ライフサイエンスコーパス: RNA editing

1 fic transcripts for oligonucleotide-mediated RNA editing).

2 pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins for RNA editing.

3 odified through cytidine to uridine (C-to-U) RNA editing.

4 r both in meiotic and post-meiotic germ cell RNA editing.

5 sttranscriptionally converted to uridines by RNA editing.

6 n specificity factors of cytidine to uridine RNA editing.

7 can affect cis-regulatory elements to alter RNA editing.

8 dge gaps about the variation and function of RNA editing.

9 within the RNA duplex structure required for RNA editing.

10 y shown to have sexual stage-specific A-to-I RNA editing.

11 p codon mutation by APOBEC3A-mediated C-to-U RNA editing.

12 he functions and regulation of ADAR-mediated RNA editing.

13 ains of ADAR3 are required for repression of RNA editing.

14 p ADAR inhibitors and new tools for directed RNA editing.

15 l properties, but also by their influence on RNA editing.

16 endent manner by a programmed process called RNA editing.

17 ulate alternative RNA splicing and/or A-to-I RNA editing.

18 with molecular functions unrelated to A-to-I RNA editing.

19 ive, similar to known negative regulators of RNA editing.

20 ndividual RNAs in RNA-seq data by exploiting RNA editing.

21 nosine conversion in dsRNA, a common form of RNA editing.

22 eta-binomial models to identify differential RNA editing.

23 SLO-2) depends on adr-1, a gene important to RNA editing.

24 nd unveils the cell type-specific effects of RNA editing.

25 Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing, a fundamental RNA modification, is regulate

26 RNA editing, a post-transcriptional process, allows the

27 RNA editing, a widespread post-transcriptional mechanism

28 f engineering improved variants with reduced RNA editing activities, and suggest the need to more ful

29 scovered to be highly associated with C-to-U RNA editing activity and other editing factors indicativ

30 Creating accurate maps of A-to-I RNA editing activity is vital to improving our understan

31 Furthermore, loss of Adar RNA editing activity leads to innate immune induction, i

32 CF/RBM47 expression, we have compared direct RNA editing activity on several known cellular target RN

33 SECURE-ABE variants with reduced off-target RNA-editing activity and comparable on-target DNA-editin

34 tal PCR, we develop an assay to quantify the RNA-editing activity of APOBEC3A.

35 ucleotide analogs stimulated PPR65-catalyzed RNA-editing activity on PpccmFC substrates, indicating p

36 URE)-BE3 variants that have reduced unwanted RNA-editing activity(5).

37 ine and tetrahydrouridine, failed to disrupt RNA-editing activity.

38 detailed insights for further elucidation of RNA editing affecting miRNAs, especially in cancer.In th

39 ovel bioinformatic platform, the Trypanosome RNA Editing Alignment Tool (TREAT), to elucidate the rol

40 thermore, we observed convergent patterns of RNA-editing alterations in ASD and Fragile X syndrome, e

41 haliana leaves resulted in defects in C-to-U RNA editing, altered accumulation of chloroplast transcr

42 ur study reveals widespread cis variation in RNA editing among genetically distinct individuals and s

43 Whole transcriptome RNA sequencing and RNA editing analysis were performed on peripheral blood

44 ochondrial mRNAs undergo internal changes by RNA editing and 3' end modifications.

45 hyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA) receptors, RNA editing and alternative splicing generate sequence v

46 h by catalyzing adenosine (A) to inosine (I) RNA editing and binding to regulatory elements in target

47 ase for a mechanistic linkage between A-to-I RNA editing and brain pathologies should be revisited.

48 s have investigated the relationship between RNA editing and disease at a genome-wide level.

49 ion could be repressed by ADARs beyond their RNA editing and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding func

50 ADAR1 and ADAR2 through their non-canonical RNA editing and dsRNA binding-independent functions, alb

51 oubles the number of mutations targetable by RNA editing and enables modulation of phosphosignaling-r

52 or investigating the oncogenic mechanisms of RNA editing and expediting the identification of therape

53 ssue- and development-specific regulation of RNA editing and identify a molecular mechanism that regu

54 domain proteins, ADAD1 and ADAD2, on testis RNA editing and male germ cell differentiation.

55 ociated with loss of ADAR1 are the result of RNA editing and MDA5-dependent functions.

56 ted with DHX9 and DICER and regulated A-to-I RNA editing and miRNA expression.

57 ermore, key enzymes for histone methylation, RNA editing and miRNA processing also showed methylation

58 specificity and potency to allow for optimal RNA editing and nucleic acid detection by spatiotemporal

59 y implicated in antiviral defense, including RNA editing and retron satellite DNA synthesis.

60 includes assessment of RNA variant-calling, RNA editing and RNA fusion detection techniques.

61 Here, we focus on RNA editing and show that Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing

62 man transcripts undergo adenosine to inosine RNA editing, and editing is required for normal developm

63 d with miRNA sequence variation (isomiR) and RNA editing, and the origin of those unmapped reads afte

64 a programmable adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing approach by fusing catalytically inactivate

65 eration in miRNA targeting modulated through RNA editing are also integrated into TCEA.

66 entifies posttranscriptional modification by RNA editing as a critical regulatory mechanism of vital

67 in thyroid cancer progression, and highlight RNA editing as a potential therapeutic target in thyroid

68 for binding to GRIA2 transcript, inhibiting RNA editing, as evidenced by the direct binding of ADAR3

69 vered an unexpected role for GUN1 in plastid RNA editing, as gun1 mutations affect RNA-editing effici

70 QTL (edQTL) analysis with an allele-specific RNA editing (ASED) analysis.

71 that MIA induces transient dysregulation of RNA editing at a critical time in brain development.

72 decreased in adr-1 mutants due to deficient RNA editing at a single adenosine in their 3'-UTR.

73 strocyte and astrocytoma cell lines inhibits RNA editing at the Q/R site of GRIA2 Furthermore, the do

74 Our study reports widespread differences in RNA editing between epithelial and mesenchymal tumors an

75 Each mutation decreased RNA editing both in vitro and using an in vivo mouse mod

76 f adenosine to inosine is a frequent type of RNA editing, but important details about the biology of

77 RNA editing by adenosine deaminases acting on dsRNA (ADA

78 RNA editing by adenosine deamination can alter the genom

79 Hypoxia-induced RNA editing by APOBEC3G can be mimicked by the inhibitio

80 me also illuminates the general functions of RNA editing by connecting it to particular gene regulato

81 GUN1 plays a direct role in RNA editing by physically interacting with MULTIPLE ORGA

82 ng of precursor RNAs via trans-splicing, and RNA editing by substitution and uridine additions both r

83 capable of robust knockdown and demonstrated RNA editing by using catalytically inactive Cas13 (dCas1

84 These transformants demonstrate that plastid RNA editing can be bypassed through the expression of nu

85 e in silico models we employ further suggest RNA editing can moonlight as a splicing-modulator, albei

86 These results indicate that within a neuron RNA editing can recode genetic information in a region-s

87 Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing, catalyzed by ADAR enzymes, is a ubiquitous

88 Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing, catalyzed by Adenosine DeAminases acting on

89 MORF2 overexpression causes widespread RNA-editing changes and a strong genomes uncoupled (gun)

90 Applied to the GTEx dataset, we unveil RNA-editing changes associated with age and gender, and

91 ing with a cofactor, A1CF, to form an active RNA editing complex that specifically targets APOB RNA i

92 The recoding of genetic information through RNA editing contributes to proteomic diversity, but the

93 Adenosine (A) to inosine (I) RNA editing contributes to transcript diversity and modu

94 he impact of Adad mutation on male germ cell RNA editing, CRISPR-induced alleles of each were generat

95 RNA editing critically regulates neurodevelopment and no

96 hows the extent to which gene expression and RNA editing differ between flies from different microcli

97 patiotemporal patterns and new regulators of RNA editing, discovered through an extensive profiling o

98 on by adenosine deamination, known as A-to-I RNA editing, diversifies the transcriptome and modulates

99 e splicing, while the second major mechanism-RNA editing due to post-transcriptional changes of indiv

100 Moreover, majority of ATG genes had A-to-I RNA editing during sexual reproduction in two ascomycete

101 ated with intellectual disability, highlight RNA-editing dysregulation in ASD and reveal new mechanis

102 here are 46 RNA editing loci with an average RNA editing efficiency of 63%.

103 mutation of neither Adad1 nor Adad2 impacted RNA editing efficiency or site selection.

104 We then confirmed that RNA editing efficiency was markedly greater in the dark

105 lastid RNA editing, as gun1 mutations affect RNA-editing efficiency at multiple sites in plastids dur

106 ncovers a role for GUN1 in the regulation of RNA-editing efficiency in damaged chloroplasts and sugge

107 Programmable RNA editing enables reversible recoding of RNA informati

108 BE method using an RBP fused to a Drosophila RNA editing enzyme (ADAR) to globally map the mRNA targe

109 by Ishizuka et al. (2018) show that deleting RNA editing enzyme ADAR1 could induce higher cell lethal

110 e K562 in response to shRNA knockdown of the RNA editing enzyme ADAR1.

111 The RNA editing enzyme ADAR2 is essential for the recoding o

112 In the case of the RNA editing enzyme ADARB1, which contains an Alu exon pe

113 APOBEC3G is an endogenous RNA editing enzyme in primary natural killer cells and l

114 The apolipoprotein B messenger RNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC)

115 2 (adenosine deaminase that acts on RNA), an RNA editing enzyme, is expressed outside of the nucleus

116 Here we show that loss of function of the RNA-editing enzyme ADAR1 in tumour cells profoundly sens

117 ADAR RNA editing enzymes are high-affinity dsRNA-binding prot

118 RNA editing enzymes catalyze A>I or C>U transcript alter

119 mportance of diversity of ADAR isoforms, key RNA editing enzymes linked with the innate immune system

120 ng has relied on overexpression of exogenous RNA editing enzymes or of endogenous human ADAR (adenosi

121 gile X proteins FMRP and FXR1P interact with RNA-editing enzymes (ADAR proteins) and modulate A-to-I

122 We identify 1054 RNA editing events associated with cis genetic polymorph

123 However, elucidation of RNA editing events at transcriptome-wide level requires

124 RNA editing events can result in missense codon changes

125 ell transcriptomes, cancer-specific recoding RNA editing events have yet to be discovered.

126 nt studies have revealed thousands of A-to-I RNA editing events in primates, but the origination and

127 pipeline for calling SNVs including SNPs and RNA editing events in RNA-seq reads, with our rigorous r

128 majority of mutations we identify are likely RNA editing events indicating that such information can

129 ver, the available software tools predicting RNA editing events utilise algorithms that do not accoun

130 otide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genome, or RNA editing events within the RNA.

131 Its conservation across land plants and RNA editing events, which restore conserved amino acids,

132 r miscellaneous genomic features, especially RNA editing events.

133 ed to map transcriptome diversity, including RNA editing events.

134 Non-canonical and C-to-U RNA-editing events are enriched inside and/or adjacent t

135 A-to-I RNA-editing events are generally under-represented in po

136 or adjacent to MNRs, while all categories of RNA-editing events are under-represented in DNRs.

137 The selective enrichment of non-canonical RNA-editing events within MNR adjacency provides a negat

138 ms that mediate spatiotemporal regulation of RNA editing exist.

139 ting interacting protein/multiple organellar RNA editing factor (RIP/MORF) boxes, which are required

140 sically interacting with MULTIPLE ORGANELLAR RNA EDITING FACTOR 2 (MORF2).

141 d orthologs to putative Arabidopsis thaliana RNA editing factor PPR proteins, RIP2, RIP9, RIP1, OZ1,

142 lastid-specific ribosomal protein, OTP86, an RNA editing factor, and cpPNP, the chloroplast isozyme o

143 identification of several different types of RNA editing factors in plant organelles suggests complex

144 Like in most RNA editing factors, the PPR array of AEF1 reveals poten

145 ggesting stronger cis-directed regulation of RNA editing for most sites, although the small set of co

146 This system, referred to as RNA Editing for Programmable A to I Replacement (REPAIR)

147 -uridine (C-to-U) RNA editor, referred to as RNA Editing for Specific C-to-U Exchange (RESCUE), by di

148 lerated later and retained relatively higher RNA editing frequency.

149 hat a long noncoding RNA can regulate A-to-I RNA editing, further expanding the functional repertoire

150 RNA editing generates modifications to the RNA sequences

151 Historically, RNA editing has attracted major research effort, and rec

152 RNA editing has emerged as a widespread mechanism for ge

153 Since adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing has recently emerged as a driver of cancer p

154 Until now, RNA editing has relied on overexpression of exogenous RN

155 al pathway involved in synaptic development, RNA editing, has not yet been studied on a genome-wide s

156 Previously, we identified an RNA editing helicase 2-associated subcomplex (REH2C) and

157 Focusing on the RNA editing hotspot in miR-200b, a key tumor metastasis

158 identified 19 adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing hotspots.

159 red through an extensive profiling of A-to-I RNA editing in 8,551 human samples (representing 53 body

160 uncover a molecular mechanism that regulates RNA editing in a neural- and development-specific manner

161 , a uniquely dual-targeted factor for C-to-U RNA editing in angiosperms reveals low evidence for impr

162 ompetition score for forming circulation and RNA editing in back-splicing flanking introns; (ii) a tw

163 ic sequencing uncovered 1000 sites of C-to-U RNA editing in both species, plus a small number (< 60)

164 These findings reinforce the importance of RNA editing in brain development and introduce ADARB1 as

165 It reveals the broad impact of RNA editing in cancer and its relevance to cancer-relate

166 Altered RNA editing in cancer cells may provide a selective adva

167 Epitranscriptomic changes by RNA editing in cancer represent a novel mechanism contri

168 recent work that shows aberrant patterns of RNA editing in cancer.

169 as suggested a role for adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing in carcinogenesis.

170 identified acr molecules may enable precise RNA editing in Cas13-based application and study of phag

171 iversity, but the extent and significance of RNA editing in disease is poorly understood.

172 The degree of differential RNA editing in epileptic mice correlated with frequency

173 charge at site 607, the site that undergoes RNA editing in GluA2 subunits replacing glutamine to arg

174 uable insights into the functional impact of RNA editing in human cells.

175 xic transcripts as well as APOBEC3A-mediated RNA editing in human monocytes.

176 seful resource for the functional effects of RNA editing in long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), we systema

177 family, whose active members catalyze A-to-I RNA editing in metazoans.

178 Like bone marrow-derived macrophages, RNA editing in MG leads to overall changes in the abunda

179 ot reduce hypoxia-induced gene expression or RNA editing in monocytes.

180 nase, APOBEC3G, induces site-specific C-to-U RNA editing in natural killer cells, lymphoma cell lines

181 ion or RNA processing, as well as changes in RNA editing in response to cellular perturbations or sti

182 However, de novo induction of RNA editing in response to environmental factors is an u

183 The findings demonstrate widespread altered RNA editing in schizophrenia and its genetic regulation,

184 and suggest a causal and mechanistic role of RNA editing in schizophrenia neuropathology.

185 Cross-species analysis of RNA editing in several tissues revealed that species, ra

186 ecent reports suggesting increased levels of RNA editing in squids thus raise the question of the nat

187 We studied A-to-I RNA editing in stab wound injury (SWI) and SCI models an

188 ere, we report a high level of ADAR-mediated RNA editing in the bumblebee, despite the lack of an ADA

189 er, our results suggest a potential role for RNA editing in the epileptic hippocampus in the occurren

190 ecifically recognize target sites for C-to-U RNA editing in the transcriptomes of plant chloroplasts

191 Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing in transcripts encoding the voltage-gated po

192 n is solely sufficient for catalyzing C-to-U RNA editing in vitro Monomeric fractions possessed the h

193 hes, we show that absence of ADAR1-dependent RNA editing induces aberrant innate immune responses thr

194 stid editing factor, ORRM6, does not contain RNA editing interacting protein/multiple organellar RNA

195 RNA editing introduces single nucleotide changes to RNA,

196 RNA editing is a cellular process that precisely alters

197 Adenosine to Inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is a co- or post-transcriptional mechanism t

198 Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is a conserved post-transcriptional mechanis

199 Programmable A > I RNA editing is a valuable tool for basic research and me

200 RNA editing is a widespread post-transcriptional mechani

201 A-to-I RNA editing is abundant in the brain, and altered editin

202 RNA editing is an essential post-transcriptional process

203 Uridine insertion/deletion RNA editing is an essential process in kinetoplastid par

204 RNA editing is an important form of regulating gene expr

205 RNA editing is an important mechanism for gene expressio

206 These findings suggest RNA editing is an important post-transcriptional regulat

207 A-to-I RNA editing is an important step in RNA processing in wh

208 Within the testis, RNA editing is catalyzed by ADARB1 and is regulated in a

209 RNA editing is converting hundreds of cytosines into uri

210 function; however, little is known about how RNA editing is dynamically regulated between the many fu

211 Our data support a model in which RNA editing is executed via multiple paths that necessit

212 This RNA editing is induced by cellular crowding and mitochon

213 We here show that RNA editing is particularly common in behaviorally sophi

214 Protein recoding by RNA editing is required for normal health and evolutiona

215 anisms of transcriptome diversity, including RNA editing landscapes.

216 traits, metabolites, gene expression levels, RNA editing levels and DNA methylation, a series of smal

217 The results reveal an increase in RNA editing levels and dysregulation in brain developmen

218 studies reveal increased or decreased global RNA editing levels depending on the tumor type.

219 diting, or by transcriptome scale changes in RNA editing levels that may affect innate immune signali

220 any of which are diversified by splicing and RNA editing, localize to >20 excitatory and inhibitory n

221 e C. papaya chloroplast genome, there are 46 RNA editing loci with an average RNA editing efficiency

222 Here, we present a spatial RNA editing map in the Drosophila brain and show that di

223 Although RNA editing markedly increases complexity of the cancer

224 e transcriptome between different neurons by RNA editing may account for functional differences betwe

225 RNA editing may promote cancer by dynamically recoding o

226 Post-transcriptional adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing mediated by adenosine deaminase acting on RN

227 rpin stem in COMP can lead to a non-genetic, RNA editing-mediated substitution in COMP that may then

228 elucidate the roles of three proteins in the RNA Editing Mediator Complex (REMC).

229 Site-directed RNA editing might provide a safer or more effective alte

230 l divergence including alternative splicing, RNA editing, nuclear pore composition, RNA-binding prote

231 has demonstrated unique and broad utility in RNA editing, nucleic acid detection, and disease diagnos

232 f ADAR substrates and the features governing RNA editing observed in our study will assist in the rat

233 Here, we show that APOBEC1-mediated RNA editing occurs within MG and is key to maintaining t

234 RNA editing of adenosine to inosine (A to I) is catalyze

235 as well as for adenosine to inosine (A to I) RNA editing of Ctn RNA in muscle cells.

236 RNA editing of miRNAs has the potential to markedly alte

237 OTEIN6 (ORRM6) result in the near absence of RNA editing of psbF-C77 and the reduction in accD-C794 e

238 An analysis of RNA splicing and RNA editing of selected RNA species demonstrated that TA

239 These results indicate that RNA editing on chlB mRNA is important to maintain approp

240 It was thought that in yeast, RNA editing only occurs in tRNAs.

241 A possible role in C-to-U RNA editing or in antiviral defense has been discussed f

242 The dysregulation of the RNA editing pathway was further investigated in an indep

243 , endocannabinoids signaling pathway and the RNA editing pathway were found to be dysregulated in EC.

244 ue features of AIDD are its ability to infer RNA editing patterns, including ADAR editing, and inclus

245 is- and trans-regulatory mechanisms of these RNA editing patterns, respectively.

246 REPAIR presents a promising RNA-editing platform with broad applicability for resear

247 The prevailing concept is that the RNA editing process itself is dysregulated by brain path

248 Here, we carry out integrative analysis of RNA editing profiles between epithelial and mesenchymal

249 studies have reported significant changes in RNA editing profiles in disease and development.

250 modest region-specific alterations in Htr2c RNA editing profiles, while Htr2c alternative RNA splici

251 an lymphoblastoid cell lines by combining an RNA editing QTL (edQTL) analysis with an allele-specific

252 arily induced by the human immune system via RNA editing, rather than being signatures of adaptation.

253 However, the clinical utility of RNA editing remains limited because functions of the vas

254 Finally, a transcriptome-wide analysis of RNA editing reveals that tens of thousands of editing si

255 ), and created selective curbing of unwanted RNA editing (SECURE)-BE3 variants that have reduced unwa

256 ferent neuronal populations possess distinct RNA editing signatures.

257 L) and an essential chloroplast (atpFeU92SL) RNA editing site in parallel in Arabidopsis.

258 similar to gun1 MORF2 further interacts with RNA-editing site-specificity factors: ORGANELLE TRANSCRI

259 he minimum requirements for establishing new RNA editing sites and suggest that the evolutionary dyna

260 These DVRs encompassed known SNPs and RNA editing sites as well as novel SNVs, with the majori

261 Furthermore, ~30% of RNA editing sites associate with cis-regulatory variants

262 curately detected more than 2 million A-to-I RNA editing sites from next-generation sequencing (NGS).

263 However, the vast majority of these RNA editing sites have unknown functions and are in nonc

264 In schizophrenia, RNA editing sites in genes encoding AMPA-type glutamate

265 mportant resource for exploring functions of RNA editing sites in lncRNAs.

266 The number and position of C-to-U RNA editing sites in Selaginella plastomes can be extrem

267 the majority of DVRs corresponding to known RNA editing sites repressed after ADAR1 knockdown.

268 d fly, and observed an appreciable number of RNA editing sites which can significantly impact the sec

269 presence of the following sequence features: RNA editing sites, simple repeat sequences, self-chains,

270 sive because of the unknown function of most RNA editing sites.

271 g (RNA-seq) enables global identification of RNA-editing sites in biological systems and disease.

272 is and are regulated by post-transcriptional RNA editing, splice variation, post-translational modifi

273 pursued one of the first transcriptome-wide RNA editing studies in AD by examining RNA sequencing da

274 Therefore, RNA editing studies should complement genome sequence da

275 We also find that RNA editing substrate binding complex (RESC) mediates th

276 We present evidence that RNA editing substrate binding complex bridges the 5' end

277 rypanosoma brucei possesses a highly complex RNA editing system that uses guide RNAs to direct the in

278 -nucleic-acid editing ability of the dCas13a RNA-editing system.

279 in prion disease neuropathogenesis, whereby RNA-editing targets in a humanized sCJD mouse model were

280 rrently used tests and introduce the method, RNA-editing tests (REDITs), a suite of tests that employ

281 g frames can be accessed through alternative RNA editing that shifts the translated reading frame.

282 RNA editing, the process that alters individual bases of

283 lso important in the development of directed RNA editing therapeutics.

284 occurrence of these recent gain and loss of RNA editing through DNA point mutation is significantly

285 y that enables comparative quantification of RNA editing through subcellular localization changes of

286 erms, two codons of chlB mRNA are changed by RNA editing to codons encoding evolutionarily conserved

287 This successful use of site-directed RNA editing to repair an endogenous mRNA and restore pro

288 Here, we apply the approach of site-directed RNA editing to repair, at the mRNA level, a disease-caus

289 Thus, REPAIRx markedly expands the RNA editing toolkit and illustrates a novel strategy for

290 TPase function across disparate systems like RNA editing, translation, metabolism, DNA repair, and bi

291 polymorphisms, polymorphisms associated with RNA editing variation are located closer spatially to th

292 mRNAs undergo extensive post-transcriptional RNA editing via addition and deletion of uridines.

293 The global landscape of RNA editing was surveyed across 364 schizophrenia cases

294 cleavage is a likely point of regulation for RNA editing, we elucidated endonuclease specificity in v

295 the influence of genetic variation on A-to-I RNA editing, we integrate genomic and transcriptomic dat

296 ion" and "seizures." Genes with differential RNA editing were preferentially enriched for genes with

297 ross Ajugoideae, and are generally devoid of RNA editing, whereas moderately diverged genes accelerat

298 R) orthologs and are believed to lack A-to-I RNA editing, which is the most prevalent editing of mRNA

299 ing those that contain ribosomal slippage or RNA editing without prior knowledge of the virus to be a

300 esignated the HpSGN system, for both DNA and RNA editing without sequence limitation.