ライフサイエンスコーパス: WG

1 WG consumption for 4-8 wk determined a 4-fold increase i

2 WG definitions focus on the principal components of the

3 WG wheat consumption significantly increased excreted FA

4 WG-4 kinks and stiffens the peptide backbone, which may

5 WGs also showed synaptic potentiation of inhibitory inpu

6 WGs appear to be effective at normalizing blood glucose

7 l components of the grain, and contained 10% WG.

8 roups (4.4% of all food codes) contained 10% WG.

9 ly immature this vasculature was, even at 11 WG: no basement membrane, absence of pericytes, and poor

10 and increased significantly between 7 and 12 WG.

11 As development progressed (12 WG), blood vessels became more mature structurally with

12 39, existed in the inner retina from 7 to 12 WG.

13 was performed on eyes at 11, 14, 16, and 22 WG.

14 alphaSMA was prominent at 22 WG, and the maturation of pericytes was confirmed by TEM

15 The level of both ligands declined by 22 WG.

16 ficant PV-1 were not observed until 21 to 22 WG.

17 ontained 51%, 30.6% 25-50%, and 37.9% 10-24% WG dry matter as eaten.

18 Since foods containing <51% WG accounted for the majority of WG food codes identifie

19 (BI) in the embryonic vitreous cavity (5.5-7 WG).

20 All EC markers were present in the CC by 7 WG.

21 se activity were present in the CC by 7 to 9 WG.

22 definition for a WG, with a definition for a WG food still in its early stages; a standard definition

23 ists on the main parts of a definition for a WG, with a definition for a WG food still in its early s

24 allele for CTLA-4 expression may represent a WG-related susceptibility mutation that accounts, in par

25 316 overweight and obese participants with a WG intake of <30 g/d were recruited and randomly assigne

26 Fourteen patients were treated for active WG using a standardized regimen of CYC and glucocorticoi

27 roved at 6 months, but intermittently active WG (occasionally severe) was common.

28 ase remission or had recent flares of active WG.

29 One hundred eighty patients with active WG were enrolled and followed up for a median of 27 mont

30 alternative therapy for patients with active WG, including those with severe disease at onset.

31 h HIV viremia and in individuals with active WG, indicating that expression of this receptor is modul

32 discriminating endogenous metabolites after WG versus refined grain (RG) wheat bread consumption.

33 and Bacteroidetes abundances, whereas after WG consumption, it correlated with increased Bacteroidet

34 leus (0.34 +/- 0.14), RG (0.20 +/- 0.04) and WG (0.15 +/- 0.08); Y was higher in soleus versus both R

35 ith disease activity (P = 1.3 x 10(-4)), and WG patients with low-level expression of the WG signatur

36 1.0; Lo, 15.3 +/- 1.3; Hi, 10.2 +/- 1.6) and WG (mmHg: rest, 19.0 +/- 1.3; Lo, 12.2 +/- 1.1; Hi, 9.9

37 HNE ANCAs may discriminate between CIMDL and WG, whereas a positive test result for PR3 ANCA may not.

38 te lower (.-)V(O(2) and (.-)Q(O(2) in MG and WG under each set of conditions.

39 ); Y was higher in soleus versus both RG and WG during contraction.

40 w-twitch (soleus) versus fast-twitch (RG and WG) muscle during contraction, and (3) relative flux thr

41 and generally fall into 2 categories: WG and WG food.

42 fied during the meeting for defining WGs and WG foods internationally.

43 Definitions of WGs and WG foods that are uniformly adopted by research, food in

44 omprehensive biomarker pool to better assess WG wheat consumption, and to monitor the endogenous chan

45 is a summary of the reports from the 4 Pre-B WGs.

46 hort in which a positive association between WG and longer alleles of (AT)n in the Ctla4 3'-UTR was d

47 alysis showed monotonic associations between WG intake and mortality (Pnonlinearity>0.05).

48 ohort studies reporting associations between WG intake and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular

49 odies may determine some differences between WG and MPA.

50 WG PBMCs corresponded to changes in the BVAS-WG score over time.

51 ngham Vasculitis Activity Score for WG (BVAS-WG).

52 BVAS/WG scores improved at 6 months, but intermittently activ

53 We analyzed 2,044 BVAS/WG assessments from 180 patients; 734 assessments were s

54 Sixteen of the patients (80%) achieved BVAS/WG scores of 0 at some point.

55 ctivity Score/Wegener's Granulomatosis (BVAS/WG)=0 off prednisone.

56 ity Score for Wegener's granulomatosis [BVAS/WG] score of 0) at month 6.

57 mparable to CYC in remission-induction (BVAS/WG=0) at 6 months (IRR 1.37 [95% CI 0.91 to 2.08], P=0.1

58 The mean BVAS/WG at entry was 3.6 (range 1-8), which decreased at 6 mo

59 Compared with the original BVAS/WG, this modified score correlated significantly more st

60 ve vasculitis at screening (mean +/- SD BVAS/WG score 8.6 +/- 3.2).

61 hen validated the new, disease-specific BVAS/WG in 2 simulation exercises and a clinical case series

62 mulation exercises was r = 0.93 for the BVAS/WG and r = 0.88 for the PGA in the first and r = 0.91 fo

63 e PGA in the first and r = 0.91 for the BVAS/WG and r = 0.88 for the PGA in the second.

64 ank correlation coefficient between the BVAS/WG and the PGA was r = 0.81 (95% confidence interval 0.7

65 Correlations between the scores on the BVAS/WG and the physician's global assessment (PGA) of diseas

66 n exercises and in actual patients, the BVAS/WG correlates well with the PGA, is sensitive to change,

67 This study used the BVAS/WG data from the Wegener's Granulomatosis Etanercept Tri

68 The BVAS/WG is a valid, disease-specific activity index for WG.

69 t observer effect in the scoring of the BVAS/WG or the PGA.

70 The INSSYS will use the BVAS/WG to assess the primary outcome in a phase II/III trial

71 The discriminant validity of the BVAS/WG was good: r = 0.73 (95% confidence interval 0.43-0.83

72 the item selection and weighting of the BVAS/WG.

73 ngham Vasculitis Activity Score for WG (BVAS/WG) in 20 patients with persistently active disease or w

74 ies influenced fecal FA and were modified by WG wheat consumption.

75 (GSEA) was performed to search for candidate WG-associated molecular pathways and disease activity bi

76 ations and generally fall into 2 categories: WG and WG food.

77 usion exists over which foods are considered WGs and how much is needed to achieve health benefits.

78 We hypothesized that consuming WGs in the place of RGs would improve MetS criteria in i

79 uggests that, in contrast to RG consumption, WG wheat consumption may facilitate antioxidant defense

80 subjects were examined for foods containing WG.

81 e identified during the meeting for defining WGs and WG foods internationally.

82 Z and S alleles with the risk of developing WG in a large cohort.

83 (b)M(187-195) response have a distinct "(D/E)WG" motif formed by a limited number of recombination st

84 Each WG was asked to 1) develop a series of topics relevant t

85 e, nutrition policy advises consumers to eat WGs for at least one-half of their total grain intake (2

86 ontrolled weight-loss diet containing either WG or RG (control) products for 12 wk.

87 or with new flares of previously established WG.

88 Pooled relative risks comparing extreme WG categories (high versus low) were 0.84 (95% confidenc

89 a valid, disease-specific activity index for WG.

90 the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score for WG (BVAS-WG).

91 the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score for WG (BVAS/WG) in 20 patients with persistently active dis

92 y) which was added to standard therapies for WG (glucocorticoids, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, aza

93 et [-6.8 nmol/g (13.0 nmol/g) dry weight for WG compared with 1.8 nmol/g (12.3 nmol/g) dry weight for

94 analysis, maltoheptaose was identified from WG-PS3 as an immunomodulator.

95 subjects and those who consumed 60 or 120 g WG, but not between those who consumed 60 and 120 g WG.

96 not between those who consumed 60 and 120 g WG.

97 tion 2 (60 g WG/d for 8 wk followed by 120 g WG/d for 8 wk).

98 ol (no dietary change), intervention 1 (60 g WG/d for 16 wk), or intervention 2 (60 g WG/d for 8 wk f

99 0 g WG/d for 16 wk), or intervention 2 (60 g WG/d for 8 wk followed by 120 g WG/d for 8 wk).

100 (FC), feed efficiency (FE) and weight gain (WG) exhibited low genomic heritability values (i.e. from

101 the HFHS group, the top 33% weight gainers (WGs) had a more hyperpolarized VP with longer latency to

102 rtical components of the whispering gallery (WG) modes formed can be effectively suppressed.

103 (0.41 +/- 0.22) versus white gastrocnemius (WG) (0.18 +/- 0.11).

104 t-twitch, type IIa) and white gastrocnemius (WG, fast-twitch, type IIb) muscle.

105 nitive systems, such as Watson for Genomics (WG), integrate massive amounts of new omic data with the

106 r content of the TCR containing the germline WG motif in the CDR3, and a remarkable sharing of one do

107 l human eyes from 5.5 to 12 weeks gestation (WG) were prepared for immunohistochemical analysis or fo

108 al human eyes from 7 to 22 weeks' gestation (WG), using antibodies against PAL-E, PV-1 (fenestrations

109 human eyes at from 6 to 23 weeks' gestation (WG).

110 teristics: surface glia (SG), wrapping glia (WG) and carpet glia (CG).

111 y modifying adjacent tryptophan and glycine (WG) residues in the catalytic domain.

112 This study aimed to assess the whole grain (WG) content of foods consumed in the UK which include in

113 Definitions for whole grain (WG) have been published by governments, the food industr

114 indings on associations between whole grain (WG) intake and mortality are inconsistent and have not b

115 Mounting evidence suggests that whole grain (WG) intake plays an important role in chronic disease pr

116 entrations may be biomarkers of whole grain (WG) wheat and rye intakes.

117 an inverse association between whole-grain (WG) consumption and inflammation.

118 Epidemiology associates whole-grain (WG) consumption with several health benefits.

119 Higher whole-grain (WG) intake is associated with a lower prevalence of meta

120 Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) have been reporte

121 essel vasculitides Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA).

122 Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is a systemic inflammatory disease that is associate

123 Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is a systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology.

124 t(s) that triggers Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is unknown.

125 s C infection, and Wegener's granulomatosis (WG), an inflammatory, granulomatous vasculitis.

126 susceptibility to Wegener's granulomatosis (WG).

127 ly thought to have Wegener's granulomatosis (WG).

128 t in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis (WG).

129 ibodies (ANCAs) in Wegener's granulomatosis (WG).

130 (cANCA)-associated Wegener's granulomatosis (WG).

131 PSV, subgroups (47 Wegener's granulomatosis [WG], 12 microscopic polyangiitis, 16 Churg-Strauss syndr

132 ncreased in the whole grain-rich diet group (WG) but not in the refined grain-based diet group (RG) (

133 tional Cancer Institute (NCI) Working Group (WG) Criteria.

134 Institute (NHLBI) convened a Working Group (WG) on August 5 to 6, 2010 in Bethesda, Maryland to disc

135 o-face twice yearly, and its working groups (WGs) are active throughout the year via teleconferences.

136 ect organizers established 4 working groups (WGs) to address the following themes: 1) nutrient specif

137 d contains a C-terminal extension rich in GW/WG repeats.

138 Recently, GW/WG motifs of some VSRs have been proposed to dictate the

139 Alanine substitution showed that GW/WG motifs in Delta12 (Delta12a, amino acids 896-1045) we

140 2 can interact with hAgo via three of the GW/WG repeats in its Argonaute-binding domain: motif-1, mot

141 be used to distinguish between low- and high-WG consumers.

142 ), we generate expression datasets (Illumina WG 6.2 arrays) in the normal mouse retina and 2 days aft

143 ic transcriptome was profiled using Illumina WG-6v2.0 chip in control and AngII infused (490 ng/kg/mi

144 Eighty-six genes in WG PBMCs and 40 in WG polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) were significant

145 present novel markers of disease activity in WG.

146 capture the continuum of disease activity in WG.

147 Reported frequencies of HNE ANCAs in WG and other autoimmune diseases range from 0% to 20%.

148 r genetic studies of immune dysregulation in WG, the pathogenesis of which may be facilitated by mult

149 rial to assess the efficacy of etanercept in WG has begun.

150 ome in a phase II/III trial of etanercept in WG.

151 ed T cell activation and clonal expansion in WG.

152 In contrast to the findings in WG sera, measurement of PR3 ANCA in CIMDL sera showed on

153 Eighty-six genes in WG PBMCs and 40 in WG polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN

154 ssion values of the 86 up-regulated genes in WG PBMCs were associated with disease activity (P = 1.3

155 For each 16-g/d increase in WG ( approximately 1 serving per d), relative risks of t

156 ed that the fold change in PR3 RNA levels in WG PBMCs corresponded to changes in the BVAS-WG score ov

157 alse discovery rate [FDR] 0.002), but not in WG PMNs (P = 0.03, FDR 0.28), and a preliminary longitud

158 k doubled the baseline concentration only in WG subjects.

159 nscription was significantly up-regulated in WG PBMCs (P = 1.3 x 10(-5), false discovery rate [FDR] 0

160 Genes up-regulated in WG PBMCs were involved in myeloid differentiation, and t

161 ity.We assessed the effects of diets rich in WGs compared with refined grains (RGs) on immune and inf

162 gnaling, preventing its differentiation into WG.

163 ease FGF to induce SGs' differentiation into WG.

164 nt differences between patients with limited WG and those with severe WG with regard to sex, age, the

165 Patients with limited WG were less likely than those with severe disease to ha

166 ods for correctly and objectively monitoring WG wheat intake.

167 oxidative (soleus) versus glycolytic muscle (WG) during rest and in slow-twitch (soleus) versus fast-

168 One patient experienced an NCI WG partial remission.

169 In multivariate analysis, both NCI-WG and NHL-CT response correlated with PFS (P = .009 and

170 Responses by NCI-WG criteria included five complete responses (CRs), 32 p

171 Current NCI-WG CLL response criteria are a significant predictor of

172 National Cancer Institute-Working Group (NCI-WG) criteria for CLL and followed for survival.

173 National Cancer Institute Working Group (NCI-WG) guidelines, the complete response (CR) rate as asses

174 ancer Institute-sponsored Working Group (NCI-WG) response criteria for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (

175 Using NCI-WG criteria, progression-free survival (PFS) was 27.3 mo

176 lymphoma (NHL) response definitions with NCI-WG response.

177 nalysis demonstrated inverse associations of WG intake with total and cause-specific mortality, and f

178 udies, was used to investigate biomarkers of WG wheat intake and further explore the diet-disease ass

179 developed to follow a hypothetical cohort of WG patients over their lifetimes starting from the time

180 ds consumed confirms the low contribution of WG foods to the overall pattern of foods consumed in the

181 h can provide spatiotemporal coordination of WG differentiation with the progressive differentiation

182 ch recommends at least 3 servings per day of WG intake.

183 ed all patients who had a first diagnosis of WG during 1990-2005, using Oxford Information System and

184 ients (51.2% male) with a first diagnosis of WG were identified during 1990-2005.

185 changes that are linked to health effects of WG wheat consumption.

186 o be capable of activating the expression of WG target genes.

187 The overall annual incidence of WG was 8.4 per million (95% confidence interval [95% CI]

188 Intakes of WG ingredients in dry weight were estimated among studie

189 aining <51% WG accounted for the majority of WG food codes identified, recognising the importance of

190 lasma alkylresorcinols (compliance marker of WG intake) were measured at baseline and at 6 and 12 wk.

191 d plasma total alkyresorcinols (a measure of WG intake) (P < 0.0001), stool weight (P < 0.0001), stoo

192 Moreover, mutation of WG/GW motifs present in P1N-PISPO abolished its silencin

193 The relatively small number of WG foods identified in the total number of foods consume

194 e no data on the incidence and prevalence of WG from primary care.

195 rst study of the incidence and prevalence of WG in a database from a primary care population.

196 to estimate the incidence and prevalence of WG in the GPRD population.

197 nd ACF1 are required for basal repression of WG target genes in Drosophila.

198 S alleles display associations with risk of WG in a codominant genetic pattern.

199 tion, excretion, and the physiologic role of WG wheat polyphenols in subjects with suboptimal dietary

200 o investigate the formation and structure of WG-4.

201 visualize relationships between subgroups of WG patients and controls.

202 ive, standardized trial for the treatment of WG was performed using CYC and glucocorticoids for remis

203 MTX and glucocorticoids for the treatment of WG was performed.

204 ept and cyclophosphamide in the treatment of WG, indicate that the combination of TNF inhibition and

205 nical evidence with regard to the benefit of WGs compared with refined grains (RGs) on MetS.

206 concentrations.The short-term consumption of WGs in a weight-maintenance diet increases stool weight

207 Definitions of WGs and WG foods that are uniformly adopted by research,

208 WG-food definitions describe the quantity of WGs present in food.

209 Herein, wheatgrass-derived oligosaccharides (WG-PS3) were isolated and found to induce CD69 and Th1 c

210 ommon amino acids) was exposed to HOCl, only WG produced a high yield of the chloroindolenine derivat

211 secutive patients with refractory ophthalmic WG treated with rituximab were retrospectively reviewed.

212 ement in patients with refractory ophthalmic WG.

213 In particular, WG-PS3 directly activated the purified monocytes by indu

214 a low-glycemic whole-grain dietary pattern (WG) compared with a dietary pattern high in refined grai

215 se alone produced wing discs with precocious WG, CT and SENS expression.

216 tomic mass units smaller than its precursor (WG-4).

217 ctively in the discs also promoted premature WG, CUT and SENS expression in the wing discs of sucrose

218 istory items, and information about previous WG treatments and risk factors for malignancy were recor

219 the peptide VVWGTA to a chlorinated product, WG+32(Cl).

220 the formation of a novel oxidation product, WG-4, through modification of adjacent tryptophan and gl

221 porting relative risks for >/=3 quantitative WG categories, and they were <50 g/d among most study po

222 h convened in Washington, DC, and recognized WG definitions as a key nutrition and public health-rela

223 asma AR concentrations reflect self-reported WG food intake in a 16-wk WG intervention study and to e

224 omly assigned to consume a whole grain-rich (WG) or a refined grain-based (RG) diet for 6 wk.

225 onths after the first course), the patient's WG has remained in complete remission.

226 d to map 5fC/5caC at the whole-genome scale (WG-MAB-seq), within specific genomic regions enriched fo

227 st R(2) with the PGA was obtained by scoring WG activity based on the following items: the 25 predefi

228 plied to crude (CG) and waste guarana seeds (WG) to process these materials into natural added-value

229 d wheat (RW) with a fixed amount of selected WG wheat or RW products for 8 wk.

230 tients with limited WG and those with severe WG with regard to sex, age, the likelihood of recurrent

231 in the evaluation of patients with suspected WG.

232 Our results argue that WG signaling activates target gene expression partly by

233 Our observations indicate that WG may represent a specific sequence motif in proteins t

234 Mounting evidence suggests that WG wheat polyphenols play a role in mechanisms underlyin

235 The WG content was then determined from ingredient lists, ma

236 The WG participants reviewed key areas in HT and identified

237 The WG was also asked to include approaches that capitalize

238 The WG was composed of researchers with expertise in the bas

239 mine, and oxaloacetate were higher after the WG diet than after the RG diet, whereas melatonin, betai

240 orable metabolic profiles detected after the WG diet.

241 Finally, the WG was charged with developing recommendations that woul

242 ets for 6 wk.Compared with the RG group, the WG group had increased plasma total alkyresorcinols (a m

243 mall compared with other patient groups, the WG strongly urged concerted efforts to enroll every tran

244 centrations of menaquinones decreased in the WG diet compared with the RG diet [-6.8 nmol/g (13.0 nmo

245 Using sera collected in the WG Etanercept Trial, we selected samples from patients w

246 umor necrosis factor-alpha (P = 0.04) in the WG group than in the RG group, which were positively ass

247 nd total SCFAs (P = 0.05) were higher in the WG group than in the RG group.

248 with higher excretion of FA and DHFA in the WG group was found.

249 (P = 0.10) trended toward being lower in the WG than in the RG.

250 ined, the favorable energetic effects in the WG translated into a 92-kcal/d (95% CI: 28, 156-kcal/d)

251 in stool energy density, were higher in the WG.

252 loid differentiation, and these included the WG autoantigen PR3.

253 d the expression of potential targets of the WG and DPP signaling pathways in these embryos.

254 0.04) were lower with the consumption of the WG compared with the RG diet.

255 esorcinols increased with consumption of the WG diet and did not change with consumption of the RG di

256 WG patients with low-level expression of the WG signature genes showed expression profiles that were

257 ment had failed to maintain remission of the WG, and methotrexate was contraindicated.

258 , a list of 40 outcomes was presented to the WG and underwent voting.

259 plasma AR concentrations increased with the WG intervention and could be used to distinguish between

260 The WGs are postmitotic and wraps PR axons.

261 ons focus on the principal components of the WGs and their proportions, whereas WG-food definitions d

262 t Wingless signaling reduces ACF1 binding to WG targets, and ISWI and ACF1 regulate repression by ant

263 recognising the importance of these foods to WG intake is essential.

264 specific conversion of tryptophan-glycine to WG-4.

265 with conversion of the precursor peptide to WG-4 but not with methionine oxidation.

266 important disease manifestations specific to WG, and to streamline the instrument for use in clinical

267 alpha(1) AT deficiency and susceptibility to WG.

268 udy was to understand the biology underlying WG and to discover markers of disease activity that woul

269 ts of the WGs and their proportions, whereas WG-food definitions describe the quantity of WGs present

270 on sucrose alone showed suppressed Wingless (WG), Cut (CT) and Senseless (SENS) expression.

271 , drug allergy (with PSV 3.6 [1.8-7.0], with WG 4.0 [1.8-8.7], and with cANCA 4.7 [1.9-11.7]), and al

272 he index year (with PSV 3.4 [0.9-12.5], with WG 4.8 [1.2-19.8], and with classic ANCA [cANCA] 3.9 [1.

273 cohort of 604 consecutive patients (64 with WG, 14 with microscopic polyangiitis [MPA], and 526 othe

274 ted with PSV (OR 2.3 [95% CI 1.2-4.6]), with WG (2.7 [1.2-5.8]), with MPA (6.3 [1.9-21.6]), and with

275 rking lifetime (with PSV 2.7 [1.1-6.6], with WG 3.4 [1.3-8.9], and with cANCA 3.3 [1.0-10.8]), drug a

276 llergy overall (with PSV 2.2 [1.2-3.9], with WG 2.7 [1.4-5.7]).

277 associated with PSV (2.2 [1.2-3.8]) and with WG (2.7 [1.3-5.7]).

278 ead exposure were positively associated with WG as compared with either control group, although the n

279 history of allergy was also associated with WG as compared with either control group.

280 1) AT deficiency variant, is associated with WG.

281 lasma AR concentrations were correlated with WG intake and could be used to distinguish between low-

282 e and less likely to be newly diagnosed with WG at the time of randomization.

283 LA-4, a receptor for T cell inhibition, with WG.

284 nes and CTLA-4 in 117 American patients with WG and 123 ethnically matched healthy controls.

285 d by telephone interview to 53 patients with WG and 2 control groups: one with osteoarthritis and the

286 granulocyte fractions from 41 patients with WG and 23 healthy control subjects.

287 d S in 433 unrelated Caucasian patients with WG and 421 ethnically matched controls.

288 udies have shown that 5-27% of patients with WG carried the alpha(1) AT deficiency Z allele.

289 Compared with controls, patients with WG had a significantly lower frequency of homozygosity f

290 Sera from 61 PR3 ANCA-positive patients with WG or MPA were assayed by capture enzyme-linked immunoso

291 Sera obtained from patients with WG or MPA were universally HNE ANCA-negative, as were se

292 Among the patients with WG, the allele carriage frequencies of Z and S were 7.4%

293 In patients with WG-like symptoms it is important to consider this altern

294 dnisone as initial therapy for patients with WG-related glomerulonephritis and a normal or near-norma

295 rom what has been described in patients with WG.

296 case series that involved 117 patients with WG.

297 eatments was well-tolerated in patients with WG.

298 sed interleukin (IL)-10 only after 4 wk with WG compared with RW (P = 0.04) were observed.

299 Replacing RGs with WGs within a weight-loss diet does not beneficially affe

300 lect self-reported WG food intake in a 16-wk WG intervention study and to establish which phenotypic