ライフサイエンスコーパス: TA system

1 TA systems consist of stable toxins and labile antitoxin

2 TA systems encode a toxin that disrupts essential cellul

3 TA systems exist in surprisingly high numbers in all pro

4 TA systems harbored by pathogens also serve as attractiv

5 TA systems have also been implicated in several clinical

6 TA systems have also been incorporated into other cell s

7 constitute an additional chromosomal type 2 TA system that is upregulated during the SOS DNA damage

8 Presence of at least 33 TA systems in Escherichia coli and more than 60 TA syste

9 systems in Escherichia coli and more than 60 TA systems in Mycobacterium tuberculosis suggests that t

10 Here we identify and characterize a TA system found in various bacteria, including the globa

11 ed action of the toxin once genes encoding a TA system have been lost, such as following failure to i

12 ng failure to inherit a plasmid harbouring a TA system.

13 MqsRA is a TA system activated by various stresses, including oxida

14 al approaches, we show that DarT1-NADAR is a TA system for reversible ADP-ribosylation of guanosine b

15 Escherichia coli GhoT/GhoS is a TA system in which toxin GhoT expression is reduced by c

16 ion of the widespread bi-functional AbiE Abi-TA systems and the biochemical properties of both toxin

17 rboring at least seven simultaneously active TA systems, pSYSA appears as the plasmid most strongly s

18 urthermore, the identification of additional TA systems reported here expands the known repertoire of

19 udy, we show that MazEF and Phd/Doc are also TA systems that are constitutively expressed, transcribe

20 the potential for targeting the trace amine (TA) system.

21 messenger RNA (mRNA) by antitoxin GhoS, and TA system MqsR/MqsA controls GhoT/GhoS through different

22 is not a reliable marker of TA activity, and TA systems do not strongly promote survival following in

23 ncreases persistence by reducing indole, and TA systems are related to cell signalling.

24 ction and rescue stem from a toxin-antidote (TA) system.

25 pLz4W that bears a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system (P. syringae antitoxin-P. syringae toxin).

26 er is part of the bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) system DarTG, which was shown to provide control of

27 The mazEFSa toxin-antitoxin (TA) system is ubiquitous in clinical isolates of Staphyl

28 ial defense by the type III toxin-antitoxin (TA) system toxIN, but the mechanism by which TifA inhibi

29 targeting system, AbiF is a toxin-antitoxin (TA) system with an RNA antitoxin.

30 li form an oxygen-dependent toxin-antitoxin (TA) system.

31 ng with mqsA, forms a novel toxin.antitoxin (TA) system.

32 ted to be the most abundant toxin/antitoxin (TA) system in prokaryotes.

33 Bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems (or "addiction modules") typically facilitat

34 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are a large family of genes implicated in th

35 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are a large group of small genetic modules f

36 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are broadly distributed, yet poorly conserve

37 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are central to bacterial immunity, genome ma

38 Type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are expressed from two-gene operons that enc

39 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are found on both bacterial plasmids and chr

40 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are gene modules that are ubiquitous in free

41 Bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are genetic elements, which are encoded by p

42 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are implicated in the downregulation of bact

43 Genes encoding toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are near ubiquitous in bacterial genomes and

44 shed that the antitoxins of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are selectively degraded by bacterial protea

45 Type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are two-gene modules widely distributed amon

46 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are ubiquitous genetic elements in bacteria

47 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are ubiquitous genetic elements in bacterial

48 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are ubiquitous genetic modules in bacteria a

49 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are ubiquitous on bacterial chromosomes, yet

50 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are unique modules that effect plasmid stabi

51 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widely distributed in bacteria and play

52 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widespread in bacteria, but their activa

53 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widespread in prokaryotes.

54 e-living bacteria carry the toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems controlling cell growth and death under stre

55 Bacterial type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems exhibit high specificity within each pair to

56 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems form a ubiquitous class of prokaryotic prote

57 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems have been implicated in facilitating persist

58 The relBE family of Type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems have been widely reported in bacteria but no

59 Since their discovery, toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems have captivated the attention of many scient

60 The discovery and study of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems helps us advance our understanding of the st

61 The roles of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems in bacteria have been debated.

62 ndoribonucleases encoded by toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems in bacterial genomes.

63 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems interfere with essential cellular processes

64 cular, regulation of type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems is achieved through sophisticated mechanisms

65 lized toward the control of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems known to promote bacterial adaptation to str

66 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems of free-living bacteria have recently demons

67 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems on the chromosomes of free-living bacteria a

68 ree-living bacteria contain toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems on their genomes and the targets of toxins a

69 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems play key roles in bacterial persistence, bio

70 ndoribonucleases encoded by toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems present in its genome.

71 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems regulate fundamental cellular processes in b

72 Bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems regulate key cellular processes to promote c

73 ny bacteria encode multiple toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems targeting separate, but closely related, cel

74 somes encode a diversity of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems that contribute to a variety of stress-induc

75 These toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems thereby function as postsegregational killin

76 Bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems typically consist of a small, labile antitox

77 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems were proposed as perfect candidates to contr

78 exneri, pINV harbours three toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems, CcdAB, GmvAT and VapBC that promote vertica

79 e representation of type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems, whose functions and targets are mostly unkn

80 nes, often contain multiple toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems.

81 ably high number of type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems.

82 an unusually high number of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems.

83 e previously been linked to toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems.

84 contain different types of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems.

85 s seven demonstrated type 2 toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems: cassettes of two or three cotranscribed gen

86 Toxin/antitoxin (TA) systems are present in nearly all bacterial and arch

87 Toxin/antitoxin (TA) systems are present in nearly every prokaryotic geno

88 Toxin/antitoxin (TA) systems are ubiquitous within bacterial genomes, and

89 Since toxins of toxin/antitoxin (TA) systems have been postulated to be responsible for p

90 The prevalence of toxin/antitoxin (TA) systems in almost all genomes suggests they evolve r

91 Toxin/antitoxin (TA) systems perhaps enable cells to reduce their metabol

92 For toxin/antitoxin (TA) systems, no toxin has been identified that functions

93 Here, we identify SocAB, an atypical TA system in Caulobacter crescentus.

94 yafO-encoded toxin and show a protein-based TA system upregulated by the SOS response.

95 pand the diversity of mechanisms employed by TA systems to regulate toxin activity and inhibit bacter

96 sting evidence for phage defense mediated by TA systems, highlighting how toxins are activated by pha

97 Unlike canonical TA systems, the toxin SocB is unstable and constitutivel

98 The well-characterized F-plasmid-based CcdAB TA system is important for F-plasmid maintenance.

99 anscription may promote evolution of certain TA systems and other regions containing strong RNA secon

100 ction (ppGpp-SpoT), in contrast to classical TA systems that involve only protein and/or RNA.

101 toxin YafQ of the YafQ/DinJ Escherichia coli TA system on persister cell formation.

102 U-YeeV (CbtA) is one of the Escherichia coli TA systems, and the toxin, CbtA, has been reported to in

103 iscuss phage-encoded systems that counteract TA systems, underscoring the ongoing coevolutionary batt

104 mbers in all prokaryotes, but cyanobacterial TA systems have been only very poorly experimentally cha

105 nd activation mechanism of a phage-defensive TA system.

106 researchers in classifying newly discovered TA systems as well as refine the framework for recognizi

107 w are at least three additional and distinct TA systems in which the antitoxin is an enzyme and the c

108 de of action of the Doc toxin of the Phd-Doc TA system.

109 icrobiology, describes a new plasmid-encoded TA system, lsoAB, which confers resistance to a dmd(-) m

110 The genes encoding TA systems also exist on bacterial chromosomes, and it h

111 tic benefits by targeting this enzyme-enzyme TA system in bacterial pathogens such as M. tuberculosis

112 first evidence that acetyltransferase family TA systems, such as GmvAT, can be regulated by Lon.

113 ParDE family TA systems are broadly conserved on plasmids and bacteri

114 Here, we find DinJ-YafQ family TA systems to be broadly distributed amongst diverse phy

115 our group has shown VapBC to be a bona fide TA system.

116 To our knowledge, this is the first TA system in which the toxin does not function as a tran

117 t that is opposite that of deleting all five TA systems; this suggests that complex regulation occurs

118 Here, the role of five TA systems in regard to biofilm development was investig

119 in biofilm formation upon deleting the five TA systems at 8 h, as well as that seen upon overexpress

120 fitness, we found that deletion of the five TA systems decreased biofilm formation initially (8 h) o

121 iling revealed that the deletion of the five TA systems induced expression of a single gene, yjgK, wh

122 lumn assays confirmed that deleting the five TA systems reduced cell attachment.

123 a flagellum-dependent toxin-antitoxin (Flag-TA) system, which requires the flagellar motor stator pr

124 d TA fields, and suggests a greater role for TA system-based resistance and counter-resistance in the

125 Currently there are six primary classes for TA systems based on the nature of the antitoxin and the

126 t phage defence may be a common function for TA systems and reveal the mechanism by which DarTG syste

127 th following stress, few null phenotypes for TA systems have been reported.

128 As such, several roles for TA systems have been proposed, such as phage inhibition,

129 e additional type II, and three freestanding TA system components are predicted on pSYSA, all of whic

130 structural changes that enabled a non-guided TA system to evolve into an RNA-guided CRISPR system.

131 n increased antitoxin/toxin ratio, the HicAB TA system with the toxin gene preceding the antitoxin ge

132 ate the novel molecular details of the HigBA TA system.

133 Comparison to other structurally homologous TA systems, such as E. coli DinJ-YafQ, reveals key diffe

134 ith the previously well characterized type I TA system from the B. subtilis chromosome, bsrG/SR4, rev

135 ic toxin) pair in 81-176 belongs to a Type I TA system.

136 sensitivity of the rnr mutant and a type II TA system in P. syringae Lz4W.

137 te the role of the PemIK (PemK/PemI) type II TA system in phage inhibition by its intrinsic expressio

138 t, suggesting that activation of the type II TA system leads to cold sensitivity of the rnr mutant of

139 used to determine that the MqsR/MqsA type II TA system of Escherichia coli is important for cell grow

140 c toxin) pair in IA3902 belongs to a Type II TA system, while the cjrA (RNA antitoxin)/cjpT (proteic

141 eristic features of DinJ-YafQ family Type II TA systems in general, the toxin component is distinguis

142 pful to investigate the key roles of type II TA systems in Streptomyces physiology and environmental

143 In contrast to the canonical type II TA systems in which the TA genes are cotranscribed and/o

144 Regulation of type II TA systems relies on the proteolysis of antitoxin protei

145 Of the ~70 Mtb type II TA systems, 10 MazEF family members have been previously

146 Type II TA systems, such as those on pINV, consist of a toxic pr

147 ecular mechanism distinct from other type II TA systems.

148 eutralization mechanisms employed by Type II TA systems.

149 Here, we characterize a type III TA system, toxIN, that protects E. coli against multiple

150 licates a wider functional role for Type III TA systems.

151 gnizing the diverse biochemical functions in TA systems.

152 Interest in TA systems has increased dramatically over the past 5 ye

153 defining physiological roles for individual TA systems.

154 due to the subtle influence from individual TA systems.

155 imited insights into functions of individual TA systems because of their redundancy.

156 s identified for deletions of the individual TA systems, but a triple deletion strain (DeltavapBC, ma

157 antibiotics and the host immune system, its TA systems are thought to participate in the survival of

158 YeeU, is a novel type of antitoxin (type IV TA system), which does not form a complex with CbtA but

159 Like all known TA systems, both the MqsR.MqsA complex and MqsA alone re

160 titoxin levels over time for the three known TA systems of the major human pathogen Staphylococcus au

161 acterial genomes, and the mechanisms of many TA systems are well characterized.

162 e MazF toxin from the Escherichia coli mazEF TA system is a sequence- and single-strand-specific endo

163 he well-characterized Escherichia coli MazEF TA system.

164 Among these, the mazEF TA system encodes an endoribonucleolytic toxin, MazF, th

165 very of artificial activators of the mazEFSa TA system.

166 ove the ability of SecB to control our model TA system without affecting its function in protein expo

167 riginally viewed as DNA maintenance modules, TA systems are now thought to function in many roles, in

168 d demonstrate the functionality of four more TA systems encoded on this 100,749-bp plasmid.

169 Although these multiple TA systems were reported previously to not impact bacter

170 We have experimentally validated 16 NetFlax TA systems and used domain annotations and metabolic lab

171 In addition, the de novo TA system was found to increase persistence, a phenotype

172 Thus, HepT/MntA represents a new type of TA system, and the polyadenylylation-dependent TA neutra

173 sses the potential impact and application of TA systems in plant-associated bacteria, guided by insig

174 of the recently-discovered Type III class of TA systems, defined by a protein toxin suppressed by dir

175 perones can specialize toward the control of TA systems.

176 he evolutionary dynamics and distribution of TA systems in clinical pathogens are not well understood

177 e survey and description of the diversity of TA systems in 259 clinically relevant genomes of K. pneu

178 The structural diversity of TA systems influences the mechanisms of transcriptional

179 The exploitation of TA systems as an antibacterial strategy via artificial a

180 es of DarTG, a recently discovered family of TA systems whose biological functions and natural activa

181 The biological functions of TA systems have been controversial and enigmatic, althou

182 However, the physiological functions of TA systems remain obscure.

183 Despite the importance of TA systems in persistence and biofilms, very little is k

184 eported here expands the known repertoire of TA systems in M. tuberculosis.

185 vidence and counter-evidence for the role of TA systems in bacterial persistence has led to general c

186 Hence, we suggest that one role of TA systems is to influence biofilm formation.

187 these properties suggests different roles of TA systems and highlights the association and co-evoluti

188 tudies have investigated the significance of TA systems in the context of plant-microbe interactions.

189 Toxins of TA systems use diverse strategies to control bacterial g

190 stead of utilizing autorepression typical of TA systems, sigB downregulates this promoter, providing

191 We identified only one TA system in C. difficile strain 630 (epidemic type X),

192 TA complex and found that, unlike most other TA systems, the antitoxin HigA makes minimal interaction

193 In contrast to other TA systems, [C117S]YmoB transiently interacts with Hha (

194 response also appears to occur in two other TA systems in S. aureus, indicating a shared mechanism o

195 Here, we reveal that, unlike other TA systems, MqsR is not a transcription co-repressor but

196 Transcription of these paralogous TA systems is differentially regulated under distinct en

197 does not apply to this chromosomal ParD-ParE TA system.

198 discovered that the genes for one particular TA system, MazEF, are ubiquitous on plasmids isolated fr

199 Thus, we demonstrate that the PemK/PemI TA system plays a role in phage infection and that the a

200 s the carbapenemase OXA-48 and the PemK/PemI TA system.

201 ole of proteases in the function of the pINV TA systems and demonstrate that Lon, but not ClpP, is re

202 obacterium smegmatis contains three putative TA systems, VapBC, MazEF, and Phd/Doc, and previous work

203 cture, cellular function, and fitness roles, TA systems are defined by the presence of a toxin gene t

204 For example, a single TA system has only a minor contribution to persister cel

205 Some TA systems may provide bacteria with immunity to infecti

206 genomes-as well as the co-occurrence of some TA systems with known phage defense elements are suggest

207 ular characterization of the sll7003/ssl7004 TA system encoded on plasmid pSYSA of the model cyanobac

208 To identify such TA systems, we searched bioinformatically for those freq

209 w investigates the tractability of targeting TA systems to kill bacteria, including fundamental requi

210 th of an Escherichia coli strain lacking ten TA systems encoding endoribonuclease toxins is not affec

211 We anticipate that TA systems will continue to emerge as central players in

212 Recent studies have demonstrated that TA systems play a key role in phage inhibition.

213 This work demonstrates that TA systems can induce bacteriostasis through interferenc

214 We show that TA systems are highly prevalent with a median of 20 loci

215 formance declined after interacting with the TA system.

216 the complex phenotype seen upon deleting the TA systems, overexpression of YjgK decreased biofilm for

217 By inactivating the TA systems, pVir was readily cured from Campylobacter, i

218 These findings establish the key role of the TA systems in maintaining plasmid stability and provide

219 X has no homology to any other toxins of the TA systems.

220 Mycobacterium tuberculosis suggests that the TA systems are involved not only in normal bacterial phy

221 These TA systems have been implicated in establishing the nonr

222 ation was dependent on the presence of these TA systems.

223 This TA system forms an alpha(2)beta(2) heterotetramer in the

224 TA system should be used to designate those TA systems in which the enzyme antitoxin chemically modi

225 i O127:H6 encodes the hipBA-like, tripartite TA system; hipBST, in which the HipT toxin specifically

226 relative conservation of the M. tuberculosis TA systems and found that most TA orthologues are well-c

227 More than half of the M. tuberculosis TA systems belong to the VapBC (virulence associated pro

228 s study, we report the identification of two TA systems that are located on the pVir plasmid in 81-17

229 l, and functional data on an uncharacterized TA system, the COG5654-COG5642 pair.

230 e, we found a novel, previously unidentified TA system in Escherichia coli named yjhX-yjhQ.

231 perties of a prototype M. tuberculosis VapBC TA system, vapBC-mt4 (Rv0596c-Rv0595c).

232 Thus, we suggest the type VII TA system should be used to designate those TA systems i

233 Defining the type VII TA system using this specific criterion will aid researc

234 showed that induced expression of the whole TA system did not inhibit phage infection, whereas overe

235 e as well as traits normally associated with TA systems, such as plasmid maintenance, implicates a wi

236 stence, a phenotype commonly associated with TA systems.

237 We report a new RES-Xre TA system in multiple human pathogens, including Mycobac

238 of action of the YafQ toxin of the DinJ-YafQ TA system.