ライフサイエンスコーパス: abasic

1 rified recombinant Shu complex recognizes an abasic analog on a double-flap substrate, which prevents

2 a human enzyme able to recognize and process abasic and oxidized ribonucleotides embedded in DNA.

3 Abasic (AP) lesions are the most frequent type of damage

4 e of DNA is a common event that generates an abasic (Ap) site (1).

5 on of DNA deoxyribose generates the oxidized abasic (AP) site 2-deoxyribonolactone (dL).

6 tly reported that the aldehyde residue of an abasic (Ap) site in duplex DNA can generate an interstra

7 s of a base in DNA leading to creation of an abasic (AP) site leaving a deoxyribose residue in the st

8 0 M(-1) s(-1)) with high specificity for the abasic (AP) site of DNA.

9 Replacement of oxoG with abasic (AP) site rescued the activity, and calculations

10 We found that blocking of abasic (AP) sites abolishes higher survival of Mutyh-def

11 pe of interstrand DNA-DNA cross-link between abasic (Ap) sites and 2'-deoxyadenosine (dA) residues wa

12 Abasic (AP) sites and strand breaks are frequently occur

13 Abasic (Ap) sites are common lesions in genomic DNA that

14 Abasic (AP) sites are one of the most common DNA lesions

15 DNA abasic (AP) sites are one of the most frequent lesions i

16 Abasic (AP) sites are potent blocks to DNA and RNA polym

17 Abasic (AP) sites are the most common lesions arising in

18 indicates that PARP1 binds to DNA at nicks, abasic (AP) sites, and ends as a monomer.

19 Among all types of DNA damage known, abasic (AP) sites, sourced from base excision repair and

20 oxanthine, and etheno bases from DNA to form abasic (AP) sites.

21 res of Nei enzymes unliganded or bound to an abasic (apurinic or apyrimidinic) site, until now there

22 8-oxo-G) from DNA and then nicks the nascent abasic (apurinic/apyrimidinic) site by beta-elimination.

23 Abasic (apurinic/apyrimidinic) sites are among the most

24 itro that POLD3 promotes extension beyond an abasic by the Poldelta holoenzyme suggesting that while

25 AG and AlkA catalyze reactions between bound abasic DNA and small, primary alcohols to form novel DNA

26 rstanding of the chemistry and enzymology of abasic DNA largely relies upon the study of AP sites in

27 cal uracil search, contribute to binding the abasic DNA product and help present the DNA product to A

28 ure revealed TDG (catalytic domain) bound to abasic DNA product in a 2:1 complex, one subunit at the

29 a single uracil, giving the complex with the abasic DNA product.

30 glycosylase II (AlkA) bind tightly to their abasic DNA products, potentially protecting these reacti

31 abnormal interaction of R237C and G241R with abasic DNA substrates, but is not simply due to a DNA bi

32 p2 and Tdp2-DNA complexes with alkylated and abasic DNA that unveil a dynamic Tdp2 active site lid an

33 the DNA-O-glycosides are converted back into abasic DNA upon being incubated with AAG or AlkA in the

34 sed base from its tight product complex with abasic DNA, contrary to previous reports.

35 DG forms a tight enzyme-product complex with abasic DNA, which severely impedes enzymatic turnover.

36 ifier (SUMO) proteins weakens its binding to abasic DNA.

37 ted one of our unnatural DNAs in stabilizing abasic DNA.

38 role of TFAM in facilitating the turnover of abasic DNA.

39 due acts to anchor the intercalating loop on abasic DNA.

40 Several different abasic duplexes achieve potent and selective inhibition,

41 on to the functional activation of the major abasic endonuclease in mammalian base excision repair (B

42 yrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is the main abasic endonuclease in the base excision repair (BER) pa

43 be recognized by uracil DNA glycosylase and abasic endonuclease to produce single-strand breaks.

44 The oxidized abasic lesion 5'-(2-phosphoryl-1,4-dioxobutane) (DOB) is

45 v1 in ternary complex with DNA containing an abasic lesion and with dCTP as the incoming nucleotide.

46 , among the enzymes, hPoleta has the highest abasic lesion bypass efficiency.

47 ggest that hPoleta is best suited to perform abasic lesion bypass in vivo.

48 uencing assays to determine the sequences of abasic lesion bypass products synthesized by human Y-fam

49 To provide complete mutation spectra for abasic lesion bypass, we employed short oligonucleotide

50 ic bond, the ability of Rev1 to stabilize an abasic lesion in its active site and employ a surrogate

51 e reveals a mechanism of synthesis across an abasic lesion that differs from that in other polymerase

52 This enzyme inserts a C opposite an abasic lesion with much greater catalytic efficiency tha

53 -16.8 min) in NCPs is shorter than any other abasic lesion.

54 We further demonstrate that destabilizing abasic lesions alter the loop distributions so as to fav

55 nitiating removal of mutagenic and cytotoxic abasic lesions as part of the base excision repair (BER)

56 1) is responsible for the initial removal of abasic lesions as part of the base excision repair pathw

57 In addition, clusters of two or more abasic lesions within one to two turns of DNA, a hallmar

58 ly sensitive to 3'-OH base mispairs and 3' N:abasic lesions, which elicited 1000- to >20000-fold decr

59 erant of 5'-phosphate base mispairs and 5' N:abasic lesions.

60 1,N (6)-ethenodeoxyadenosine (edA) using an abasic-like mode, Poltheta performs predominantly error-

61 ns flanking the G4 have been connected by an abasic linker to form G4 clamps, varying both linker len

62 RNA with 4-thiouridine, 4-deoxyuridine, and abasic modifications and G378/379 with 2-aminopurine, N7

63 residues 427-580) bound to DNA containing an abasic nucleotide paired with guanine, providing a glimp

64 The combination of single-atom and abasic nucleotide substitutions provides a powerful stra

65 binding interactions, and by substitution of abasic nucleotides we identify the positions on the ASO

66 th DNAs containing alkylated, mismatched and abasic nucleotides.

67 ducts from DNA such as phosphoglycolates and abasic or apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites.

68 lbeta), and different BER DNA intermediates (abasic or gapped DNA).

69 Whether RNase H2 may process abasic or oxidized rNMPs incorporated in DNA is unknown.

70 fication rates for free TDG and TDG bound to abasic or undamaged DNA.

71 sential intermediates by overcoming slow TDG-abasic product dissociation during active DNA demethylat

72 uation in other glycosylases, release of the abasic product is faster than N-glycosidic bond cleavage

73 As with other DNA glycosylases, the abasic product is potentially more harmful than the init

74 xt of duplex DNA, insertion of high-affinity abasic product sites between two uracil lesions serves t

75 The presence of intervening abasic product sites mimics the situation where hUNG act

76 ost human glycosylases bind tightly to their abasic product.

77 heses for abasic substitutions and show that abasic RNA duplexes allele-selectively inhibit both muta

78 tively modified depurinated/depyrimidinated (abasic) RNA.

79 that human RNase H2 is unable to process an abasic rNMP (rAP site) or a ribose 8oxoG (r8oxoG) site e

80 t and inserting preferably an A opposite the abasic site (A rule).

81 OG via OG-glycosylase I (OGG1), yielding an abasic site (AP).

82 oguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1), yielding an abasic site (AP).

83 4-dioxobutane) (DOB) and the C4-hydroxylated abasic site (C4-AP), are formed reversibly.

84 eosomes containing a site-specific synthetic abasic site (tetrahydrofuran, THF), we demonstrate that

85 wo oxidatively derived lesions as well as an abasic site analogue by the replicative DNA polymerase f

86 e effect of two spontaneous DNA lesions, the abasic site and 8-oxoguanine, on the transition from dup

87 ssion of intermediate products, including an abasic site and a single strand break, before the origin

88 olidine covalent interaction between the DNA abasic site and conserved Cys 2 of HMCES.

89 product in a 2:1 complex, one subunit at the abasic site and the other bound to undamaged DNA.

90 was observed between the phosphate 5' to the abasic site and water H-bonded to N1 and N6 of A and N1

91 s Endonulcease Q (EndoQ), recognizes uracil, abasic site and xanthine, as well as hypoxanthine, and c

92 An abasic site at the G or T positions is cleaved by the en

93 With the abasic site being one of the most common DNA lesions pro

94 anner to other lyases, Ku nicks DNA 3' of an abasic site by a mechanism involving a Schiff-base coval

95 ass a single cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer or abasic site by translesion synthesis in the absence of s

96 eplication, it may help Poldelta to complete abasic site bypass independently of canonical TLS polyme

97 sly that hpol eta is a major pol involved in abasic site bypass.

98 that the DNA between the 5' terminus and the abasic site can also be retained in junctions formed by

99 flanking Ku70 K31 in expanding the range of abasic site contexts that can be used as substrate was a

100 owed this activity is important for excising abasic site damage from ends.

101 Either OGG1 releases OG to yield an abasic site driving formation of a non-canonical fold, s

102 es, metal ions, and active site features for abasic site endonucleases.

103 ssDNA breaks generated in cells lacking the abasic site endonucleases.

104 pends on uracil excision, which generates an abasic site for strand breakage.

105 Abasic site formation thermally destabilizes the duplex

106 including a lyase reaction that removes the abasic site from DNA following incision of its 5'-phosph

107 primary unhooking mechanism for psoralen and abasic site ICLs.

108 a S-glycosidic linkage formed by reacting an abasic site in DNA with the cysteine residues in protein

109 ne nucleobase and the aldehyde residue of an abasic site in duplex DNA.

110 ntermediate resulting from 5'-incision of an abasic site in the hairpin loop.

111 t the polymerase stalls upon encountering an abasic site in the template strand, indicating that, lik

112 ropriate pyrimidine was positioned 5' to the abasic site in the template.

113 KlenTaq structure bound to DNA containing an abasic site indicates that binding of the nucleotide tri

114 Another strategic siting of an abasic site induces directed loop migration toward denat

115 on by replacement of the i+2 residue with an abasic site inhibits Pol II activity to the same degree

116 Detailed abasic site investigation elucidates the electrical impa

117 ency of nucleotide incorporation opposite an abasic site is controlled by energies associated with nu

118 Because an abasic site is highly mutagenic, it is critical that the

119 Notably, the effect of the abasic site is nearly doubled when heated from room temp

120 The C4'-oxidized abasic site is produced in DNA by a variety of oxidizing

121 The oxidized abasic site is removed in its entirety from the DNA and

122 estricted to substrates where excision of an abasic site is required for ligation, a degree of specif

123 w here that this activity is greatest if the abasic site is within a short 5' overhang, when this act

124 Like that of a previous study of bistranded abasic site lesion, the aim of this investigation was to

125 modifications into abasic sites followed by abasic site mapping.

126 Transport yield through the abasic site monolayer strongly increases with temperatur

127 At 5' nucleobase-abasic site nicks, DraRnl prefers to ligate when the nuc

128 oxidation products: the 2-deoxyribonolactone abasic site of 1'-oxidation and the nucleoside 5'-aldehy

129 We found that AP endonuclease 1 incised an abasic site on the nontemplate strand of a TNR R-loop, c

130 Here we report the effect of an abasic site on the rate and yield of charge transport th

131 ated nucleotide damage, including base loss (abasic site or 5'-dRP/AP sites).

132 bles translesion synthesis across a template abasic site or a cyclobutane thymidine dimer.

133 unhooked DNA fragments containing either an abasic site or a psoralen-thymine monoadduct.

134 bstitution of G12 of NHEIII(1) with a single abasic site or a single 8-oxoguanine prevented formation

135 The presence of an abasic site or furan within a DNA duplex, electrophoreti

136 cating rapid exchange of AAG and APE1 at the abasic site produced by the AAG reaction.

137 netics of base repair reactions involving an abasic site product.

138 It therefore provides a new perspective on abasic site protection and the findings are discussed in

139 Taking advantage of the high resolution for abasic site recognition, the rate of uracil-DNA glycosyl

140 onuclease of the Nth/MutY family involved in abasic site removal during base excision repair.

141 All known abasic site repair mechanisms operate only when the dama

142 destabilization induced by a mismatch or an abasic site restores a strong dependence of (th)G's QY a

143 imer was accurate, whereas replication of an abasic site resulted in mainly -1 frameshifts.

144 The most common lesion in DNA is an abasic site resulting from glycolytic cleavage of a base

145 ) bound to a 10-mer DNA duplex containing an abasic site resulting from the cleavage of a uracil base

146 with adenosine and, separately, opposite an abasic site show that there is almost no fluorescence in

147 interactions allow transient exposure of the abasic site so that it can be captured by APE1.

148 nds approximately 10-fold more tightly to an abasic site than to a hypoxanthine lesion site.

149 varying sizes was removed by OGG1 leaving an abasic site that was subsequently 5'-incised by AP endon

150 ty, B35DNAP was able to successfully perform abasic site TLS without template realignment and inserti

151 penultimate base pairs (PBs) adjacent to the abasic site using all 16 possible combinations.

152 incorporation for incoming dNTPs opposite an abasic site varied between 2- and 210-fold depending on

153 An abasic site was introduced at the 3' G of the HRE.

154 The VEGF PQS with OG or an abasic site were synthesized at key locations in the SV4

155 ss-link resulting from the reaction of a DNA abasic site with a guanine residue on the opposing stran

156 ase I, incorporates a nucleotide opposite an abasic site with efficiencies of A > G > T > C.

157 trates, including HMCES cross-linked with an abasic site within a 3' overhang DNA.

158 ly shorter than the estimated lifetime of an abasic site within a cell, suggesting that the observed

159 The presence of a single abasic site within dsDNA that is in proximity to the lat

160 cleotide is efficiently inserted opposite an abasic site, a commonly formed and potentially mutagenic

161 ect nucleotides during the replication of an abasic site, a non-instructional DNA lesion.

162 n of 3-Eth-5-NITP is highly selective for an abasic site, and occurs even in the presence of a 50-fol

163 serted and bonded in the primer opposite the abasic site, but it did not pair with a 5' T in the temp

164 rolyzable analog of dATP or dGTP opposite an abasic site, H-bonding was observed between the phosphat

165 inant AMP insertion, which also occurs at an abasic site, is unaffected by the identity of the 5'-tem

166 exes containing 5,6-dihydrouracil, a natural abasic site, its tetrahydrofuran analog, and undamaged d

167 nine opposite unsubstituted cytosine, (Me)C, abasic site, or unnatural nucleobase analogs.

168 te of transport is largely unaffected by the abasic site, showing Arrhenius-type behavior with an act

169 t the presence within the G4 structure of an abasic site, the most common lesion spontaneously genera

170 ytosine and incise the sugar backbone at the abasic site, thus initiating a base excision repair path

171 ond, converting 2'-deoxyuridine in DNA to an abasic site, was continuously monitored by electrophoret

172 of dNTPs when a DNA polymerase encounters an abasic site, we varied the penultimate base pairs (PBs)

173 otides, but not ribonucleotides, opposite an abasic site, with kinetic preference for dATP as the sub

174 sites are at least partly resistant to other abasic site-cleaving activities as well.

175 E1 for Polbeta is higher in the complex with abasic site-containing DNA than after the APE1-catalyzed

176 aevis has been shown to cleave psoralen- and abasic site-induced ICLs in Xenopus egg extracts.

177 UV irradiation and a significant decrease in abasic site-induced mutagenesis in the immunoglobulin lo

178 sivity, impaired primer extension beyond the abasic site.

179 ying a thymidine dimer than to those with an abasic site.

180 RuvC product than those carrying a synthetic abasic site.

181 site during nucleotide selection opposite an abasic site.

182 tion of a non-natural nucleotide opposite an abasic site.

183 d by as little as two paired bases 5' of the abasic site.

184 s of a nucleobase by hydrolysis generates an abasic site.

185 eaving the phosphodiester backbone 5' to the abasic site.

186 nnot perform translesion synthesis across an abasic site.

187 ivity that incises the DNA backbone 5' to an abasic site.

188 groups are extended when paired opposite an abasic site.

189 a Schiff-base covalent intermediate with the abasic site.

190 to create frameshift mutations opposite the abasic site.

191 and APE1 enables APE1 to replace AAG at the abasic site.

192 for the replication of the non-instructional abasic site.

193 onformation, base-substitution fidelity, and abasic-site translesion synthesis.

194 ficantly reduced AP endonuclease activity on abasic-site-containing oligonucleotide substrates, a res

195 L) constitutes a sensing zone for individual abasic sites (and furan analogs) in double-stranded DNA

196 ond of the bases to give potentially harmful abasic sites (AP-sites).

197 ty are avoided by deoxyuridine conversion to abasic sites ahead of nascent lagging strand DNA synthes

198 otide excision repair (NER), binds avidly to abasic sites and 8-oxo-guanine (8-oxoG), suggesting a no

199 bypass of other common DNA lesions, such as abasic sites and cyclobutane thymine dimers.

200 and necrosis; indeed, steady-state levels of abasic sites and nuclear PAR polymers were significantly

201 Experiments with DNA containing abasic sites and polyethylene glycol spacers show that t

202 Aside from abasic sites and ribonucleotides, the DNA adduct N (7)-m

203 RNA abasic sites and the mechanisms involved in their regula

204 ty and the ability to insert and extend past abasic sites and thymine glycol lesions.

205 and can read through damaged bases, such as abasic sites and thymine photo-dimers.

206 Pol V carries out TLS to bypass abasic sites and thymine-thymine dimers resulting from U

207 Abasic sites are chemically labile, but naked DNA contai

208 At single-strand breaks, 5'-terminal abasic sites are excised by the 5'-deoxyribose-5-phospha

209 ate during the base excision repair pathway, abasic sites are frequent DNA lesions that can lead to m

210 Abasic sites are one of the most common DNA lesions.

211 risingly that, in yeast and human cells, RNA abasic sites are prevalent.

212 Abasic sites are ubiquitous DNA lesions that are mutagen

213 ulation are mostly unknown; in contrast, DNA abasic sites are well-studied.

214 EC3A-expressing cells resulted in a surge of abasic sites at replication forks, revealing an ATR-medi

215 nique type of replication stress by inducing abasic sites at replication forks.

216 se a role for the Shu complex in recognizing abasic sites at replication intermediates, where it recr

217 e repair process by recognizing intermediary abasic sites cleaving the phosphodiester backbone 5' to

218 s chromatin associated when cells accumulate abasic sites during S phase.

219 atically converting these modifications into abasic sites followed by abasic site mapping.

220 generates a DNA-protein crosslink to shield abasic sites from error-prone processing.

221 Importantly, the approach resolves abasic sites from other aldehyde functionalities known t

222 s N3-methyladenine, as well as bypassing the abasic sites generated after Mag1 removes N3-methyladeni

223 NEIL2 usurps the canonical lyase, APE1, at abasic sites in a purified BER system, rendering them po

224 Nth and MutM can perform strand incisions at abasic sites in addition to NApe.

225 e-dependent increases in the accumulation of abasic sites in cells at levels that correlate with thei

226 Abasic sites in DNA are prevalent as both naturally form

227 lla enterica Cerro 87, and oxidation-induced abasic sites in DNA from E. coli treated with a subletha

228 Because of the importance of abasic sites in genetic damage, most research has involv

229 he aldehyde group, we uncovered evidence for abasic sites in nascent RNA, messenger RNA, and ribosoma

230 X-ray structures with abasic sites in oligonucleotides have been reported for

231 inic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 incises RNA abasic sites in RNA-DNA hybrids.

232 protein (HMCES) can covalently cross-link to abasic sites in single-stranded DNA at stalled replicati

233 integrity by promoting error-free repair of abasic sites in single-stranded DNA.

234 binding, ESC-specific (HMCES) as a sensor of abasic sites in single-stranded DNA.

235 The inability to enzymatically cleave abasic sites in single-stranded telomere regions would b

236 ain is capable of highly efficient bypass of abasic sites in the absence of the helicase-like or cent

237 y to HeLa DNA to provide a map of endogenous abasic sites in the human genome.

238 nt human Poldelta holoenzyme performs TLS of abasic sites in vitro much more efficiently than the wil

239 ainly responsible for repairing oxidized and abasic sites into DNA.

240 s the fact that DNA polymerase can bypass dA/abasic sites more efficiently than other dN/abasic sites

241 ional affinity toward DNA targets containing abasic sites opposite of the modification site (DeltaT(m

242 In a number of cellular studies, abasic sites preferentially code for dATP insertion (the

243 Recently, it was discovered that oxidized abasic sites react with the opposing strand of DNA to pr

244 ctural effects of multiple tetrahydrofuranyl abasic sites replacing loop adenines (A/AP) and tetrad g

245 , in vitro end joining experiments show that abasic sites significantly embedded in double-stranded D

246 Oxidized abasic sites such as 2-deoxyribonolactone (L) are produc

247 Recently, DNA oxidized abasic sites that are produced by potent antitumor agent

248 The repair of abasic sites that arise in DNA from hydrolytic depurinat

249 aged DNA bases to generate potentially toxic abasic sites that in turn generate highly toxic DNA stra

250 activity of hPMC2 is required for repair of abasic sites that result from estrogen-induced DNA damag

251 An oligo RNA containing abasic sites that were derivatized with ARP was pulled d

252 ely exploits the reactive aldehyde moiety at abasic sites to reveal their location within DNA at sing

253 The surge of abasic sites upon ATR inhibition associated with increas

254 y reported to covalently crosslink to DNA at abasic sites via a conserved cysteine.

255 ose structures were inspired by the oxidized abasic sites was synthesized and screened for the abilit

256 The RNA abasic sites were found to be coupled to R-loops.

257 This tight binding could help protect abasic sites when the adaptive response to DNA alkylatio

258 nd to uracil-containing substrates but binds abasic sites with a Kd of <1.4 mum.

259 Cisplatin induces abasic sites with a reduced accumulation in uracil DNA g

260 s between 2'-deoxyadenosine and the oxidized abasic sites, 5'-(2-phosphoryl-1,4-dioxobutane) (DOB) an

261 incisions (a prerequisite for CSR) at these abasic sites, a direct test of the requirement for APE1

262 rations including 3'-phosphoglycolate and 3'-abasic sites, and exhibits 3'-nucleosidase activity indi

263 ons, such as single and multiple mismatches, abasic sites, and single nucleotide insertions.

264 hat, in yeast and human cells, there are RNA abasic sites, and we identify a glycosylase that generat

265 s a specialized TLS polymerase that bypasses abasic sites, as well as minor-groove and exocyclic guan

266 es (>/= 20 bp) that additionally may contain abasic sites, cross-links, or miscoding lesions are acqu

267 e that hpol eta, a major copying enzyme with abasic sites, follows a purine rule, which can also lead

268 lectively converts internal m(7)G sites into abasic sites, inducing misincorporation at these sites d

269 e nucleobase to the backbone in DNA leads to abasic sites, the most frequent lesion under physiologic

270 le mismatches, multiple mismatches, and even abasic sites, whereas RecA and Rad51 are not.

271 Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites, or abasic sites, which are a common type of endogenous DNA

272 f dUs by uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG) yields abasic sites, which are excised by apurinic/apyrimidinic

273 e two common forms of DNA damage, 8-oxoG and abasic sites, which are repaired by 8-oxoguanine glycosy

274 copic analysis confirmed the presence of RNA abasic sites.

275 plication in vivo and, when required, TLS of abasic sites.

276 most likely by removing uracils to generate abasic sites.

277 city of a DNA methylating agent that creates abasic sites.

278 /abasic sites more efficiently than other dN/abasic sites.

279 UDG present within this holoenzyme, leaving abasic sites.

280 es tolerance of predominantly lagging strand abasic sites.

281 t these are converted into non-instructional abasic sites.

282 d cleavage of the RNA chain at the resulting abasic sites.

283 bstrates just as efficiently as it processed abasic sites.

284 tion factors, are caused by faulty repair of abasic sites.

285 ratus capable of repairing damaged bases and abasic sites.

286 mutants, enhancing dA incorporation opposite abasic sites.

287 yield base modifications, strand breaks, and abasic sites; have a propensity to adopt non-canonical D

288 r processing apurinic/apyrimidinic (known as abasic) sites, is also involved in the generation of sma

289 he RNAi protein argonaute 2, even though the abasic substitution disrupts the catalytic cleavage of R

290 We describe flexible syntheses for abasic substitutions and show that abasic RNA duplexes a

291 These findings introduce abasic substitutions as a tool for tailoring RNA duplexe

292 Here, we examine the effect of abasic substitutions on RNAi and allele-selective gene s

293 Here we combine single-atom and abasic substitutions to probe functions of conserved nuc

294 Abasic substitutions within DNA or RNA are tools for eva

295 le information is available on the impact of abasic substitutions within RNA or on RNA interference (

296 lycosidic bond and leaves the C1' hydrolyzed abasic sugar in the flipped state.

297 y modified nucleotide (Type 1) or through an abasic sugar residue (Type 2) within the RNA-recognition

298 the beta rather than the alpha anomer of the abasic sugar, which might stabilize the enzyme-product c

299 ers 3'-OH adenosine when sealing opposite an abasic template site.

300 junction, sites where the flexibility of the abasic "universal hinge" relaxes unfavorable interaction