immunity), IL-4 and IL-21 were coproduced by individual Tfh cells, revealing

75 These cells produced IL-4 and IL-21, and they more robustly promoted peanut-specific I

76 -cell subsets, capable of secreting IL-4 and IL-21.

77 ed interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-21 cytokines; and NKT cell-derived perforin and granz

78 cells when stimulated with CD40L, IL-4, and IL-21 was also determined.

79 Moreover, rfhSP-D inhibited CD40L/IL-4- and IL-21-mediated IgE production (77.12%; P = 0.02) by B ce

80 IL-35 inhibited CD40 ligand-, IL-4-, and IL-21-mediated IgE production by B cells (P = .015), all

81 (T(FH))-like phenotype, with CXCR5/Bcl-6 and IL-21 expression, implicating a role in stimulation of p

82 hibited the production of autocrine IL-6 and IL-21 in 2D2 T cells, which in turn reduced their Th17 d

83 on was decreased in the presence of IL-6 and IL-21, and to a lesser extent by IL-4 and TNF-alpha.

84 Tfh cells following interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-21 stimulation, and viral DNA is detectable in fully

85 ar brake that blocks the autocrine IL-6- and IL-21-induced Th17 differentiation pathways in autoreact

86 analysis revealed enhancements in IL-6- and IL-21-induced Th17 differentiation pathways in these T c

87 ven ART, SIV-infected RMs given both ART and IL-21 showed improved restoration of intestinal Th17 and

88 response to key T cell signals like CD40 and IL-21 and that it regulated GC formation and maintenance

89 monstrated increased production of CD40L and IL-21 in vitro.

90 Tfh cells and IL-21 are involved in infectious and autoimmune diseases

91 e role of follicular and blood Tfh cells and IL-21 in human and experimental allergic disease.

92 ated both the number of IL-21(+) T cells and IL-21 production, suggesting a feedback loop in tolerant

93 gnate interaction between Tfh , B cells, and IL-21 drives B cells to proliferate and differentiate in

94 that IL-11 induces IL-17A(+), GM-CSF(+), and IL-21(+)CD4(+) myelin Ag-reactive cells.

95 e in Tfr cells, inhibits CD25 expression and IL-21-mediated inhibition of CD25 is Bcl-6 dependent.

96 esence of IL-15 (or its membranous form) and IL-21.

97 TH1 and TFH effector cytokines IFN-gamma and IL-21 and the TFH marker CXCR5, demonstrating that the c

98 eration and differentiation of IFN-gamma and IL-21-producing effector T cells.

99 sion of T-bet and Bcl6 and for IFN-gamma and IL-21.

100 ial infection require CD4(+) T cell help and IL-21 signaling for their development, but the exact T c

101 ntributes to the development of IL17A(+) and IL-21(+) populations.

102 ative antitumor effect of LDH inhibition and IL-21.

103 tokines, a proliferation-inducing ligand and IL-21, and attenuated LPS-induced iBALT formation.

104 and B-cell responses to B-cell receptor and IL-21 receptor engagement.

105 ifferentiation depends on normal p-STAT3 and IL-21 production to suppress p-STAT1 activation and T-be

106 r elements bound by IL-2-activated STAT5 and IL-21-activated STAT3 in T cells and identified Il2ra as

107 Anti-IL-21 treatment also led to a reduction in GC B cells, C

108 of lupus-prone B6.Sle1.Yaa mice with an anti-IL-21 blocking Ab reduced titers of autoantibodies, dela

109 reduced Bcl6 and PD-1 expression as well as IL-21 production by T(FH) cells, preventing proper spati

110 These results reveal an interplay between IL-21 and type I IFN in the innate immune response to MR

111 Blockade IL-21 in vivo suppressed intestinal C. rodentium-specifi

112 'NKF' through overexpressing membrane bound IL-21 that is capable of inducing robust and sustained p

113 anistic studies revealed that membrane-bound IL-21 leads to an activation of a STAT3/c-Myc pathway an

114 mechanistic insights into how membrane-bound IL-21 regulates NK cell expansion.

115 esenting cells in the presence of IL-21, but IL-21 did impact the ability of DCs to induce antigen-sp

116 , and this can be synergistically boosted by IL-21.

117 regions within the MIR29 gene is enriched by IL-21 signalling.

118 irectly by RNA interference or indirectly by IL-21 treatment induced toxicity in SOX11(+) MCL cells.

119 lass switch recombination was potentiated by IL-21 in the context of limited IL-4.

120 morigenic effects were mediated primarily by IL-21 and CD40 signaling, leading to the upregulation of

121 ibition of IgE class switch recombination by IL-21 was attenuated by CD40 signaling, whereas IgG1 cla

122 and IgHJ usage, clustering apart from CD40L/IL-21 and control conditions.

123 , and favored secretion of IgM, unlike CD40L/IL-21, which drove IgM and IgG more evenly.

124 proliferation similarly differed, with CD40L/IL-21 inducing proliferation of most memory and naive B

125 uired alongside STAT4 to coordinate Tfh cell IL-21 and IFN-gamma production and for promotion of the

126 r to CD4(+) T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, IL-21-producing CD8(+) T cells generated in the presence

127 chultz et al. (2016) report that circulating IL-21-producing CD4(+) T cells are phenotypically, trans

128 ssive accumulation of Tfh cells coexpressing IL-21 and IFN-gamma, and suppressed their production of

129 wever, Th17-related cytokine concentrations (IL-21, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma) and CCR5+HLA-DR+C

130 under homeostatic or lymphopenic conditions IL-21 acts directly on CD8 T cells to favor the accumula

131 B cell and CTL responses in vivo, conferring IL-21 with a role in both humoral and cellular responses

132 eless, using an expansion mixture containing IL-21, anti-BCR, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, CD40L, and IL

133 Correspondingly, IL-21 induced MRSA killing by human peripheral blood neu

134 cell sorter, to polarize IL-21(+)CXCL13(+) (IL-21-positive and C-X-C chemokine ligand type 13-positi

135 in high expression of the signature cytokine IL-21, the coinhibitory receptor TIGIT and the transcrip

136 The cytokine IL-21 was able to overcome TFR cell-mediated suppression

137 expression of costimulatory proteins on DCs, IL-21 reduced the expression of CD40 in the presence of

138 CD8(+) T cell-derived IL-21 contributes to the production of protective virus-

139 antibodies, indicating that Tfh cell-derived IL-21 is critical for pathological B cell cues in lupus.

140 on in normal T(H)9 cultures diminished early IL-21 induction and late IL-9 production, whereas exogen

141 omprise two effector states producing either IL-21 or CXCL13.

142 te infection, is associated with an elevated IL-21(+) CD4 T subset, and these cells bear a phenotypic

143 of autoreactive CD4(+) T cells and elevated IL-21 and IFN-gamma production, associated with a higher

144 We postulated that a bolus of enhanced IL-21-primed polyclonal antigen-specific CTL combined wi

145 atients display CD4(+) T cells with enhanced IL-21 expression and high in vivo frequencies of regulat

146 Notably, exogenous IL-21 limits early HIV-1 infection in humanized mice, an

147 and late IL-9 production, whereas exogenous IL-21 enhanced T(H)9 differentiation, even with STAT3 in

148 GC response evolved, TFH cells extinguished IL-21 production and switched to IL-4 production, showed

149 Finally, IL-21, but not IFN-gamma, promotes CD11c expression inde

150 h effector molecules, involving IL-12p70 for IL-21 and activin A and TGFbeta for CXCL13.

151 ese results demonstrate a novel function for IL-21 in tuning NK and CD4(+) T cell interactions promot

152 (MCL), providing a preclinical rationale for IL-21 therapy in this aggressive disease.

153 The requirement for IL-21 to establish CD8 TE/TEM and TRM subsets was overco

154 identify a previously unappreciated role for IL-21 in EAE and reveal that IL-21-mediated signaling su

155 s study reveals a context-dependent role for IL-21 in sustaining effector phenotype CD8 T cells and i

156 this report demonstrates a critical role for IL-21 in the generation of a primary effector CD8 T cell

157 our studies describe a multilayered role for IL-21 in thymopoiesis.

158 ssociated with early induction of functional IL-21-secreting circumsporozoite (CSP)-specific pTfh cel

159 Furthermore, IL-21 induced Btg3 expression, which correlated with arr

160 Furthermore, IL-21 inhibited Treg cell generation in mice with coliti

161 Furthermore, IL-21 significantly induced B cell IgA production in vit

162 and follicular Th cell paradigms to generate IL-21 and IL-17A, which drive pathogenic germinal center

163 l cytokine profile (IL-13(hi)IL-4(hi)IL-5(hi)IL-21(lo)) and coexpress the transcription factors BCL6

164 e identified a subpopulation of GFP(+), high IL-21 producing Tfh cells present only in Peyer's Patche

165 However, how IL-21 regulates memory IgA(+) B cell development and mem

166 like CD4 T cell-driven B cell hyperactivity, IL-21 signaling on Ag-specific donor CD8 T cells is crit

167 Together, we identify IL-21(+)CD4(+) T cells as pTfh cells, implicating them a

168 healthy donor B cells with CD40L, anti-IgM, IL-21, CpG, IFN-alpha, IL-6 or BAFF induces miR-155 and

169 More importantly, IL-21-propagated HLA-DR(+) NK cells produce macrophage m

170 This review will focus on recent advances in IL-21 biology that have highlighted its critical role in

171 athways and increased neuronal cell death in IL-21 receptor-deficient (IL-21R-deficient) mice compare

172 However, mice with a defect in IL-21 signaling exhibit normal thymic cellularity, chall

173 ly lower than those before ART initiation in IL-21-treated animals but not in controls.

174 r alpha (TNF-alpha), or IL-17 but lacking in IL-21.

175 diated cMyc upregulation is only observed in IL-21-sensitive cells.

176 T3 have at least partially opposing roles in IL-21 signaling in CD4(+) T cells.

177 udies focused mainly on the role of STAT3 in IL-21 signaling.

178 act-dependent and soluble factors, including IL-21, IL-4, IL-9, and IFN-gamma.

179 ress factors enabling B-cell help, including IL-21, CXCL13, ICOS, and MAF.

180 rail-deficient CD8(+) T cells have increased IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) expression and hyperresponsivene

181 Importantly, the capacity to induce IL-21(+) Tfh-like cells was higher in cDC2s from patient

182 sitive) OX-40L-expressing cDC2s that induced IL-21(+) Tfh-like cells, suggesting an involvement of th

183 rom chronic inflammation, H. pylori-infected IL-21(-/-) mice exhibited limited Th1 and Th17 responses

184 Here we report that H. pylori-infected IL-21(-/-) mice express significantly higher levels of I

185 t, during per-oral microsporidial infection, IL-21 was critical for the generation of an optimal effe

186 Here the authors show Grail also limits IL-21 receptor expression and function in CD8(+) T cells

187 In mice, IL-21:IL-21R interactions influence the phenotype of T f

188 stered intra-tracheally into wild-type mice, IL-21 induced granzymes and augmented clearance of pulmo

189 g a mixed bone marrow chimeric animal model, IL-21 seems to be involved as early as the double-negati

190 Breg cells modulated IL-21 receptor expressions on TFH cells and B cells, and

191 mors that otherwise were resistant to native IL-21 treatment.

192 gnaling by the fusokine compared with native IL-21 at equimolar concentrations.

193 or Tfh cell production of IFN-gamma, but not IL-21, and for a robust GC reaction.

194 lecular mediators that impact the actions of IL-21.

195 lating T(FH) cells produced large amounts of IL-21 upon stimulation with donor antigen and induced B

196 These findings demonstrate that blockade of IL-21 signaling can delay allograft rejection in a human

197 We used blockade of IL-21 to dissect the mechanisms by which this cytokine p

198 The combination of IL-21 and IFN-gamma baseline expression closely predicte

199 mechanistic insight into the contribution of IL-21 to the pathogenesis of murine lupus, while reveali

200 ating that CD40L determines the direction of IL-21-dependent B cell differentiation.

201 for GC B cell maturation, with disruption of IL-21 signaling representing a potential therapeutic str

202 ceptor-deficient mice to study the effect of IL-21 on T-cell responses in models of asthma and coliti

203 The negative effect of IL-21 on Tfr cells in mice is cell intrinsic and associa

204 Intriguingly, the effects of IL-21 on T cells can be complex and vary depending on th

205 mice to assess the cell-intrinsic effects of IL-21.

206 This correlated with increased expression of IL-21 and CD40L in Tfh cells from Sfpi1(lck-/-) mice com

207 nd IL-12 controlled respective expression of IL-21 and IFN-gamma, with IL-21 being key for humoral im

208 edly STAT3, promotes increased expression of IL-21 and the T(FH) lineage-defining transcription facto

209 IgA expression associated with expression of IL-21, which was very potent to activate immunoglobulin

210 , they provide B cell help, independently of IL-21, through IL-10 and succinate.

211 Induction of IL-21 and ICOS on Ag.pTfh cells are negatively affected

212 cells (cDC2s) showed increased induction of IL-21(+)CXCL13(+) Tfh-like cells.

213 cterized by the production of high levels of IL-21 and low levels of IFN-gamma.

214 17 cytokines but did reveal higher levels of IL-21, the main cytokine secreted by CD4 T follicular he

215 r differentiation of Th17 cells, the loss of IL-21 or IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) does not protect mice f

216 ll assays, we characterized the mechanism of IL-21-mediated inhibition of Treg cells.

217 ents positively regulated both the number of IL-21(+) T cells and IL-21 production, suggesting a feed

218 The peak of IL-21 expression, observed during the acute infection, i

219 antigen-presenting cells in the presence of IL-21, but IL-21 did impact the ability of DCs to induce

220 The production of IL-21 by T follicular helper (Tfh) cells is vital in dri

221 these kinases in TFH inhibits production of IL-21, a cytokine crucial for class-switched B cell anti

222 B cell-T cell interaction and production of IL-21.

223 e, we identify IL-6 as a master regulator of IL-21 in effector CD8(+) T cells.

224 elated genes, indicating a potential role of IL-21 in memory IgA(+) B cell responses in the intestine

225 The role of IL-21 in the generation of CD8 effectors was cell intrin

226 In transplantation, the exact role of IL-21 in the process of allograft rejection is unknown.

227 l for T cell thymic development, the role of IL-21 in this process is still controversial.

228 Here, we investigated the role of IL-21 in this process.

229 The role of IL-21, produced mainly by Th17 cells and T follicular he

230 IL21 or IL21R have revealed diverse roles of IL-21 in immune regulation and effector function.

231 ew our current understanding of the roles of IL-21 in the generation of phenotypically distinct CD4 a

232 ) T-bet(+) B cells via the dual secretion of IL-21 and IFN-gamma in a CD40/CD40L-dependent manner.

233 strating the KD025 inhibits the secretion of IL-21, IL-17, and interferon gamma along with decreasing

234 ar helper T cells were the primary source of IL-21 that inhibited IgE responses by directly engaging

235 PRI uncovered a subpopulation of IL-21(+) IFN-gamma(high) PD-1(low) CD40L(high) CXCR5(-)

236 ptomic changes, including the suppression of IL-21-induced exhaustion markers LAG3, PD1, 2B4, and TIM

237 how impaired responses to, or production of, IL-21 can lead to immune dysregulation.

238 s-specific CD8 T cells remained dependent on IL-21 for optimal accumulation in lymphopenic environmen

239 ally, GzmB(+) B-cell number was dependent on IL-21 production, and B cells from tolerant recipients b

240 equire caspase-1 or caspase-8 but depends on IL-21-mediated death and activation of serine protease(s

241 ntiation of Th17 cells, the loss of IL-21 or IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) does not protect mice from activ

242 t not the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 or IL-21, is required via STAT3 activation to up-regulate B

243 The inability to perceive IL-21 signals under competitive conditions also resulted

244 pha, and compared with activators CD40L plus IL-21, to identify differentially responsive cell popula

245 orescence-activated cell sorter, to polarize IL-21(+)CXCL13(+) (IL-21-positive and C-X-C chemokine li

246 bit elevated BAFF and DN B cells and reduced IL-21.

247 tion of these Tc2 cells in the lung requires IL-21, and bleomycin treated IL-21- and IL-21R-deficient

248 These results demonstrate lineage-restricted IL-21-induced IL-1beta via a non-canonical pathway and p

249 Although Th cells from HIV patients secrete IL-21 in a Nef-dependent manner, they barely express CD4

250 the frequency of total and SIV Env-specific IL-21(+) TFH cells and total germinal center B cells, th

251 n this study, we quantified SIV Env-specific IL-21-producing TFH cells for the first time, to our kno

252 We assessed circulating HIV-specific IL-21(+)CD4(+) T cells and showed transcriptional and ph

253 her, the alphaCD20-IL-21 fusokine stabilizes IL-21 and prolongs its half-life.

254 t as critical as IL-7, based on our studies, IL-21 plays an important complementary role in thymic T

255 When culturing such IL-21(+)CD40L(-) Th cells with B cells, the former direc

256 ma, IL-2, anti-Ig and TLR7/8 ligand and that IL-21 dependent ASC formation is significantly enhanced

257 Accumulating studies demonstrate that IL-21 modulates the differentiation of various CD4 and C

258 Herein, we demonstrate that IL-21 possesses potent cytotoxicity against MCL cell lin

259 In mixed chimeras we demonstrate that IL-21 promotes T(H)2 responses indirectly through inhibi

260 In conclusion, our study demonstrated that IL-21 promotes intestinal memory IgA B cell development,

261 In this study, we provide evidence that IL-21, a cytokine produced during chronic inflammation o

262 We find that IL-21 or IFN-gamma directly promote T-bet expression in

263 It was found that IL-21 treatment reduced the ability of dendritic cells t

264 This led us to hypothesize that IL-21 may indirectly regulate H. pylori-specific T cell

265 We identify that IL-21-induced direct cytotoxicity is mediated through si

266 We propose that IL-21 acts in a context-dependent manner to accentuate T

267 osal infection, we previously published that IL-21 is required for the development of gastritis in re

268 ciated role for IL-21 in EAE and reveal that IL-21-mediated signaling supports generation and stabili

269 +) and Il21r(-/-) CD4(+) cells, we show that IL-21 directly inhibited expansion of differentiated Tre

270 We show that IL-21 production by T(H)2 and follicular helper T/ex-fol

271 We show that IL-21 sensitizes Treg cells to apoptosis by interfering

272 Here we show that IL-21 unexpectedly induces IL-1beta production in conven

273 These data suggest that IL-21, while proinflammatory in most settings, downregul

274 The gene encoding the IL-21 receptor (Il21r) showed a marked difference in str

275 bited IgE responses by directly engaging the IL-21 receptor on B cells and triggering STAT3-dependent

276 sion in cDCs at least partially explains the IL-21-mediated pathologic response occurring during infe

277 ients with loss-of-function mutations in the IL-21 receptor (IL-21R).

278 ic, as stronger defects were observed in the IL-21-deficient compartment from the bone marrow chimeri

279 th follicular and blood Tfh cells and of the IL-21/IL-21R system in the context of allergic disorders

280 plasma cell differentiation in vitro through IL-21 secretion and SLAMF5 interaction.

281 L-21R) expression and hyperresponsiveness to IL-21 signalling as Grail promotes IL-21R ubiquitination

282 le patient cells showed reduced responses to IL-21.

283 ntiate by increasing their responsiveness to IL-21.

284 e lung requires IL-21, and bleomycin treated IL-21- and IL-21R-deficient mice develop inflammation bu

285 We used IL-21 receptor-deficient mice to study the effect of IL-

286 ntially by regulating expression of Btg3 via IL-21.

287 we demonstrate that CD4 help is provided via IL-21 production, a common gamma-chain cytokine closely

288 basal MRSA clearance was also enhanced when IL-21 signaling was blocked, both in Il21r KO mice and i

289 peribronchiolar LFs from severe COPD, where IL-21-producing T cells are present, and presumably repr

290 genase (LDH) and lactate production, whereas IL-21 maintained a metabolically quiescent state depende

291 are poorly effective against tumors, whereas IL-21 promotes stem cell memory T cells (T(SCM)) and ant

292 sought to understand the mechanisms by which IL-21 controls effector CD4(+) cell responses and Treg c

293 These findings identify a mechanism by which IL-21 reinforces humoral immunity by restricting Tfr cel

294 those reported for viral infections in which IL-21 has been primarily associated with the generation

295 While IL-21 is an essential autocrine amplification factor for

296 induced by CpG or CD40L in combination with IL-21, but not BCR stimulation, suggesting the importanc

297 LDH inhibition combined with IL-21 increased the formation of T(SCM) cells, resulting

298 ent cell-mediated cytotoxicity compared with IL-21 and/or anti-CD20 antibody treatments.

299 y secretion, whereas CD40 costimulation with IL-21 or IFN-gamma promotes a T-bet+ B cell phenotype.

300 tive expression of IL-21 and IFN-gamma, with IL-21 being key for humoral immunity.

301 atment of DBA/2J-->F1 chronic GVHD mice with IL-21 strongly promoted donor CD8 T cell expansion and r

302 -2, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha production with IL-21 in CD4 or CD107a, granzyme B and perforin in CD8 T