ライフサイエンスコーパス: PVH

1 PVH afferents are glutamatergic (express Slc17a6/Vglut2)

2 PVH(TrkB) neurons project to multiple brain regions, inc

3 we reveal this function to be mediated by a PVH(MC4R)-->lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) pathway.

4 hese data in relation to what is known about PVH function and provide the work as a resource for furt

5 ngs demonstrate that social stimuli activate PVH-OT neurons and that these neurons differentially enc

6 ned in vitro to clarify whether NE activates PVH neurons without contribution of inputs from distal r

7 al MSG treatment despite substantial Arc and PVH destruction.

8 We show that systemic insulin and 2-DG, and PVH-targeted NE microinjections, rapidly elevated PVH ph

9 While PVH(PDYN) and PVH(MC4R) neurons both project to the parabrachial compl

10 pathway is involved in Fln-A regulation and PVH formation.

11 pressure when administered into the RVLM and PVH.

12 n neurons that are both stress sensitive and PVH projecting.

13 ced Arc Nissl and neuropeptide staining, and PVH neuropeptide fiber staining.

14 detail the structure and function of the ARC-PVH circuit in mediating leptin signaling and in regulat

15 tially regulate neuroendocrine and autonomic PVH outputs in response to emotional stress.

16 species we now have a robust model of basic PVH neuroanatomy and function.

17 entricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (BDNF(PVH)).

18 Deletion of BDNF(PVH) blunts the effects of leptin on innervation.

19 Finally, BMAL1 deletion blunts PVH neuron responses to external stressors, an effect mi

20 e mechanisms by which they are transduced by PVH neurons during glycemic challenge remain unclear.

21 We used laser-capture PVH microdissection followed by microarray analysis to c

22 on responsiveness, achieved through clamping PVH neuron activity at high or low levels, both show obe

23 In contrast, PVH ablation or silencing in both rodents and humans lea

24 at reduced neural activity in LMO4-deficient PVH neurons accounts for hyperphagia.

25 Brain slice recording of LMO4-deficient PVH neurons showed reduced basal cellular excitability t

26 studies have identified genetically-defined PVH subpopulations that control discrete aspects of ener

27 MEKK4(-/-) mice developed PVH associated with breaches in the neuroependymal linin

28 in metabolism, causes obesity and diminishes PVH neuron activation in response to fast-refeeding.

29 re at birth and appear to innervate the DMH, PVH, and LHA in succession, within distinct temporal dom

30 Thus, BMAL1-driven PVH neuron responsiveness in dynamic activity changes in

31 argeted NE microinjections, rapidly elevated PVH phospho-ERK1/2 levels.

32 mportantly, these excitatory MC4R-expressing PVH neurons are synaptically connected to neurons in the

33 rthermore, we found that oxytocin-expressing PVH neurons (OXT(PVH)) are a subset of Nos1(PVH) neurons

34 atch recordings of GLP-1 receptor-expressing PVH neurons revealed enhanced excitatory neurotransmissi

35 of the larger population of Sim1-expressing PVH (Sim1(PVH)) neurons.

36 activation or inhibition of TrkB-expressing PVH (PVH(TrkB)) neurons suppresses or increases food int

37 we report that PVH prodynorphin-expressing (PVH(PDYN)) neurons, which notably lack MC4Rs, function i

38 ulation, melanocortin-4 receptor-expressing (PVH(MC4R)) neurons are known to regulate satiety and bod

39 urrent data also suggest that relatively few PVH-projecting neurons in ascending raphe nuclei, nucleu

40 terization in patients with risk factors for PVH.

41 Weak photostimulation of glutamatergic PVH->LSv terminals elicits stress-related self-grooming

42 udal forebrain distribution of glutamatergic PVH-projecting neurons.

43 optogenetic stimulation of GABAergic LH --> PVH fibers induced monosynaptic IPSCs in PVH neurons, an

44 This excitatory ARC-->PVH satiety circuit, and its modulation by alpha-MSH, pr

45 Transmission across the ARC(Glutamatergic)-->PVH(MC4R) synapse is potentiated by the ARC(POMC) neuron

46 (NTS) neurons to be mediated by a CCK(NTS)-->PVH pathway that also encodes positive valence.

47 dditionally, a shallow palatal vault height (PVH) was associated with a higher leakage in both harves

48 Periventricular heterotopia (PVH) is a congenital malformation of human cerebral cort

49 However, PVH C-Fos induction is in discordance with the abundant

50 vides insight into the pathogenesis of human PVH.

51 Portal vein hypertension (PVH) in liver cirrhosis complicated with portal venous t

52 entiated from pulmonary venous hypertension (PVH) by a wedge pressure (PWP)>15 mm Hg in PVH.

53 abel ISHH demonstrated that hypophysiotropic PVH cells coexpress Y1-R and pro-thyrotropin-releasing h

54 Paraventricular hypothalamic (PVH) corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neuroendocrin

55 clock gene, in paraventricular hypothalamic (PVH) neurons reduces diurnal rhythmicity in metabolism,

56 neurons in the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH(MC4R) neurons).

57 ression in the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) and a subpopulation of amygdala neurons, using Sim1

58 ossibly in the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) and/or amygdala, regulate food intake.

59 in arcuate and paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) by the anorexigenic hormone leptin, and in multiple

60 eletion within paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) leads to severe hyperphagic obesity.

61 IM1-expressing paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) neurons are key regulators of energy balance.

62 y circuit with paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) neurons substantially accounted for acute AGRP neur

63 The paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) plays a pivotal role in regulating energy balance,

64 ction from the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) to the ventral lateral septum (LSv) that shows a sc

65 neurons in the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH), a critical brain region for energy homeostasis.

66 ocusing on the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH), a key region responsible for the homeostatic balan

67 urons in mouse paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH).

68 neurons in the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH).

69 paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) and that a component of this pathway is angiotensin

70 paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) are a key component of the satiety response; activa

71 paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) but preserved Crh expression in other brain regions

72 paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) by double labeling with markers expressed in viruse

73 paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) consists of distinct functional compartments regula

74 paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) contains a heterogeneous cluster of Sim1-expressing

75 paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) coordinates neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavior

76 paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) of male mice (OT-Ires-Cre) enhanced social investig

77 paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) plays a critical role in the regulation of autonomi

78 paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) provoked by moderate doses of interleukin-1 (IL-1).

79 paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), lateral hypothalamus/perifornical area (LH/PFA), a

80 paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), pancreatic parasympathetic innervation, and impair

81 paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), play an essential role in blood pressure (BP) cont

82 paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), with fibers and varicosities in close apposition t

83 paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH).

84 paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH).

85 paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH).

86 paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH).

87 paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH).

88 paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH).

89 so determined whether NE activates ERK1/2 in PVH neurons and, if so, by what mechanism.

90 otent anorexigen, decreases AMPK activity in PVH, whereas agouti-related protein, an orexigen, increa

91 for leptin and refeeding effects on AMPK in PVH.

92 Animal models mimicking deficiency in PVH neuron responsiveness, achieved through clamping PVH

93 nct from those to VMH, yet Ntrk2 deletion in PVH neurons projecting to either VMH or LPBN results in

94 promotor-driven GFP expression was found in PVH cells producing thyrotropin-releasing hormone and in

95 (PVH) by a wedge pressure (PWP)>15 mm Hg in PVH.

96 ed robust phospho-ERK1/2 immunoreactivity in PVH (including CRH) neurons, which attenuated markedly i

97 s compartment but increased Fos induction in PVH regions involved in central autonomic control.

98 --> PVH fibers induced monosynaptic IPSCs in PVH neurons, and potently increased feeding, which depen

99 c preautonomic and neuroendocrine neurons in PVH of leptin-deficient mice (Lep(ob)/Lep(ob)) exposed t

100 al a requisite role for IRS4(PVH) neurons in PVH-mediated energy balance which raises the possibility

101 Shank3b KO mice showed a marked reduction in PVH-OT neuron number and administration of an OT recepto

102 the basal forebrain and brainstem, including PVH-projecting regions, and that the PVH is preferential

103 as negatively correlated with stress-induced PVH activation, independent of lesion status.

104 e GABAergic neurons implicated in inhibitory PVH control.

105 re neurons, which monosynaptically innervate PVH neurons projecting to the NTS, rapidly stimulates br

106 nergic involvement was tested by using intra-PVH administration of the axonally transported catechola

107 (2019b) identify a circuit involving PVH(PDYN) neurons that, separately and synergistically w

108 xpressing insulin-receptor substrate 4 (IRS4(PVH)) involved in energy balance control.

109 Overall, we reveal a requisite role for IRS4(PVH) neurons in PVH-mediated energy balance which raises

110 hlight the sufficiency and necessity of IRS4(PVH) neurons in normal feeding and energy expenditure re

111 f developing novel approaches targeting IRS4(PVH) neurons for anti-obesity therapies.

112 Furthermore, we demonstrate that IRS4(PVH) neurons lie within a complex hypothalamic circuitry

113 bearing retrograde tracer deposits to label PVH-autonomic projections confirmed that ventral mPFC le

114 PB-projecting PVH(PDYN) neurons, like PVH(MC4R) neurons, receive input from interoceptive ARC(

115 Therefore, at a systems level, local PVH delivery of NE is sufficient to account for hindbrai

116 g were the supraoptic nucleus, magnocellular PVH, ARH, and suprachiasmatic nucleus.

117 Thus, maintaining PVH activity is important to prevent hyperphagia-induced

118 to a subset of melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R(PVH)) cells, which are also responsive to CCK.

119 g catecholaminergic projections in mediating PVH responses to IL-1 and LPS.

120 B-responsive cell groups exclude a medullary-PVH circuit implicated in pituitary-adrenal responses to

121 MnPO-PVH cells had an average spontaneous discharge of 2.1+/-

122 Among the remaining 6 MnPO-PVH neurons vagal activation either increased discharge

123 0.01) increased the firing rate of most MnPO-PVH neurons (16/19, 84%).

124 s transmitted by the vagal afferents to MnPO-PVH neurons are not presently known, the presence of inh

125 Moreover, PVH(PDYN) neurons are necessary for prevention of obesit

126 In summary, most PVH neurons that innervate the RVLM are glutamatergic, a

127 reveal a distinct organization in the mouse PVH that is substantially different from the PVH of male

128 ronal architecture and function of the mouse PVH.

129 Vglut2) and are distinct from neuroendocrine PVH neurons.

130 ation, though not to the same extent as Nos1(PVH) neurons; their activation fails to alter feeding, h

131 ric oxide synthase-1 (Nos1)-expressing (Nos1(PVH)) neurons of unknown function; these represent a sub

132 To determine the role of Nos1(PVH) neurons in energy balance, we used Cre-dependent vi

133 Moreover, pharmacogenetic activation of Nos1(PVH) neurons suppresses feeding to a similar extent as S

134 PVH neurons (OXT(PVH)) are a subset of Nos1(PVH) neurons.

135 We previously demonstrated that non-OXT NOS1(PVH) neurons contribute to PVH-mediated feeding suppress

136 , suggesting a crucial role for non-OXT Nos1(PVH) neurons in feeding regulation.

137 Here we show that Nos1(PVH) neurons project to hindbrain and spinal cord region

138 Thus, Nos1(PVH) neurons promote negative energy balance through cha

139 ding the paraventricular and arcuate nuclei (PVH, ARH).

140 to the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) (the initiator of HPA responses to stress) whose en

141 in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV).

142 The paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) contains many neurons that innervate the brainstem,

143 in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) directly, distributing instead to nearby forebrain

144 The paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) receives direct melanocortin input, along with othe

145 in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) to show that social stimulus exposure indeed induce

146 to the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH), and optogenetic stimulation of GABAergic LH --> PV

147 of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH), both infected at early survival times, were the ma

148 The paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH), lateral hypothalamic area, and central nucleus of

149 ia the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH), which houses both autonomic (sympathoadrenal) and

150 in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH).

151 to the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH).

152 in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH).

153 om the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH) (latency: 10.3+/-1.3 ms, threshold: 278+/-25 muA).

154 to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH) are both components of the CNS outflow circuits to

155 to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH) in stress-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pi

156 de and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH) is one major brain site that mediates the orexigeni

157 om the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH) to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM).

158 nd the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH), although Fos-immunoreactivity in the nucleus of th

159 ng the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH), the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPe),

160 innervation of the paraventricular nucleus (PVH), the dorsomedial nucleus (DMH), and the lateral hyp

161 acute restraint stress-induced activation of PVH cell groups mediating autonomic and neuroendocrine r

162 imulus is sufficient to induce activation of PVH-OT neurons, we performed the first definitive record

163 induced c-Fos induction in the same group of PVH neurons.

164 ling revealed that approximately one-half of PVH CRH-containing neurons coexpressed 5-HT(2C)R mRNA.

165 odyweight, yet they account for only half of PVH(SIM1) neuron-mediated regulation.

166 owing real-time activation and inhibition of PVH(MC4R) neurons and further identify these cells as a

167 technology, we could suppress food intake of PVH-specific LMO4-deficient mice.

168 genetic manipulation, a comparable level of PVH characterization has not been achieved.

169 by in situ hybridization in the majority of PVH neurons retrogradely labeled from the ipsilateral RV

170 Thus, the satiating and appetitive nature of PVH(MC4R)-->LPBN neurons supports the principles of driv

171 rmal social behavior have reduced numbers of PVH-OT neurons.

172 A expression in the neurosecretory region of PVH, as well as HPA secretory responses.

173 A expression in the neurosecretory region of PVH.

174 ors in the PVH, and with the overall role of PVH neurons in feeding inhibition, suggesting a mechanis

175 cterize a non-OXT, non-NOS1 subpopulation of PVH and peri-PVH neurons expressing insulin-receptor sub

176 MC4R) neurons to account for the totality of PVH(SIM1) neuron-mediated satiety.

177 Our findings suggest that GH action on PVH neurons is involved in the regulation of the thyroid

178 ble physiological importance of GH action on PVH neurons.

179 -ir in control rats (n=3; 0-3%, depending on PVH region).

180 with CTB were c-Fos-ir (16-40%, depending on PVH region).

181 (GHR), although the role of GH signaling on PVH neurons is still unknown.

182 ety circuitry to include two non-overlapping PVH to hindbrain circuits.

183 OXT(PVH) cells project to preganglionic, sympathetic neurons

184 ons in the paraventricular hypothalamus (Oxt(PVH) neurons), which mildly attenuated fluid intake.

185 nd that oxytocin-expressing PVH neurons (OXT(PVH)) are a subset of Nos1(PVH) neurons.

186 feeding and energy expenditure, whereas OXT(PVH) neurons regulate energy expenditure alone, suggesti

187 rya of the supraoptic (SO), paraventricular (PVH) and accessory neurosecretory nuclei and in cell pro

188 ll as the supraoptic (SON), paraventricular (PVH), ventromedial, dorsomedial, and arcuate nuclei of t

189 preoptic, suprachiasmatic, paraventricular (PVH), dorsomedial, ventromedial, arcuate, and mamillary

190 amic structures such as the paraventricular (PVH) and dorsomedial (DMH), the arcuate (ARH) nuclei and

191 -OXT, non-NOS1 subpopulation of PVH and peri-PVH neurons expressing insulin-receptor substrate 4 (IRS

192 ed rats (n=4), numerous VGLUT2 mRNA-positive PVH neurons retrogradely labeled from the ipsilateral RV

193 LSv and LSv-projecting PVH neurons are activated by stressors in vivo, whereas

194 PB-projecting PVH(PDYN) neurons, like PVH(MC4R) neurons, receive input

195 Most (94% +/- 4%) RVLM-projecting PVH neurons activated by water deprivation contained VGL

196 contrast, few glutamatergic, RVLM-projecting PVH neurons were c-Fos-ir in control rats (n=3; 0-3%, de

197 Very few RVLM-projecting PVH neurons were immunoreactive for oxytocin- or vasopre

198 vation or inhibition of TrkB-expressing PVH (PVH(TrkB)) neurons suppresses or increases food intake,

199 Here we labeled neurons in the rat PVH with an anterograde axonal tracer, Phaseolus vulgari

200 gests that mPFC influences on stress-related PVH outputs are inhibitory, discordant findings have bee

201 holamine, norepinephrine (NE), can reproduce PVH neuroendocrine responses to glycemic challenge.

202 ojecting neurons are concentrated in rostral PVH.

203 ACE expression was increased in the RVLM, PVH, choroid plexus, median preoptic nucleus, and organo

204 minalis (aBST) that houses stress-sensitive, PVH-projecting, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neu

205 ppresses feeding to a similar extent as Sim1(PVH) neurons, and increases energy expenditure and activ

206 rger population of Sim1-expressing PVH (Sim1(PVH)) neurons.

207 The roles of specific PVH neuronal subtypes in energy balance have yet to be d

208 We find that PVH(TrkB) neurons projecting to LPBN are distinct from t

209 We observed that PVH CRH neurons consistently depolarized in the presence

210 Here we report that PVH prodynorphin-expressing (PVH(PDYN)) neurons, which n

211 Thus, our results revealed that PVH C-Fos induction by NPY is mediated by an indirect ac

212 Previous studies have shown that PVH neurons express the growth hormone (GH) receptor (GH

213 ocial and nonsocial stimuli, suggesting that PVH-OT neurons may act to convey social salience of envi

214 The PVH and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray were recipient

215 The PVH contains nitric oxide synthase-1 (Nos1)-expressing (

216 The PVH is an important component in the regulation of prola

217 The PVH uses combinatorial assemblies of molecularly defined

218 weaning feeding and NPY hyperphagia, and the PVH as one major downstream site that contributes signif

219 ive cells in several brain sites such as the PVH and central nucleus of the amygdala.

220 on by Sim1 neurons likely occurs in both the PVH and medial amygdala, in contrast to energy expenditu

221 axonal projections, generally exceeding the PVH projection to the rostral C1 region.

222 PVH that is substantially different from the PVH of male rats.

223 melanocortin responsive projection from the PVH to the hindbrain.

224 tivation of a glutamatergic pathway from the PVH to the RVLM.

225 isruption of GABA-A receptor function in the PVH also reduced postweaning feeding and blunted NPY-ind

226 transcript (CART)-expressing neurons in the PVH and AVPV.

227 esults suggest that NPY/Y1R signaling in the PVH and other forebrain sites is necessary for accumbens

228 but not increased receptor expression in the PVH and RVLM is the mechanism by which Ang II in the bra

229 y all oxytocin-immunoreactive neurons in the PVH and SO were irBC.

230 These findings demonstrate that MC4Rs in the PVH and/or the amygdala control food intake but that MC4

231 Thus, Mc4r in the PVH appears to be required for early-life programming of

232 ced elevations of Fos-ir and CRF mRNA in the PVH but left intact comparable responses to restraint st

233 insufficiency blunted C-Fos induction in the PVH by fasting-induced re-feeding, and insulin and NPY i

234 uroendocrine motor neuron populations in the PVH by synaptic mechanisms and by less traditional mecha

235 roximately 51% of GH-responsive cells in the PVH co-localized with the vesicular glutamate transporte

236 and contrast gene expression profiles in the PVH elicited at 1 and 3 hr after acute exposure to repre

237 creased levels of neuronal activation in the PVH following vagal stimulation, and whole-cell patch re

238 and CRH neurons were responsive to GH in the PVH of Fluoro-Gold-injected mice.

239 transgenic technology to restore Mc4r in the PVH of Mc4rKO (Mc4rPVH) mice, we have now shown that the

240 ition, disruption of GABA-A receptors in the PVH reduced feeding.

241 the ability of NPY on C-Fos induction in the PVH was blunted in conditions of insulin deficiency and

242 The abundant expression of 5-HT(2C)Rs in the PVH was confirmed with in situ hybridization histochemis

243 , NPY produced normal C-Fos induction in the PVH with disruption of GABA-A receptors.

244 re consistently identified as present in the PVH, and of these, the 5-HT(2C)R was expressed at a subs

245 hibitory Gi protein coupled receptors in the PVH, and with the overall role of PVH neurons in feeding

246 the ability of leptin to activate Fos in the PVH, DMH, and LHA appears to be age-dependent and correl

247 gulating feeding are SIM1(+), located in the PVH, glutamatergic and not GABAergic, and do not express

248 cked LPS-induced Fos-immunoreactivity in the PVH, PB, NTS, and VLM, although it had no effect on the

249 t heterogeneity of cell types located in the PVH, we performed a detailed analysis of the neurochemic

250 rgic inputs onto preautonomic neurons in the PVH, which contribute to normal energy balance regulatio

251 an indicator for neuronal activation, in the PVH, which has been used extensively to examine the unde

252 , respectively, were responsive to GH in the PVH.

253 e descending preautonomic populations in the PVH.

254 rophin-releasing hormone and oxytocin in the PVH.

255 icotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA in the PVH.

256 on GLP-1 receptor-expressing neurons in the PVH.

257 Interestingly, the PVH exhibits BMAL1-controlled rhythmic expression of GAB

258 Administration of 1229U91 directly into the PVH also suppressed DAMGO-induced high-fat intake, but a

259 of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into the PVH produced clusters of BDA-positive nerve terminals wi

260 ent after direct injection of virus into the PVH, suggesting that these regions lie upstream of the P

261 or findings include: 1) In the midbrain, the PVH projects lightly to the ventral tegmental area, Edin

262 Bilateral ablation of the PVH causes obesity due to hyperphagia and reduced energy

263 t of the satiety response; activation of the PVH decreases feeding and increases energy expenditure,

264 sting that these regions lie upstream of the PVH in a common pathway to liver and adipose tissue (two

265 come from extensive characterization of the PVH in rats, and for this mammalian species we now have

266 tions and cyto- and chemoarchitecture of the PVH in the commonly used C57BL/6J male mouse.

267 Early-life exposure of the PVH to maternal obesity through postnatal elevation of l

268 educed in neuroendocrine compartments of the PVH, but only AgRP were reduced in all regions containin

269 ceives the most extensive projections of the PVH, substantially more than the dorsal vagal nucleus or

270 a social stimulus induces activation of the PVH-OT neurons to promote adaptive social behavior respo

271 ctivity in the different compartments of the PVH.

272 2) In the dorsal pons, the PVH projects heavily to the pre-locus coeruleus, yet ver

273 Labeled AVPV fibers reached the PVH during the first postnatal week, and fibers targetin

274 cluding PVH-projecting regions, and that the PVH is preferentially innervated by VGLUT2-immunoreactiv

275 Our findings suggest that the PVH may modulate a range of homeostatic functions, inclu

276 ed a subset of responsive transcripts to the PVH and/or immediately adjoining regions.

277 xth postnatal day (P6), whereas those to the PVH develop significantly later, with the mature pattern

278 ich GABAergic projections from the LH to the PVH promote feeding.

279 pening rhythmicity of GABAergic input to the PVH reduces diurnal rhythmicity in metabolism and causes

280 Connections from these same sites to the PVH were evident after direct injection of virus into th

281 m1 neurons, which likely is localized to the PVH.

282 We sought to determine whether the PVH-RVLM projection activated by water deprivation is gl

283 elated increase in Fos expression within the PVH on the intact side of the brain at all doses tested;

284 vation of CCK(NTS) axon terminals within the PVH reveal the satiating function of CCK(NTS) neurons to

285 characterized neuronal population within the PVH that impinges upon multiple circuits to govern appet

286 Within the PVH(SIM1) population, melanocortin-4 receptor-expressing

287 Within the PVH, we found that AGRP neurons target and inhibit oxyto

288 tivation with BDNF increases firing of these PVH neurons.

289 Thus, PVH->LSv neurotransmission underlies dynamic feeding by

290 The axon outgrowth from the ARH to PVH occurs during a critical postnatal period and is inf

291 that non-OXT NOS1(PVH) neurons contribute to PVH-mediated feeding suppression.

292 brainstem origins of glutamatergic input to PVH that are positioned to play a role in transducing a

293 ial screen for sources of GABAergic input to PVH whose sensitivity to an acute emotional (restraint)

294 y in an independent but equipotent manner to PVH(MC4R) neurons.

295 plicated aBST cell groups, and from these to PVH.

296 While PVH(PDYN) and PVH(MC4R) neurons both project to the para

297 , function independently and additively with PVH(MC4R) neurons to account for the totality of PVH(SIM

298 Here we show that mice with PVH-specific ablation of LIM domain only 4 (Lmo4) become

299 rbid illnesses were similar to patients with PVH.

300 ns that, separately and synergistically with PVH(MC4R) neurons, controls feeding behaviors.