ライフサイエンスコーパス: PhD

1 PhD-trained scientists are essential contributors to the

2 PhDs had the greatest proportion of NIH funding compared

3 hysicians, 3 nurses, 3 PTs, 3 pharmacists, 1 PhD scientist).

4 ies of 2,453 early-career faculty at all 205 PhD-granting computer science departments in the United

5 ta for 2,453 tenure-track faculty in all 205 PhD-granting computer science departments in the United

6 data for 78,802 tenure-track faculty at 262 PhD-granting institutions in the American university sys

7 Analyzing data from 294 PhD students in the life sciences from 53 US institution

8 l development in a longitudinal study of 336 PhD students in the United States.

9 630 PhD students were randomized through an online system to

10 ly nonphysician PhD scientists (52% vs 37.7% PhD-only male PIs; P = 0.002).

11 A PhD in a scientific or engineering discipline can lead t

12 A PhD in biomedical science and the critical thinking skil

13 A PhD student recounts what she has learned from managing

14 31%; P = .03 vs MD only) or both an MD and a PhD (MAP, 34%; P<.001 vs MD only and P = .002 vs PhD onl

15 (MAP, 67%) than applicants with an MD and a PhD (MAP, 43%) and applicants with a PhD only (39%).

16 = .04 vs MD only) or those with an MD and a PhD (MAP, 78%; P<.001 vs MD only and P = .007 vs PhD onl

17 y from the University of Hertfordshire and a PhD in biophysics from the University of London, with a

18 LL is supported by a PhD fellowship through the DELTAS Africa Initiative SSAC

19 ses, particularly biotechnology companies, a PhD in the life sciences can be very helpful in making t

20 er paths of 2284 researchers who completed a PhD or a postdoc at the European Molecular Biology Labor

21 graduated from Oxford in 1971 and then did a PhD with Sydney Brenner at MRC LMB in Cambridge, studyin

22 Articles about doing a PhD tend to focus on the difficulties faced by research

23 and she was one of the first women to earn a PhD.

24 the University of Connecticut and finally a PhD from the University of Illinois.

25 This transient period, between finishing a PhD and finding a permanent position, is when early-care

26 dditional graduate degree, most frequently a PhD (17/107 [16%]), MBA (10/107 [8%]), and MS (8/107 [4%

27 n how to make a successful transition from a PhD program to a business career.

28 o a conviction: that he will, one day, get a PhD.

29 s day, to organizing a wedding, to getting a PhD-often succeeding on the very first attempt.

30 s who held a secondary graduate degree had a PhD (54, 63.5%).

31 A majority of principal investigators had a PhD omnia solus (57%), and 13% possessed dual PhD/clinic

32 , 4.5% have both an MD and PhD, 13.9% have a PhD, and 4.7% have an academic or professional bachelor'

33 alyses annually (P = .01), director having a PhD vs MD degree (P = .002), director board certificatio

34 Academic rank, career duration, and having a PhD were associated with increased publication count, me

35 ld both an MD and PhD, and 30 (57.7%) held a PhD.

36 scientists were NIH-funded faculty holding a PhD degree.

37 LH is a PhD clinical training fellow and funded through project

38 A fraught exchange on social media leads a PhD student to reconsider how she conducts research on n

39 molecular biology was unfolding, I pursued a PhD in nutritional biochemistry with Hamilton Eaton at t

40 e examine 154,021 researchers who received a PhD in a biomedical field between 1970 and 2013, measuri

41 ght in a system eager for success stories, a PhD student from an underrepresented background learns h

42 Capacity development, notably through a PhD programme, has been an underlying feature of all asp

43 I achieved this by working toward a PhD in biochemistry at Johns Hopkins McCollum-Pratt Inst

44 [MAP], 28%) than either investigators with a PhD (MAP, 31%; P = .03 vs MD only) or both an MD and a P

45 tly less likely (MAP, 70%) than those with a PhD (MAP, 73%; P = .04 vs MD only) or those with an MD a

46 eld by surgeon-scientists than by PIs with a PhD degree (21.4 vs 5.1; mean difference, 16.3; 95% CI,

47 10.4; Cohen d = 1.4) were held by PIs with a PhD degree.

48 D and a PhD (MAP, 43%) and applicants with a PhD only (39%).

49 hreatens to unravel several years of work, a PhD student must decide how to respond.

50 ral education of tenure-track faculty at all PhD-granting US universities over the decade 2011-2020,

51 s Diseases (ESCMID) Research Grant 2018, AMC PhD Scholarship, The Netherlands Organisation for Scient

52 Among PhDs whose first job is industrial research & developmen

53 However, among PhDs of faculty who are themselves top (prolific) invent

54 t of the BDP1/BDP2 complex and identified an PhD-finger protein (PHD 1, PF3D7_1008100) that could med

55 2009 to $19.8 million in 2014; P = .44) and PhD investigators (from $26.1 million in 2009 to $25.9 m

56 dergraduate, master of science-granting, and PhD-granting institutions.

57 ublished in top-10 (most-cited) journals and PhD students in top-20 ranked North American departments

58 He received an MD and PhD (in biophysics) from Stanford University School of M

59 s (17.9+/-0.6) and those with both an MD and PhD degree (18.1+/-1.7; P = 0.14).

60 Faculty with MD and PhD degrees demonstrated higher promotion rates than fac

61 witz by Joseph Mengele, who held both MD and PhD degrees, I offer thoughts on the extraordinary power

62 stigators' major degrees (MD, PhD, or MD and PhD) and their proposed involvement in research of human

63 espondents' degree type (MD, PhD, and MD and PhD), age, and career stage.

64 the highest degree, 4.5% have both an MD and PhD, 13.9% have a PhD, and 4.7% have an academic or prof

65 6%) held an MD, 4 (7.7%) held both an MD and PhD, and 30 (57.7%) held a PhD.

66 , including linkages to certificate, MS, and PhD programs.

67 versity of Cincinnati in 1969 and an MSc and PhD in applied mechanics from Stanford University.

68 A, DDS, MS, Certificate in Orthodontics, and PhD, was a dental science futurist pursuing brave new pa

69 Chris obtained his B.S and PhD degrees in biochemistry from the University of Cambr

70 nd is meant for students in our Master's and PhD programs who have little to no programming skills.

71 e funding gap between surgeon-scientists and PhD scientists increased 2.8-fold from a $73 million dif

72 f NIH funding to both surgeon-scientists and PhD scientists increased, the funding gap between surgeo

73 MD/PhDs and PhDs had significantly higher numbers of publications an

74 lleagues, both men and women, physicians and PhDs, and persons of different professional, racial, and

75 In addition, SFES at PhD-granting institutions were much more likely to have

76 surveys were sent to faculty and students at PhD training programs, assessing their institution's met

77 nd tenured professors at United States-based PhD-granting departments, we show that women leave acade

78 d numbers of graduates selecting plant-based PhDs.

79 as a nutrition scholar in 1974 when I began PhD studies at Cornell University.

80 This is largely because most biomedical PhD graduates do not become Principal Investigators in a

81 But your biosciences PhD gives you the problem-solving skills to navigate thi

82 Creating a writing club allowed a Brazilian PhD student to confront her fears, improve her English a

83 ented here is the lecture by Richard Carson, PhD, Professor of Radiobiology and Biomedical Imaging an

84 was supported by a Medical Research Council PhD Studentship.

85 King's-China Scholarship Council PhD Scholarship.

86 ly Georgetown University, in Washington, DC (PhD), the latter while employed at a commercial biologic

87 A greater percentage of departmental PhD faculty was associated with increased rates of MD fu

88 During the pandemic, diverse PhD and physician investigators reported increased meani

89 sals to reduce the number of students who do PhDs are misguided, writes Eve Marder, because they woul

90 itutional affiliation for Elvira Donnarumma, PhD, "SDN Foundation," has been changed to read, "IRCCS

91 hD omnia solus (57%), and 13% possessed dual PhD/clinical degrees.

92 Economy, MD, MPH; Thijs M.H. Eijsvogels, PhD; Michael S.

93 dentified in this study is likely to enhance PhD training in oncology-related disciplines.

94 aped, one-on-one interviews with an external PhD investigator; and 4) statistical analyses of objecti

95 a $208 million difference in 2020, favoring PhD scientists.

96 Using my own experience as a Black female PhD student, I argue that institutional attitudes and po

97 l channels contribute to this: First, female PhDs are less likely to be trained by top inventor advis

98 Third, female PhDs (supervised by top inventors and especially by othe

99 ding prompts some to advocate training fewer PhDs.

100 olecular Biology, created the nation's first PhD program in craniofacial biology, and served as the s

101 In 1963, the Department organized the first PhD Program in Oral Biology in the United States.

102 as to develop a set of core competencies for PhD students in epidemiology.

103 ght to evaluate statistical requirements for PhD training and to identify opportunities for improving

104 ted me to Duke University Medical School for PhD work under the tutelage of Phil Handler.

105 Foreign PhDs are as likely as US PhDs to apply to and receive of

106 Foreign PhDs who first work in an established firm and subsequen

107 ups and established firms and not by foreign PhDs' preferences for established firm jobs, risk tolera

108 gest that US visa policies may deter foreign PhDs from working in startups, thereby restricting start

109 of how visa policies might influence foreign PhDs' employment in technology startups.

110 k in a startup compared with 6.8% of foreign PhDs.

111 rs underlying this trend, we analyzed formal PhD and postdoctoral mentoring relationships in the life

112 particularly David Kupfer, MD; Ellen Frank, PhD; and Thomas Detre, MD, of the University of Pittsbur

113 onal Institutes of Health (NIH) funding from PhD scientists in US departments of surgery.

114 n part by (a) a marked increase in time from PhD degree to first R01 application and award, as well a

115 ecame less successful than applications from PhDs or MD/PhDs.

116 Sarah Gaffen, PhD, is a professor of medicine and rheumatology and hol

117 Data were compared by gender, PhD completion, academic rank, and year of residency gra

118 None of the other variables studied-gender, PhD degree, specialty, or funding tier-was associated wi

119 aking her children proud, a first-generation PhD student fights for her place in academia.

120 nine such methods (SIFT, PolyPhen2, SNPs&GO, PhD-SNP, PANTHER, Mutation Assessor, MutPred, Condel and

121 of age or older, from the United States, had PhD degrees, doing basic as well as clinical research, o

122 pidemiology from Harvard University, and her PhD from the University of Sydney.

123 She completed her PhD in genetics and molecular biology at the University

124 uate student decides instead to dedicate her PhD to improving the culture of her research environment

125 She received her PhD at the University of Washington, where her work on t

126 th help from influential mentors such as his PhD advisor Ugo Fano, Greene went on to have a long and

127 Before his PhD was conferred, he was employed as curator of insects

128 d with Hans Wallach and Wolfgang Kohler; his PhD in Psychology was from Harvard University.

129 He received his PhD in biochemistry and MD at the University of Chicago.

130 However, PhD immunologists are critically needed for future healt

131 d's new Computational and Systems Immunology PhD track, we share our experiences and advice with othe

132 ) from 221 programs (73 in psychiatry, 63 in PhD clinical psychology, 21 in PsyD psychology, and 64 i

133 eparate aspiring translational scientists in PhD programs from the world of medicine.

134 This means injecting PhD-level experts at every stage of research and develop

135 JR was supported by the INSERM PhD program for doctors of pharmacy (poste d'accueil INS

136 We also explore whether new inventor PhDs are equally distributed by gender.

137 se faculty train 44% of all the new inventor PhDs by copatenting with their advisees.

138 these models was extracted from the Janssen (PhD's Thesis, Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engin

139 We pay tribute to Marshall Joffe, PhD, and his substantial contributions to the field of c

140 articipate in laboratory discussions, junior PhD students are over 4 times as likely to have positive

141 Social Work and of Medicine; Helena Kraemer, PhD, Stanford University School of Medicine; and Edmund

142 ning, limited funding for science is leading PhDs to seek training and careers in areas other than re

143 ned by top inventor advisors (TIs) than male PhDs.

144 Many PhD programs incorporate boot camps and summer bridge pr

145 Many PhD students and postdocs aspire to a permanent research

146 scientific machine is churning out too many PhDs and postdocs when there are a limited number of aca

147 , FAHA, FACC; Sabiha Gati, BSc (Hons), MBBS, PhD, MRCP, FESC; Belinda Gray, BSc (Med), MBBS, PhD; Mar

148 , MRCP, FESC; Belinda Gray, BSc (Med), MBBS, PhD; Martin Halle, MD; Kimberly G.

149 ibed of (William) Ian McDonald, BMedSc MBChB PhD FRACP FRCP FRCOpth FMedSci: neurologist, National Ho

150 Reflections from Jim Adelstein, MD, PhD, John McAfee, MD, Henry Wagner, MD, Fred Bonte, MD,

151 ido Claessen, MD, PhD; Flavio D'Ascenzi, MD, PhD; Douglas Darden, MD; Peter N.

152 California at San Diego; Daniel Blazer, MD, PhD, Duke University School of Medicine; George Alexopou

153 en, MD, MHS, FAHA, FACC; Mats Borjesson, MD, PhD, FACC; Alan C.

154 Churchill, MD, FACC; Guido Claessen, MD, PhD; Flavio D'Ascenzi, MD, PhD; Douglas Darden, MD; Pete

155 ds were compared by investigator degree (MD, PhD, or MD/PhD) and sex.

156 principal investigators' major degrees (MD, PhD, or MD and PhD) and their proposed involvement in re

157 Michael Ho, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA Chair, ACC/AHA Joint Committee on Perfor

158 Hsu, MD, PhD, FAHA, FACC; Richard J.

159 Martin G. Myers Jr., MD, PhD, received the American Diabetes Association's presti

160 FACC; Martin Maron, MD; Silvana Molossi, MD, PhD, FACC; Antonio Pelliccia, MD; Jack C.

161 Topper, MD, PhD, serves as Managing General Partner at Frazier Healt

162 ith respect to respondents' degree type (MD, PhD, and MD and PhD), age, and career stage.

163 hip to bolster matriculant diversity; (2) MD-PhD program leadership leveraged the changes to MSTP gra

164 umber and percentage of residents with an MD-PhD degree in each specialty per year.

165 Following his graduation from the Harvard MD-PhD Program in 1997, Dr. Myers was promoted to instructo

166 rends are positive: rising enrollments in MD-PhD programs, greater levels of interest in research car

167 Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) MD-PhD program at medical schools across the US to support

168 ed as NIH-funded faculty holding an MD or MD-PhD degree with board certification in surgery; PhD scie

169 orically underrepresented in science than MD-PhD programs without NIH funding; however, the underlyin

170 Bettencourt-Schueller Foundation and the MD-PhD program of the Imagine Institute.

171 These include applying lessons from the MD-PhD training experience to postgraduate training, shorte

172 ities, programs, and practices related to MD-PhD program matriculant racial and ethnic diversity.

173 career awards from the NIH as men, women MD-PhD physician scientists are less likely to serve as pri

174 MD/PhD program participants represent only a small proporti

175 MD/PhD programs serve an important role in training physici

176 ecreased by 26 months among those with an MD/PhD degree, and 32 months for those with an MD degree co

177 On multivariate analysis, combined MD/PhD degree [odds ratio (OR) 5.98; 95% confidence interva

178 Controlling for sex, debt, MD/PhD graduation, and other variables, GME-research partic

179 of all participants believed dual degree MD/PhD students were superior to PhD students in this regar

180 no significant change in NIH funding for MD/PhD (from $17.6 million in 2009 to $19.8 million in 2014

181 th planned training in internal medicine, MD/PhD graduation was positively associated with planned tr

182 ables associated with lower likelihood of MD/PhD graduation included female sex (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.

183 les associated with greater likelihood of MD/PhD program graduation included planned substantial care

184 ering age, gender, race, specialty, MD or MD/PhD status, age of youngest child, number of children, w

185 criteria were stratified by degree (MD or MD/PhD vs PhD), gender, and race/ethnicity.

186 pared by investigator degree (MD, PhD, or MD/PhD) and sex.

187 th graduates of other MD degree programs, MD/PhD graduates tend to be less demographically diverse, h

188 teristics and career intentions of recent MD/PhD program and other MD program graduates have not been

189 entists, so it is critical to ensure that MD/PhD students represent diverse backgrounds and experienc

190 o encourage more students to consider the MD/PhD career path that will yield a more productive and eq

191 nited States, no parallel analysis of the MD/PhD program has been performed in Canada.

192 programs and that platform funding of the MD/PhD program is necessary to ensure leadership in transla

193 IHR) announced that their funding for the MD/PhD program would be terminated after the 2015-2016 acad

194 re routinely discouraged from applying to MD/PhD programs due to a range of factors.

195 ll 2000-2006 graduates), 1833 (2.3%) were MD/PhD program graduates.

196 dequate support and inclusion from within MD/PhD programs.

197 MD/PhDs and PhDs had significantly higher numbers of public

198 MD/PhDs were the most successful applicants.

199 In contrast to MDs and MD/PhDs, PhDs seem to have similar levels of academic outpu

200 n of NIH funding compared to both MDs and MD/PhDs.

201 g compared with 15.2% of MDs and 33.9% of MD/PhDs (P < 0.001).

202 successful than applications from PhDs or MD/PhDs.

203 s called "superpostdocs," offer newly minted PhDs instant independence and enable them to undertake p

204 possessed public health qualifications (MPH, PhD).

205 My PhD research involved tryptophan and niacin metabolism i

206 I subsequently completed my PhD degree at Australian National University (Canberra,

207 bial "late bloomer." Ultimately, I earned my PhD in biophysical chemistry at Yale, followed by a post

208 e University of California, Berkeley, for my PhD because it needed to train dietitians in research to

209 that time, I was conducting research for my PhD on an obscure group of estrogen derivatives called n

210 the code, which also became the basis of my PhD thesis.

211 Starting with my PhD research, I have had the good fortune to indulge a c

212 The process of training new PhDs is complex and has significant dropout rates associ

213 nophthalmologists or to hold nonmedical, non-PhD degrees.

214 ale PIs, who were predominantly nonphysician PhD scientists (52% vs 37.7% PhD-only male PIs; P = 0.00

215 Additionally, new chairs obtain PhD degrees more frequently (18%, n = 11 vs 10%, n = 6,

216 nd be able to make a more informed choice of PhD project and supervisor, marks a commitment to improv

217 and is approaching the desirable duration of PhD training.

218 SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The number of PhD faculty working in US medical school clinical depart

219 Between 1980 and 2013, the number of PhD graduates from URM backgrounds increased by a factor

220 ed with a 2.6-fold increase in the number of PhD graduates from WR groups.

221 study that directly measures the outcomes of PhD students who participate in such programs and compar

222 duate school experiences and career plans of PhD students in the top 100 ranked departments in one sc

223 f an exponential growth in the population of PhD graduates from URM backgrounds, or significant incre

224 itions into assistant professor positions of PhD scientists from underrepresented minority (URM) and

225 ources may be enhanced by the recruitment of PhD faculty.

226 were not statistically higher than those of PhD holders (17.9+/-0.6) and those with both an MD and P

227 Across all academic ranks, 50.2% of PhDs had received NIH funding compared with 15.2% of MDs

228 We find that 4% of PhDs become new inventors.

229 entors: The estimated gap in the female % of PhDs between female and male TIs is 7 to 9 pp.

230 The academic impact of PhDs in surgery has not been previously evaluated.

231 The proportion of PhDs with NIH funding in the top 10 departments did not

232 % points (pp) lower than the female share of PhDs.

233 hese measures were observed across gender or PhD acquisition.

234 er, Mutation Assessor, FATHMM, LRT, PANTHER, PhD-SNP, SNAP, SNPs&GO and MutPred), 3 conservation scor

235 diction tools: MAPP, nsSNPAnalyzer, PANTHER, PhD-SNP, PolyPhen-1, PolyPhen-2, SIFT and SNAP.

236 he institutional affiliation for Laura Papa, PhD, "Institute for Endocrinology and Experimental Oncol

237 In contrast to MDs and MD/PhDs, PhDs seem to have similar levels of academic output and

238 es, 40% (42/105) had a doctor of philosophy (PhD) degree in addition to their medical doctor degree.

239 , and acquisition of a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).

240 , and acquisition of a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).

241 e or a combined MD and Doctor of Philosophy [PhD] degree) in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery (OH

242 ientific fraud perpetrated by Eric Poehlman, PhD.

243 ortance of mentoring to aid progression post-PhD.

244 issue we feature the lecture by Julie Price, PhD, a professor of radiology at the Harvard Medical Sch

245 Science policy provides PhD-trained scientists with unique and rewarding opportu

246 ggest ways to ease the entrance of qualified PhDs into high school education.

247 Recruiting PhD students can be a frustrating process, but Eve Marde

248 expressed include difficulties in recruiting PhD students, maintaining a good work-life balance and s

249 e pool of high-quality plant science related PhD applicants in the UK and has had a positive impact o

250 ersity School of Medicine; and Edmund Ricci, PhD, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public

251 tenure-track faculty rostered at 12,112U.S. PhD-granting departments, spanning 111 academic fields b

252 Might science PhDs play a bigger role in the future of K-12 education,

253 ly be completed within the scope of a single PhD thesis.

254 and effectiveness through studies in solving PhD-level science problems, optimizing plans for radioth

255 Bruce M. Spiegelman, PhD, of Harvard Medical School and the Dana-Farber Cance

256 OVID-19 pandemic, researchers about to start PhDs and postdocs face particular challenges.

257 rtups' access to a large segment of the STEM PhD workforce and impairing startups' ability to contrib

258 We examine whether STEM PhD students become new inventors (file their first pate

259 STEM PhDs are a critical source of human capital in the econo

260 olicies to retain United States-trained STEM PhDs are of central importance to national innovation an

261 ct to the AGA Institute, and Michael Stolar, PhD, staff liaison to the FTC.

262 degree with board certification in surgery; PhD scientists were NIH-funded faculty holding a PhD deg

263 Thackeray, PhD, Heisenberg Professor of Translational Cardiovascula

264 barriers to the process are removed and that PhD-holding respondents and respondents in commercializa

265 e this question by discussing the roles that PhDs can play in high school education and the current a

266 NCM was supported by the PhD program FDGENT/2019/008 from the Spanish Generalitat

267 IMB was supported by the PhD program PRE2019-090770 and funding was provided by t

268 o express strong commitment to finishing the PhD and remaining in chemistry, but this difference was

269 also highlight the positive elements of the PhD experience.

270 This PhD program has produced a large cadre of oral health re

271 ority ethnic backgrounds from progressing to PhD and postdoctoral positions.

272 dual degree MD/PhD students were superior to PhD students in this regard.

273 how clinical oncology concepts are taught to PhD students or the most effective methods of doing so.

274 the current and rather extensive barriers to PhDs entering the teaching profession and finally sugges

275 via an Edinburgh Clinical Academic Training PhD Fellowship.

276 FMB was supported by a Wellcome Trust PhD studentship in Molecular, Genetic and Lifecourse Epi

277 FMB was supported by a Wellcome Trust PhD studentship in Molecular, Genetic and Lifecourse Epi

278 tes differences between 2,324 foreign and US PhDs from US research universities using a longitudinal

279 Foreign PhDs are as likely as US PhDs to apply to and receive offers for startup jobs, bu

280 dustrial research & development, 15.8% of US PhDs work in a startup compared with 6.8% of foreign PhD

281 (MAP, 34%; P<.001 vs MD only and P = .002 vs PhD only).

282 (MAP, 78%; P<.001 vs MD only and P = .007 vs PhD only) to obtain a subsequent R01 grant.

283 a were stratified by degree (MD or MD/PhD vs PhD), gender, and race/ethnicity.

284 ear PhD programmes in neuroscience, in which PhD students will study neuroscience in greater depth an

285 many different career possibilities to which PhD immunologists can make valuable contributions.

286 %) had an MD or MD with PhD vs 19 (47%) with PhD degrees.

287 funding to surgeon-scientists compared with PhD scientists, as well as NIH funding to surgeon-scient

288 ts with master's degree, and 12 experts with PhD degree) and years of experience (4 experts with <10,

289 d as URMM, and 20 (53%) had an MD or MD with PhD vs 19 (47%) with PhD degrees.

290 Among careers for biologists with PhDs, science communication is one of the most diverse a

291 presence of dedicated research faculty with PhDs supports the academic mission of surgery department

292 Individuals with PhDs and postdoctoral experience in the life sciences ca

293 hment by the Wellcome Trust of two four-year PhD programmes in neuroscience, in which PhD students wi

294 Trust set up two 'American style' four-year PhD programmes in neuroscience, with an initial year of

295 r of broad training followed by a three-year PhD.

296 veloped two low-cost programs--"Present Your PhD Thesis to a 12-Year-Old" and "Shadow a Scientist"--t