ライフサイエンスコーパス: Triassic

1 .9-248.3 million years ago (Upper Permian to Triassic).

2 on events (Guadalupian, end-Permian, and end-Triassic).

3 cal caecilian cranial apomorphies during the Triassic.

4 fraction of marine sediments since the Late Triassic.

5 they are, then this clade also arose in the Triassic.

6 h's most severe mass extinction, the Permian-Triassic.

7 igh CO2 environmental conditions of the Late Triassic.

8 ar plants dating back possibly as far as the Triassic.

9 and humid tropical archipelago in the Early Triassic.

10 y and promoting biotic recovery in the Early Triassic.

11 he sea and on land through most of the Early Triassic.

12 to estimate atmospheric CO2 levels since the Triassic.

13 estern Panthalassic region prior to the Late Triassic.

14 ine ecosystems from PTME by the early Middle Triassic.

15 ariations in the Proterozoic, Paleozoic, and Triassic.

16 behaviors were able to persist in the Early Triassic.

17 been subject to echinoid predation since the Triassic.

18 g their rise and diversification in the Late Triassic.

19 tric axial dipole field operated in the Late Triassic.

20 d that they may have done so as early as the Triassic.

21 c before ending abruptly early in the Middle Triassic.

22 the dinosaur-dominated faunas of the latest Triassic.

23 -latitude, nearshore environments during the Triassic.

24 n Ichthyosauriformes in the Early and Middle Triassic.

25 an extremely scarce fossil record during the Triassic.

26 t recovers and remains high until the Middle Triassic.

27 er conditions for all seasons into the Early Triassic.

28 romere specification since at least the Late Triassic.

29 rains original basement exposure in the Late Triassic (221.3+/-7.0-206.2+/-4.2 Ma) through deep weath

30 fossil coral (Pachythecalis major) from the Triassic (240 million years ago) in which OM is preserve

31 s of coral origins, tracing them back to the Triassic (~241 Myr).

32 e (>8.6 m) ichthyosaur from the early Middle Triassic (244 Ma), of Nevada.

33 First, we estimate that since the Triassic (250-200 My) until the present, the total paleo

34 the assemblage is early Carnian (early Late Triassic), 5- to 10-Ma younger than previously thought.

35 basal ichthyosauriform from the upper Lower Triassic (about 248 million years ago) of China, whose p

36 Coccomorpha occurred at the beginning of the Triassic, about 245 Ma [228-273], and of the neococcoids

37 n these regions at least by the early Middle Triassic, after the Permian-Triassic mass extinction (PT

38 The Middle Triassic age and lack of the characteristically-elongate

39 her much less diverse dinosaur precursors of Triassic age, such as lagerpetids [1].

40 e body and trace fossil records of the Early Triassic, almost no focus has previously been given to a

41 air and feathers likely evolved in the Early Triassic ancestors of mammals and birds, at a time when

42 otope excursions associated with the Permian-Triassic and Cretaceous-Tertiary events.

43 en evolution, but it conflicts strongly with Triassic and early Jurassic molecular ages, and the disc

44 ariation is widespread across Pangaea in the Triassic and Early Jurassic, and among early-diverging t

45 he clade Triadophlebiomorpha during the Late Triassic and expands its distribution and diversity in A

46 attered reports of putative angiosperms from Triassic and Jurassic rocks.

47 han those with smaller ranges throughout the Triassic and Jurassic.

48 rn dates back to the basal archosaurs of the Triassic and may have been present in their nondinosaur

49 er of species decreases throughout the Early Triassic and never recovers.

50 ting from ~230 to 40 Ma from Australia (Late Triassic and Paleogene of Tasmania; Late Cretaceous Gipp

51 t the decrease of desertic belts between the Triassic and the Cretaceous and the subsequent onset of

52 ncrease in species richness between the Late Triassic and the Cretaceous/Palaeogene (K/Pg) boundary,

53 lm and their apparent success throughout the Triassic and the Jurassic, ichthyosaurs became extinct r

54 en oceanic anoxic events of the Early-Middle Triassic and Toarcian that exceed model limits.

55 dict also that soil fauna across the Permian-Triassic and Triassic-Jurassic boundary events show sign

56 This key interval witnessed the Permian-Triassic and Triassic-Jurassic mass extinctions, the ons

57 s of their evolution, in the Spathian (Early Triassic), and their true diversity has yet to be fully

58 predators was already high in the late Early Triassic, and challenges the traditional view that the e

59 vertebrate diversity recovered by the Middle Triassic, and that diversity was now dominated by reptil

60 w avian-line archosaur from the early Middle Triassic (Anisian) of Tanzania.

61 The discovery of a Middle to Late Triassic ( approximately 225 to 230 million years old) t

62 reptile (Dinocephalosaurus) from the Middle Triassic ( approximately 245 million years ago) of south

63 that allotherian mammals evolved from a Late Triassic (approximately 208 million years ago) Haramiyav

64 oic already were in place during the initial Triassic archosauromorph, largely non-dinosaurian, radia

65 Triassic archosaurs and stem-archosaurs show a remarkabl

66 The radiation of Triassic archosaurs as a whole is characterized by decli

67 auromorphs from the Triassic Period and post-Triassic archosaurs demonstrates the early and extensive

68 -clade angiosperms, which center on the Late Triassic, are considerably older than the unequivocal fo

69 ion of morphospace captured in a single Late Triassic assemblage, and we hypothesize that many of the

70 ico, and an analysis of other regional Upper Triassic assemblages instead imply that the transition w

71 ch CAMP magmatic pulse injected into the end-Triassic atmosphere is comparable to the amount of anthr

72 nov., is described from the Upper Triassic Baijiantan Formation of Xinjiang, northwestern

73 tuations that continued throughout the Early Triassic before ending abruptly early in the Middle Tria

74 Limited Early Triassic benthic recovery was restricted to mid-water de

75 phic sections, to generate a new Cambrian to Triassic biodiversity curve with an imputed temporal res

76 The Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) event, which occurred about 251.

77 is in the history of life around the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) remain controversial.

78 ) is time equivalent with the marine Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB).

79 non-mammalian vertebrates during the Permian-Triassic boundary (~252 Ma).

80 that Endogonaceae originated in the Permian-Triassic boundary and Endogonales originated in the mid-

81 The Siberian Traps at the Permian-Triassic boundary and the Deccan Traps at the Cretaceous

82 Stratotype Section and Point for the Permian-Triassic boundary at Meishan, China, define an age model

83 we report delta(44/40)Ca across the Permian-Triassic boundary from marine limestone in south China.

84 fts in volcanic activity, across the Permian-Triassic boundary in ten marine sections across the Nort

85 an enhanced extinction pulse at the Permian-Triassic boundary interval, particularly among the dicyn

86 most severe extinction event at the Permian-Triassic boundary largely reestablished the preextinctio

87 was a possible kill mechanism for the Permo-Triassic Boundary mass extinction, but direct evidence f

88 ical extinction that occurred at the Permian-Triassic boundary represents the most extensive loss of

89 ckel abundance have been reported in Permian-Triassic boundary sections in China, Israel, Eastern Eur

90 here in the world containing fluvial Permian-Triassic boundary sections suggests that a catastrophic

91 rted occurrences of impact debris in Permian-Triassic boundary sediments worldwide.

92 Hg concentration peaks close to the Permian-Triassic boundary suggest coupling of biotic extinction

93 ced carbon isotopic excursion at the Permian-Triassic boundary was not an isolated event but the firs

94 The mass extinction at the Permian-Triassic boundary, 251 million years (Myr) ago, is accep

95 quickly became extinct near the Early-Middle Triassic boundary, during the last large environmental p

96 orded in carbonate rock spanning the Permian-Triassic boundary.

97 em engineering behaviors through the Permian-Triassic boundary.

98 suggested global impact event at the Permian-Triassic boundary.

99 obal delta(13)C excursion across the Permian-Triassic boundary.

100 ion in Yunnanolimulus luopingensis, a Middle Triassic (ca. 244 million years old) horseshoe crab from

101 By contrast, Late Triassic carbonatites in southernmost Qinling have econo

102 ant 230 million-year-old amber from the Late Triassic (Carnian) of northeastern Italy has previously

103 on of sphenodontian lepidosaur from the Late Triassic (Carnian; 237-228 Mya) of Brazil.

104 r, and perhaps 40 Myr if it rivals the Permo-Triassic catastrophe.

105 bundant CO(2) in basaltic rocks from the end-Triassic Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), thro

106 Fossils from the Hayden Quarry, in the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of New Mexico, and an analysis

107 Mainly known from the Middle Triassic conservation Lagerstatte of Monte San Giorgio o

108 For example, Late Triassic corals have symbiotic values, which tie photosy

109 rediversified dramatically between the Early Triassic crises.

110 held at low levels of diversity by the Early Triassic crises; because global mass extinctions affect

111 ction for novel mammalian behaviours in Late Triassic cynodonts, drove the functional divergence of p

112 reased provincialism between our Permian and Triassic datasets.

113 mong saurischian assemblages during the Late Triassic, demonstrates that the theropod fauna from the

114 We report a Triassic deposit in southwestern Britain that contains s

115 til 30 million years post-extinction in Late Triassic deposits despite time-calibrated phylogenetic a

116 lberg is conspicuous, contrasting to younger Triassic deposits worldwide, but comparable to Early Tri

117 t sauropodomorph remains are known from Late Triassic deposits, most of them Gondwanan.

118 rved fossils of the small-bodied (<1 m) Late Triassic diapsid reptile Drepanosaurus, from the Chinle

119 that were later convergently evolved by post-Triassic dinosaurs.

120 of rapid shifts among size classes in early (Triassic) dinosaurs.

121 ed phylogenetic analyses predicting an Early Triassic divergence for those clades.

122 Consequently, hypotheses of a Late Triassic diversification of the Mammalia that depend on

123 The Triassic dragonfly is extremely rare in China with only

124 hat dinosaurs originated early in the Middle Triassic, during the recovery of life from the devastati

125 eflects a close relationship between the two Triassic entomofaunas from Kyrgyzstan and the Junggar Ba

126 Because the Late Triassic environment across Pangaea was volatile and het

127 in the unpredictable, resource-limited Early Triassic environments, and help explain observed body si

128 iverged from dinosaur ancestors in the Early Triassic epoch (around 245 million years ago); however,

129 y marine reptiles that appeared in the Early Triassic epoch, without any known intermediates.

130 dated to 25 million years later, in the Late Triassic epoch.

131 nov., from the Middle Triassic epoch.

132 the stem group of Myriapoda, the Cambrian to Triassic euthycarcinoids have repeatedly been singled ou

133 several extinctions in addition to the Permo-Triassic event were particularly severe.

134 ongst terrestrial vertebrates across the end-Triassic event.

135 The end-Triassic extinction (ETE) at 201.4 Ma is among the large

136 as having a causal relationship with the end-Triassic extinction event ( approximately 201.5 Ma).

137 In the case of the end-Triassic extinction event, the anomalies as well as the

138 t role in stem turtles surviving the Permian/Triassic extinction event.

139 ses in Hg and Hg/TOC are observed at the end-Triassic extinction horizon, confirming that a volcanica

140 The end-Triassic extinction is characterized by major losses in

141 of paleoecology in the aftermath of the end-Triassic extinction.

142 boundary supports the gradual model of Late Triassic extinctions, mostly predating the boundary itse

143 environments immediately following the Late Triassic extinctions.

144 dinosaurs quickly replaced more archaic Late Triassic faunas, either by outcompeting them or when the

145 deposits worldwide, but comparable to Early Triassic faunas, suggesting a potential long-lasting Lil

146 Late Triassic forests, dominated by low-LMA taxa with inferre

147 time, anurans have been traced back to Early Triassic forms and caecilians have been traced back to t

148 The Laurasian record comprises some Triassic forms, but the bulk is Jurassic in age.

149 ed Forest National Park, Arizona, where Late Triassic fossil trees are exposed, we found 13 examples

150 Triassic fossils demonstrate that close to the origins o

151 a tiny new lepidosauromorph from the Middle Triassic from Vellberg (Germany), which combines a mosai

152 diversification of the dinosaurs in the Late Triassic, from 230 to 200 million years ago, is a classi

153 nctions at the times of three negative Early Triassic global carbon isotopic excursions that resemble

154 of volcanic CO(2) likely contributed to end-Triassic global warming and ocean acidification.

155 ypotheses with these new data show that Late Triassic haramiyids are a separate clade from multituber

156 ose anatomical similarity between the Middle Triassic horseshoe crabs and their recent analogues docu

157 Here, we report the identification of Late Triassic HREE-Mo-rich carbonatites in the northernmost Q

158 his is within the age range of several known Triassic impact craters, the two closest of which, both

159 of heterogeneous tetrapod communities in the Triassic implies that the end-Permian mass extinction af

160 Dinosaurs arose in the early Triassic in the aftermath of the greatest mass extinctio

161 e Cambrian and from the Carboniferous to the Triassic indicate a seawater Mg/Ca of approximately 3.3,

162 nd high precision U-Pb zircon dates from the Triassic-Jurassic (T-J) and Pliensbachian-Toarcian (Pl-T

163 turbations occurred synchronously around the Triassic-Jurassic (T-J) boundary (201 Ma).

164 ented between the extinction horizon and the Triassic-Jurassic boundary (separated by approximately 2

165 rs appeared less than 10,000 years after the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and less than 30,000 years af

166 nhanced rising CO2 concentrations across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary during flood basalt eruptions

167 t soil fauna across the Permian-Triassic and Triassic-Jurassic boundary events show significant size

168 The Triassic-Jurassic boundary marks a major faunal mass ext

169 phyte algae 'disaster taxa' also dominant in Triassic-Jurassic boundary strata of other European sect

170 eosaurid diversity immediately following the Triassic-Jurassic boundary supports the gradual model of

171 arine carbonates and organic matter from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary to the present, we modeled ox

172 erous and concludes approximately around the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, indicating a prolonged respo

173 stems millions of years later, closer to the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.

174 atmospheric carbon dioxide (PCO(2)) near the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.

175 (95% HPD 201-226 Ma) that coincided with the Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction.

176 interval witnessed the Permian-Triassic and Triassic-Jurassic mass extinctions, the onset of fragmen

177 Here, six geographically widespread Triassic-Jurassic records, representing varied paleoenvi

178 logical response to an ecosystem collapse in Triassic-Jurassic strata of the southwest United Kingdom

179 In Triassic-Jurassic strata, Muller Canyon, Nevada, Hg leve

180 onment (~201 to ~174 Ma), notably during the Triassic-Jurassic transition and Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic

181 al strategies of vegetation found across the Triassic-Jurassic transition.

182 es reinforce the idea that Permian-Triassic, Triassic-Jurassic, and Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinct

183 The Triassic/Jurassic boundary, 208 million years ago, is as

184 mations, spanning a 20-Myr period across the Triassic/Jurassic boundary.

185 ng extreme climatic conditions until the end-Triassic, large-bodied, fast-growing tachymetabolic dino

186 The Triassic, lasting from 252 to 201 million years (Myr) ag

187 Importantly, most Triassic lepidosaur specimens are represented by disarti

188 Importantly in the Triassic, lower latitude basins in Tanzania and Zambia i

189 However, emerging discoveries of Early Triassic marine reptiles are questioning this traditiona

190 and marine sediments associated with the end-Triassic mass extinction (ETE) c.

191 The end-Triassic mass extinction (ETE) is associated with a rise

192 l Atlantic magmatic province (CAMP), the end-Triassic mass extinction (ETE), and associated major car

193 Records suggest that the Permo-Triassic mass extinction (PTME) involved one of the most

194 unners of mammals before and after the Permo-Triassic Mass Extinction (PTME), the most catastrophic c

195 the early Middle Triassic, after the Permian-Triassic mass extinction (PTME).

196 phase of diversification following the Permo-Triassic mass extinction and increased over time.

197 ations for the rate and magnitude of the end-Triassic mass extinction and subsequent biotic recovery.

198 ems is reached within 8 My after the Permian-Triassic mass extinction and within 4 My of the time rep

199 us province known-has been linked to the end-Triassic mass extinction event, however reconciling the

200 The age and timing of the Permian-Triassic mass extinction have been difficult to determin

201 The end-Triassic mass extinction is one of the five most catastr

202 The end-Triassic mass extinction overlapped with the eruption of

203 The Permian-Triassic mass extinction was the most severe biotic cris

204 eakened with increasing proximity to the end-Triassic mass extinction, breaking down altogether acros

205 sotopic perturbation coincident with the end-Triassic mass extinction.

206 recovery of life from the devastating Permo-Triassic mass extinction.

207 nd that it continues to rise until the Permo-Triassic mass extinction.

208 conditions in the direct lead up to the end-Triassic mass extinction.

209 Both the end-Permian and end-Triassic mass extinctions also triggered abrupt shifts t

210 tinctions, including the end-Permian and end-Triassic mass extinctions.

211 ropheus bauplan and the complexity of Middle Triassic nearshore ecosystems.

212 We also show that Triassic non-mammalian cynodonts had reduced and densely

213 y of dinosaurs on land near the close of the Triassic now appears to have been as accidental and oppo

214 It is the second Chinese Triassic odonatopteran and the second largest Mesozoic r

215 iculated specimens are known from the Middle Triassic of Alpine Europe and China.

216 onally preserved fossil skull from the Lower Triassic of Brazil, representing a new species, Teyujagu

217 ignis was an unusual archosaur from the Late Triassic of central Asia.

218 Diandongosuchus fuyuanensis from the Middle Triassic of China as the oldest and basalmost phytosaur.

219 e report on a small amphibian from the Upper Triassic of Colorado, United States, with a melange of c

220 a crown with two rows of cusps from the Late Triassic of Greenland.

221 e, Eretmorhipis carrolldongi, from the Lower Triassic of Hubei, China, revealing superficial converge

222 erto enigmatic tetrapod from the Middle/Late Triassic of Kyrgyzstan, which we identify as the geologi

223 t a gigantic nothosaur from the lower Middle Triassic of Luoping in southwest China (eastern Tethyan

224 kely gen. et sp. nov.) from the Mid-to-Upper Triassic of Madagascar that represents one of the smalle

225 trates that the theropod fauna from the Late Triassic of North America was not endemic, and suggests

226 aurs (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) in the Middle Triassic of the Luoping localities in Yunnan, southweste

227 ramiyavia clemmenseni from the Rhaetic (Late Triassic) of East Greenland has held an important place

228 ersification was well underway by the Middle Triassic or earlier.

229 no orders are lost immediately after the end-Triassic or end-Cretaceous mass extinctions).

230 oevolutionary scenarios exist to explain the Triassic origin and subsequent rise to dominance of dino

231 Molecular time estimates support a Triassic origin for the major groups of living reptiles.

232 Our findings also favour a Late Triassic origin of mammals in Laurasia and two independe

233 Kongonaphon is recovered as a member of the Triassic ornithodiran clade Lagerpetidae, expanding the

234 own only from the Middle and lowermost Upper Triassic outside North America.

235 structures in rocks younger than the Permian-Triassic (P-Tr) extinction have been reported repeatedly

236 microbial community changes across the Permo/Triassic (P/Tr) boundary at Meishan in South China.

237 s and Odontochelys and dates from the Middle Triassic period ( approximately 240 million years ago).

238 rms, a widely distributed radiation from the Triassic period (around 252-201 million years ago), are

239 any of those "dinosaurian" body plans in the Triassic Period [6-8].

240 onvergence between archosauromorphs from the Triassic Period and post-Triassic archosaurs demonstrate

241 saurus-like taxa have been reported from the Triassic period of both Gondwana and Laurasia, but their

242 or at low paleolatitudes throughout the Late Triassic Period, a pattern persisting 30 million years a

243 rn ecological roles had developed during the Triassic Period, over 200 million years ago.

244 dinosaurian dominance through the end of the Triassic Period.

245 rocodilians and birds, which occurred in the Triassic period.

246 origin at 220 million years ago, in the Late Triassic period.

247 stability at low diversity through the Early Triassic period.

248 2, and higher atmospheric CO2 for the entire Triassic Period.

249 y marks the boundary between the Permian and Triassic Periods at circa 252 Ma and has been linked wit

250 of the early conifer Notophytum from Middle Triassic permineralized peat of Antarctica.

251 One of these groups from the Late Triassic, Phytosauria, is well known from a near-Pangean

252 High temperatures drove most Early Triassic plants and animals out of equatorial terrestria

253 Triassic predatory guild evolution reflects a period of

254 The poorly understood Triassic reptile Drepanosaurus is known for its excessiv

255 cus is one of the most remarkable and iconic Triassic reptiles.

256 Triassic sauropterygians have dorsoventrally compact, an

257 changes during the transition from nearshore Triassic sauropterygians to the later, pelagic plesiosau

258 possesses the largest known lower jaw among Triassic sauropterygians.

259 suggests parallel evolution of gigantism in Triassic sauropterygians.

260 rrence of arborane biomarkers in Permian and Triassic sediments, which predates the accepted origin o

261 ldest, unambiguous pterosaurs from the Upper Triassic series.

262 ture from wide-angle seismic data across the Triassic South Georgia Rift that formed shortly before C

263 t form was unexpected, particularly with the Triassic species already having many of their present-da

264 The Triassic specimens are a nematoceran fly (Diptera) and t

265 We introduce a new Triassic stem archosaur that is unexpectedly and remarka

266 e that sustained morphological innovation in Triassic stem-group mammals culminated in a global adapt

267 including that of the oldest fully shelled, Triassic stem-turtle Proganochelys, to evaluate the role

268 emonstrate that the diversity of Permian and Triassic stereospondyls also falls within this group.

269 reported Peronosporomycetes from Devonian to Triassic strata at widely separated localities elsewhere

270 ion of Amniota from the Carboniferous to the Triassic, subjecting a new supertree to analyses of tree

271 racted and complex than their simple Permian-Triassic switch in diversity.

272 quence have recently been highlighted by the Triassic taxa Pappochelys, Eorhynchochelys and Odontoche

273 ry and less than 30,000 years after the last Triassic taxa, synchronous with a terrestrial mass extin

274 tetrapod groups common in later Permian and Triassic temperate communities were already present in t

275 poses a succession of Upper Permian to Lower Triassic terrestrial strata containing abundant terrestr

276 lesced into the single landmass Pangea, Late Triassic terrestrial tetrapod assemblages are surprising

277 Present knowledge of Late Triassic tetrapod evolution, including the rise of dinos

278 volutionary radiation during the Middle-Late Triassic that produced distinct morphological and behavi

279 se to exceptionally high values in the Early Triassic that were inimical to life in equatorial latitu

280 volutionary history dating back to the lower Triassic, the group has received comparatively little at

281 ly arose between the early Jurassic and late Triassic; they diversified worldwide and now occupy many

282 biogeographically fragmented fauna by Middle Triassic times (Anisian, approximately 242 Ma).

283 iberian Basin in central Russia during Permo-Triassic times.

284 ermian mass extinction, and radiating in the Triassic to dominate Mesozoic ecosystems.

285 vosaurid, either in a polytomy with the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic Clevosaurus and Brachyrhinodo

286 With a Late Triassic to Early Jurassic origin (226-187 Ma) it is the

287 he North Qinling Belt ( 45-55 km) during the Triassic to Jurassic but fluctuates in the South Qinling

288 le basaltic units interbedded with uppermost Triassic to lowermost Jurassic sediments.

289 13)C(TOC) record for the uppermost Rhaetian (Triassic) to Pliensbachian (Lower Jurassic), derived fro

290 The Permian-Triassic transition in the Karoo Basin of South Africa w

291 time series reinforce the idea that Permian-Triassic, Triassic-Jurassic, and Cretaceous-Paleogene ma

292 redox history for the Late Permian to Early Triassic, using multiple sections across a shelf-to-basi

293 The Middle Triassic was a time of major changes in tetrapod faunas

294 The Triassic was a time of turmoil, as life recovered from n

295 t that the equatorial humid belt in the Late Triassic was about as wide as it is today.

296 saurs, which began diversifying in the Early Triassic, were likely beneficiaries of this ecological r

297 evolved in stem Crocodylomorpha, during the Triassic when taxa were smaller, terrestrial, and long-l

298 tary divergence (27.6%) occurred in the late Triassic, when Iguania and Scleroglossa split.

299 evolution of modern marine ecosystems in the Triassic where the same level of complexity as observed

300 erse and had a wide distribution by the Late Triassic, with a novel ornithodiran bauplan including le