ライフサイエンスコーパス: LN

1 LN progression is still poorly understood and involves m

2 LN SCs shape the LN microenvironment and guide immunolog

3 LN was the most common SGN in adults, and HSPN the most

4 LN-derived effector memory T (T(EM)) cells contained HIV

5 LNs expressing 5-HT7Rs are broadly tuned to odors and ta

6 Examining at least 28 LN in PD for PDAC ensures optimal staging through improv

7 rate is a z-cut single crystalline LiNbO(3) (LN) wafer that has strong Pockels effect, thus enabling

8 2 cm = 2, Ki67 3% to 20% = 1, Ki67 >20% = 6, LN (+) = 1.

9 -innervating sensory neurons, we generated a LN single-cell transcriptomics atlas and nominated nocic

10 Freezing was in 0.5 mL straws, 2 cm above LN for 4 min then thawing at 37 degrees C for 1 min.

11 comprised of 127 inactive lupus, 107 active LN, 67 active non-renal lupus patients and 74 healthy co

12 Urine proteins that best distinguish active LN from inactive disease are ALCAM, PF-4, properdin, and

13 Here, we screen urine from active LN patients for 1129 proteins using an aptamer-based pla

14 s conventional metrics in identifying active LN, with better sensitivity, and negative/positive predi

15 ed to the circulation in homeostasis, adding LNs to their routine surveillance territory.

16 Lama5 depletion affected LN structure with increased HEVs, upregulated chemokines

17 regulated immune responses through altering LN structures and T cell behaviors.

18 pathway, from dorsal circadian neurons to an LNd, regulates the evening phase in Drosophila.

19 in the established human U-87 MG, LN-18, and LN-229 GBM cell lines.

20 ma viremia, and SIV-DNA content in blood and LN compared to NCs, but had similar CD8 T cell function.

21 We evaluated total LNY and LN metastasis with/without NAT and clinical and patholog

22 vitro, and facilitate lymphangiogenesis and LN metastasis in vivo according to both gain-of-function

23 tic VASH1 expression, lymphangiogenesis, and LN metastasis in CSCC patients.

24 ute/early participants who had paired PB and LN samples a substantial reduction in the proportion of

25 ics and metabolomics analyses of primary and LN-metastatic tumors in mice, we found that LN metastasi

26 T-cell subsets and chemokines in rectal and LN tissue suggest that different tissue-specific strateg

27 pact on a number of critical factors such as LN transparency, imaging depth, change in size, compatib

28 signal in metastatic LNs compared to benign LNs in head and neck cancer patients undergoing an elect

29 ears of an SLE diagnosis and, in many cases, LN is the presenting manifestation resulting in the diag

30 zed niche areas by lymph node stromal cells (LN SCs).

31 The cervical LNs had a greater tumor burden and infiltration of MDSC

32 In the whole cohort, LN involvement on imaging, age >65 years, preoperative s

33 Following local immunological cues, LN SCs modulate activity to support immune cell priming,

34 d pharmacologic blockade of HDAC11 decreases LN tumor growth, yet substantially increases migration a

35 We hypothesize that NAT decreases LN metastasis, downstages patients, and decreases overal

36 Most patients with SLE who develop LN do so within 5 years of an SLE diagnosis and, in many

37 erstanding of LN architecture, how different LN SCs integrate immunological cues and shape immune res

38 tis (LN)-associated end-stage renal disease (LN-ESRD) in African Americans.

39 ently activated CD4 T cells enter downstream LNs via afferent lymphatics at high frequencies.

40 Cells within the draining LN retained canonical markers of lung TRM, including CD1

41 to the residency program within the draining LN, where they provide longer-lived regional memory whil

42 tly, than their counterparts in the draining LNs (TLN cells).

43 ithin the kidneys of lupus-prone mice during LN development reflected TLS formation, whereas the down

44 of distinct stromal cell populations during LN development in maintaining immune homeostasis and tol

45 isms explaining how cancers survive and exit LNs are largely unknown.

46 ermore, in 80%-90% of patients, the explored LNs are ultimately tumor-free, meaning most patients are

47 llow for a more rigorous evaluation of fewer LNs.

48 -nonlinear spectro-temporal receptive field (LN) model and variants that incorporated STP-like adapta

49 By contrast, integrins are dispensable for LN homing, yet still contribute by increasing the dwell

50 cancer growth as well as dissemination from LNs and suggest caution with the use of HDAC inhibitors.

51 yet the occurrence of cancer spreading from LNs remains controversial.

52 , focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), LN and hepatitis B associated glomerulonephritis (HBV-GN

53 At the initiation of GVHD, LN fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) rapidly reduced e

54 or a tumor of 1 to 2 cm in size, 8 (18%) had LN+.

55 erwent RHC with LN resection, 26 of whom had LN+.

56 that breast cancer patients frequently have LN metastases that closely resemble distant metastases.

57 on, using a microsurgical model, we show how LN metastasis development and dissemination is regulated

58 A comparison with human LN gene expression revealed similar up-regulated genes a

59 mphatic vessels, leading to sacral and iliac LNs.

60 Importantly, LN-derived T(EM) cells are a probable source of HIV-1 ge

61 ell population that is practically absent in LN.

62 ed protein (YAP) is selectively activated in LN-metastatic tumors, leading to the up-regulation of ge

63 wever, the spatial distribution of the BV in LN has not been quantified to the degree necessary to an

64 Blood vessels (BV) in LN are highly specialized, featuring high endothelial ve

65 onversely, ectopic overexpression of CHD7 in LN-428 and A172 glioblastoma cell lines increases cell m

66 Conversely in LN tissue, CCR6+ T cells were infrequent, and there was

67 tial patterns were generally more evident in LN or HN plots than NN plots for BG in SG and CBH in GG.

68 ty and reduced renal EPHX gene expression in LN suggest roles for these components in human disease.

69 enal glomerular endothelial cells (GEnCs) in LN has not been fully elucidated, the aim of this study

70 flammatory cytokines known to be involved in LN pathogenesis and also with LPS.

71 tudy was to investigate their involvement in LN.

72 les are also expressed within the kidneys in LN, based on single-cell RNAseq analysis.

73 tal recovery in NN dams, partial recovery in LN and poor bone recovery in LL dams.

74 ence that human GEnCs play a pivotal role in LN-associated inflammatory process.

75 tructural kidney changes resembling those in LN patients.

76 formed interactions with dendritic cells in LNs.

77 e methods to reliably identify metastases in LNs before surgery.

78 lysis is inhibited at the low pH observed in LNs.

79 in and colon, yet the initial NLT-priming in LNs and the final stages of NLT functional adaptation re

80 Patients with incident LN-ESRD who were waitlisted for a renal transplant.

81 n LNs in naive, unchallenged mice, including LNs draining the skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract

82 portant driver of the activation of inflamed LN stromal cells, through metabolic reprogramming requir

83 ominantly peptidergic nociceptors, innervate LNs, distinct from those innervating surrounding skin.

84 reatments were no N input (NN), low N input (LN: 84 kg N ha(-1) in urea) and high N input (HN: 168 kg

85 reatments were no N input (NN), low N input (LN: 84 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) in urea) and high N input (H

86 ons (ORNs) via GABAergic local interneurons (LNs) [5, 6].

87 a parallel pathways, and local interneurons (LNs), which provide lateral processing within the AL.

88 sendothelial migration and T cell entry into LNs were suppressed by Lama5 through the receptors alpha

89 LN neutrophils were motile, trafficked into LNs from both blood and tissues via high endothelial ven

90 redictive factors of lymph node involvement (LN+).

91 at high yield by using recombinant laminin (LN)-511-E8 as culture substrate.

92 ineered materials and approaches to leverage LN SCs to induce T cell tolerance are highlighted, as ar

93 dy, who were divided into High (HN) and Low (LN) Neuroticism groups.

94 ointestinal cancers results in overall lower LN yields, lower LN metastases, and significant downstag

95 rs results in overall lower LN yields, lower LN metastases, and significant downstaging of tumors.

96 irms the existence of an analogous heart/med-LN/T cell axis in MI patients.

97 myocardium and mediastinal lymph nodes (med-LN) of infarcted mice, acquired a Treg phenotype with a

98 Notably, the med-LN alterations observed in MI patients correlated with t

99 ng a CXCR4 radioligand revealed enlarged med-LNs with increased cellularity in MI-patients.

100 03+ CD8+ T cells to the draining mediastinal LN via the lymphatic vessels, which we term retrograde m

101 race the developmental origin of mesenchymal LN stromal cells (mLNSCs) to a previously undescribed em

102 wed that PLG was able to identify metastatic LNs in animal models.

103 igher mean fluorescence signal in metastatic LNs compared to benign LNs in head and neck cancer patie

104 facilitate the identification of metastatic LNs in the ex vivo setting for head and neck cancer pati

105 ntification and quantification of metastatic LNs remains essential for prognosis and treatment planni

106 accumulated to high levels in the metastatic LNs, and these bile acids activated YAP in tumor cells,

107 itive CSCs in the established human U-87 MG, LN-18, and LN-229 GBM cell lines.

108 nts with proliferative, membranous and mixed LN indicated pathways relevant to inflammation and fibro

109 For a linear-non-linear STRF model (LN model) to achieve a high level of performance in pred

110 as observed during the development of murine LN and TLS.

111 ailed data specific to TOC process of murine LNs, we provide a reliable reference for most suitable m

112 Juvenile-onset lupus nephritis (LN) affects up to 80% of juvenile-onset systemic lupus e

113 and to the heterogeneity of lupus nephritis (LN) are not well understood.

114 renal disease (ESRD) due to lupus nephritis (LN) have high rates of premature death.

115 Lupus nephritis (LN) is a common manifestation of systemic lupus erythema

116 Lupus nephritis (LN) is a form of glomerulonephritis that constitutes one

117 Lupus nephritis (LN) is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in

118 s of both NZB/W F1 mice and lupus nephritis (LN) patients.

119 ropathy (MN) and eight with lupus nephritis (LN) served as controls.

120 Lupus nephritis (LN) was the most common secondary glomerulonephritis (SG

121 with faster progression to lupus nephritis (LN)-associated end-stage renal disease (LN-ESRD) in Afri

122 show promise in evaluating lupus nephritis (LN).

123 mic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis (LN).

124 salience network (SN) and language network (LN) and anti-correlated to the default mode network (DMN

125 Recently, thin-film lithium niobate (LN) emerges as a promising platform for photonic integra

126 e rates (2, 4 or 8 cm above liquid nitrogen; LN), thaw rates (37 degrees C for 1 min or 42 degrees C

127 Relative to NN, LN and HN showed more significant surface trends and spa

128 ng), tumors >2 cm, Ki67 >3%, and lymph node (LN) (+) disease had increased recurrence.

129 ukemia (CLL) cells cycle between lymph node (LN) and peripheral blood (PB) and display major shifts i

130 The mouse lymph node (LN) can provide a niche to grow metanephric kidney to ma

131 utoreactive T cells by impairing lymph node (LN) display of peripheral tissue-restricted antigens (PT

132 Aggressiveness was defined as lymph node (LN) involvement, G3 grading, distant metastases, and/or

133 The lymph node (LN) is an intriguing site not only for inducing protecti

134 Lymph node (LN) metastases correspond with a worse prognosis in near

135 eritumoral lymphangiogenesis and lymph node (LN) metastasis in CSCC.

136 Identification of lymph node (LN) metastasis is essential for staging of solid tumors,

137 Tumor-lymph node (LN) metastasis is the dominant prognostic factor for tum

138 model of PI in mice can promote lymph node (LN) micrometastasis, as well as head and neck metastasis

139 Third, to reappraise the role of lymph node (LN) parameters, including N-status and lymph node ratio

140 l right hemicolectomy (RHC) with lymph node (LN) resection after appendectomy for appendix neuroendoc

141 CT-negative patients for primary lymph node (LN) staging in prostate cancer (PCa) patients.

142 ns when tumor antigens reach the lymph node (LN) to stimulate T cells, yet we know little of how tumo

143 f CD8alphabeta(+) T cells in the lymph node (LN) was incomplete, frequencies of these cells were 3-fo

144 nto the most suspicious axillary lymph node (LN) were eligible.

145 h post-ART SIV control in blood, lymph node (LN), and colorectal (RB) biopsy samples compared to 15 n

146 ived from peripheral blood (PB), lymph node (LN), and gut tissues of 26 participants after 3 to 17.8

147 : tumor, adjacent liver, hepatic lymph node (LN), blood, and ascites.

148 Little is known regarding lymph node (LN)-homing of immune cells via afferent lymphatics.

149 = 48) and in rectal (n = 20) and lymph node (LN; n = 8) tissue collected from people living with HIV

150 Lymph-node (LN) stromal cell populations expand during the inflammat

151 Lymph nodes (LN) are crucial for immune function, and comprise an imp

152 sity for metastases to regional lymph nodes (LN).

153 d number of LC in skin-draining lymph nodes (LN).

154 olon, their respective draining lymph nodes (LNs) and spleen.

155 Lymph nodes (LNs) are at the cross roads of immunity and tolerance.

156 routes by which virions move in lymph nodes (LNs) are imperfectly understood.

157 Lymph nodes (LNs) are strategically positioned at dedicated sites thr

158 tar nanoparticles trafficked to lymph nodes (LNs) by 4 hours following vaccination, where they were t

159 ate that SARS-CoV-2 is found in lymph nodes (LNs) even in mild disease along with a strong expansion

160 Lymph nodes (LNs) filter lymph to mount effective immune responses.

161 hat neutrophils were present in lymph nodes (LNs) in homeostasis.

162 presence of metastasis in local lymph nodes (LNs) is a key factor influencing choice of therapy and p

163 d in inducible SIV reservoir in lymph nodes (LNs) of morphine administered RMs.

164 Lymph nodes (LNs) play critical roles in adaptive immunity by concent

165 etastasis of tumors to sentinel lymph nodes (LNs) predicts disease progression and often guides treat

166 cells in the context of intact lymph nodes (LNs) throughout the GC response, and examined the role o

167 e T cell conditioning occurs in lymph nodes (LNs), but not in the spleen, through major histocompatib

168 tion, and that it occurs within lymph nodes (LNs), which are likely acidic because of low convective

169 dimensional context of reactive lymph nodes (LNs).

170 heral sites and within draining lymph nodes (LNs).

171 ets (NN, LL) or switched from low to normal (LN) during a 28 d skeletal restoration period post lacta

172 ing of the genetic and pathogenetic basis of LN has improved substantially over the past few decades.

173 Clearly, early and accurate diagnosis of LN and prompt initiation of therapy are of vital importa

174 No predictive factor of LN+ (base, resection margins, grade, mesoappendix, lymph

175 e report that the peripheral localization of LN cDC2 dendritic cells specialized for MHC-II antigen p

176 a better understanding of the mechanisms of LN progression.

177 on was used to develop a predictive model of LN metastases which was internally validated using Brier

178 introduce, to our knowledge, novel models of LN designed to resemble the polygenic nature of human lu

179 icance of nociceptor-dependent modulation of LN function are unknown.

180 The strongest predictors of LN positivity were histology (carcinoid tumors OR 12.78,

181 or that generated predicted probabilities of LN metastases given certain inputs.

182 structures, thereby mimicking the process of LN ontogeny in response to infection.

183 Although the prognosis of LN has improved substantially over the past 50 years, ou

184 equirement for IL-17 in the proliferation of LN and splenic stromal cells, particularly fibroblastic

185 basis for further exploration of the role of LN flow patterns in normal and pathological functions.

186 The role of LN SCs in regulating T cell migration and tolerance indu

187 Optogenetic stimulation of LN-innervating sensory fibers triggered rapid transcript

188 Treatment of LN usually involves immunosuppressive therapy, typically

189 Three major types of LN SC subsets, namely fibroblastic reticular cells, lymp

190 Increased understanding of LN architecture, how different LN SCs integrate immunolo

191 ew will present our current understanding of LN SC subsets roles in regulating T cell tolerance.

192 .9 pm/V approaching gamma(31) of 8.6 pm/V of LN.

193 mportant insights into the inner workings of LN, and provide a basis for further exploration of the r

194 ay thus allow a more rigorous examination of LNs and subsequently lead to improved prognostication th

195 to the structural integrity and framework of LNs, and the recruitment and positioning of leukocytes t

196 quality metrics are linked to the number of LNs resected to determine subsequent treatment and progn

197 s focus on harvesting significant numbers of LNs during ablative procedures for pathological evaluati

198 dependent on the structural organization of LNs, which is in turn governed by the stromal cells that

199 Here, we identify a population of LNs that express 5-HT7Rs exclusively to detect basal con

200 centrations targets a specific population of LNs to globally downregulate PN odor responses in the AL

201 LECs lining the subcapsular sinus (SCS) of LNs abundantly expressed neutrophil chemoattractants, wh

202 r phenotypic difference between two types of LNs from the same organ and may highlight an independent

203 t with pancreatoduodenectomy, information on LN staging and the MNELN required in DP is lacking.

204 pathogenesis and improved treatment options, LN remains a substantial cause of morbidity and death am

205 rsely, IgG extracted from IgAN but not MN or LN immunodeposits reacted with Gd-IgA1.

206 ed radical prostatectomy and extended pelvic LN dissection (ePLND) were included.

207 ut dataset comparable to the best performing LN model with STRFs of 200 ms duration.

208 ation of sensory neurons monitors peripheral LNs and may locally regulate gene expression.

209 the distinct morphological features of PNs, LNs, and CNs.

210 MicroCT imaging of murine popliteal LN showed that capillaries were responsible for approxim

211 t most of the blood flow in rabbit popliteal LN was at velocities lower than 5 mm/sec.

212 studies were carried out to image popliteal LNs of two healthy male New Zealand white rabbits aged 6

213 IVM of popliteal LNs after intradermal (i.d.) injection of bacteria in th

214 lip placement into biopsy-confirmed positive LNs.

215 approaches that can identify tumor-positive LNs in early stages.

216 phy (PLG), a method to detect tumor-positive LNs, in which (18)F-FDG is injected interstitially into

217 ility and invasiveness in vitro and promotes LN-428 tumor growth in vivo.

218 atic tumor and the tumor metastatic proximal LNs resection.

219 ent inhibited growth of mutant TP53, WT PTEN LN-229 tumors, and sensitized LN-229 tumors to TMZ thera

220 of three-dimensional SR US imaging of rabbit LN microvascular structure and blood flow by using micro

221 R images revealed microvessels in the rabbit LN, with branches clearly resolved when separated by 30

222 In the PB, recent LN emigrants had higher Bcl-XL and Mcl-1 expression than

223 Results: Gleason score, number of removed LNs, and subregions for lymphadenectomy per patient did

224 Currently, however, SLN mapping requires LN biopsy for pathologic evaluation, since there are no

225 Molecular imaging to preselect at-risk LNs may thus allow a more rigorous examination of LNs an

226 ctivate key core clock neurons, namely the s-LN(v)s, at HI.

227 crucial foundation for realizing large-scale LN photonic integrated circuits that are of immense impo

228 TP53, WT PTEN LN-229 tumors, and sensitized LN-229 tumors to TMZ therapy.

229 ly a picomolar dose is required for sentinel LNs detection.

230 re used to visualize cancer-invaded sentinel LNs in the NIR-IIb (>1500 nm) window.

231 cers; therefore, the exploration of sentinel LNs (SLNs) is highly important.

232 dicates that AstC directly inhibits a single LNd.

233 SN biopsy identified significantly smaller LN metastases (median diameter, 2.0 mm; interquartile ra

234 nents on this platform, reporting high-speed LN electro-optic modulators, based upon photonic crystal

235 of FAO or genetic ablation of YAP suppressed LN metastasis in mice.

236 All patients without suspected LN metastases on PSMA PET/CT were considered candidates

237 icted neural activity as well or better than LN and global STP models.

238 riations were 20~77% higher in NN plots than LN and HN plots in SG but they were comparable in unfert

239 ital two-photon microscopy demonstrated that LN neutrophils were motile, trafficked into LNs from bot

240 LN-metastatic tumors in mice, we found that LN metastasis requires that tumor cells undergo a metabo

241 by in vivo fluorescence and MR imaging, that LN paracortical zones are profoundly acidic.

242 fertilization and crop type on BX such that LN and HN significantly enhanced BX by 14% and 44% in SG

243 ritical for kidney organogenesis both in the LN and the omentum.

244 s resulted in decreased Lama5 protein in the LN cortical ridge (CR) and around high endothelial venul

245 Notably, many rapidly infected cells in the LN interior were adjacent to LN conduits.

246 ortex, which led to T cell activation in the LN interior.

247 ing by MS LECs may retain neutrophils in the LN medulla and allow lymph-borne pathogens to clear, pre

248 ed with vaccinia virus-infected cells in the LN paracortex, which led to T cell activation in the LN

249 e number of regulatory T cells (Treg) in the LN remained comparable.

250 better understand virion trafficking in the LN, we determined the locations of virions and infected

251 n of the nonhematopoietic compartment in the LN.

252 2 inhibitor venetoclax, are increased in the LN.

253 resenting dendritic cell (DC) subsets in the LN.

254 FAP(+) cells of the LN anlagen express lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTbetaR) a

255 practices that allow for manipulation of the LN microenvironment to induce tolerance.

256 ly by the mechanical 3D-sieve barrier of the LN subcapsular sinus (SCS).

257 ecause ibrutinib forces CLL cells out of the LN, we hypothesized that ibrutinib may thereby affect ex

258 helial cells in the subcapsular sinus of the LN.

259 LN SCs shape the LN microenvironment and guide immunological cells into d

260 xhibited more risk-averse behaviour than the LN group, especially in the presence of high threat.

261 trate that tumor proteins are carried to the LN within discrete vesicles inside DCs and are then tran

262 ssion than did cells immigrating back to the LN.

263 rsal seed had a stronger connection with the LN and anti-correlation with DMN while the ventral seed

264 viously expressed AID are located within the LN cortex, in an area close to the GC LZ.

265 rus-infected cells rapidly appear within the LN interior after viral infection.

266 ary selection for distinct niches within the LN that promote cellular responses, emphasizing the crit

267 nfected cells per year on therapy within the LN.

268 transplanting kidney rudiments either in the LNs of mice undergoing LTbetaR antagonist treatment or i

269 nd they are thought to be transported to the LNs only within migratory DCs after proteolytic degradat

270 ndergoing NAT receive multimodality therapy, LN yield recommendations may not be true quality metric

271 These LNs inhibit PNs via GABA(B) receptors and mediate subtra

272 final pathologic analysis, and all of these LNs (including 1 with a focus of only 80 tumor cells) we

273 Isolating those LNs most likely to harbor metastatic disease can allow f

274 six PN types comprising 15 sub-types, three LN and seven CN types were identified.

275 sible for even large virions to flow through LN conduits and infect dendritic cells within the T cell

276 ns to clear, preventing their spread through LNs in humans.

277 ed cells in the LN interior were adjacent to LN conduits.

278 large protein antigens from the periphery to LN-resident DCs and macrophages.

279 In summary, we applied scRNA-seq to LN to deconstruct its heterogeneity and identify novel t

280 In distinction to LNs, in the CNS, the size of latent SIV reservoirs was h

281 were capable of delivering circulating IC to LNs, suggesting a broader functional remit.

282 unsatisfactorily compared for suitability to LNs clearing.

283 ssed the potential to migrate from tumors to LNs.

284 To uncover LN-resident cells that may interact with LN-innervating

285 governed by the stromal cells that underpin LN architecture.

286 e positive disease, and 7993 (36.9%) unknown LN status.

287 egulatory type-1 (Tr1) (IL-10) response when LN cells were challenged with Ova in vitro, though the n

288 and pT classifications were associated with LN+.

289 cells on fibrin hydrogels pre-incubated with LN-511-E8 resulted in multilayered stratified epithelial

290 ver LN-resident cells that may interact with LN-innervating sensory neurons, we generated a LN single

291 NA-seq) to renal biopsies from patients with LN and evaluated skin biopsies as a potential source of

292 nitial SLE diagnosis, 5-20% of patients with LN develop end-stage kidney disease, and the multiple co

293 nd keratinocytes distinguished patients with LN from healthy control subjects.

294 ls and infiltrating cells from patients with LN is a new approach that will help to define the pathwa

295 During the study period, 9659 patients with LN-ESRD were waitlisted for a renal transplant, of whom

296 s, should improve outcomes for patients with LN.

297 n all, 100 (25%) patients underwent RHC with LN resection, 26 of whom had LN+.

298 ion of MDSC and M2 macrophages compared with LNs at other sites.

299 he proportion of HIV-1-infected cells within LNs per year on therapy that was similar to that in the

300 al imaging, we identified neutrophils within LNs in naive, unchallenged mice, including LNs draining