ライフサイエンスコーパス: anabolic

1 ulatory pathways, which are critical for the anabolic action of PTH in bone.

2 deling and an essential component of the PTH anabolic action.

3 H on bone marrow adiposity could enhance its anabolic actions by providing both more cells and more f

4 tal boys with DMD could be due to diminished anabolic actions of androgens in muscle, and that interv

5 t and adipogenic lipolysis contribute to the anabolic actions of parathyroid hormone on the skeleton.

6 -aggregate spatial patterns of cell-specific anabolic activity determined by FISH-nanoSIMS.

7 k generation times), we observe the greatest anabolic activity diversity in the slowest growing popul

8 ined as a surrogate marker for TOR-dependent anabolic activity in C. albicans.

9 otential to have therapeutic benefit through anabolic activity in muscle while sparing undesired effe

10 s this fundamental question, we measured the anabolic activity of G. sulfurreducens biofilms using st

11 The gene expression analysis showed an anabolic activity of Nandrosol in Longissimus dorsi musc

12 network for longevity; the growth-promoting anabolic activity of Pol III mediates the acceleration o

13 In this study, we measured the anabolic activity of the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus

14 njugating such osteotropic ligands to a bone anabolic agent, we could acquire the ability to continuo

15 In the past two decades, two types of anabolic agents (including three new drugs), which repre

16 ion and a target pathway for developing bone anabolic agents against osteoporosis.

17 examines the mechanisms of action for these anabolic agents by detailing their receptor-activating p

18 nt of broken bones could be improved if bone anabolic agents could be continuously applied to a fract

19 The administration of anabolic agents in farm animals to improve meat producti

20 European Union prohibited the use of anabolic agents in food producing animals since 1988.

21 Anabolic agents increased carcass (p = 0.002) and muscle

22 text, the comparative effectiveness of these anabolic agents is discussed in relation to other therap

23 would allow selective concentration of bone anabolic agents on a fracture surface following systemic

24 on fracture stabilization, with use of bone anabolic agents to accelerate fracture repair limited to

25 to lead to a new clinical paradigm in which anabolic agents will be used either alone or in combinat

26 echnologies--such as stem cell therapy, bone anabolic agents, genetic approaches, and nanomaterials--

27 s for muscle growth during administration of anabolic agents.

28 s, but there is a clinical need for new bone-anabolic agents.

29 mic administration of fracture-targeted bone anabolic agents.

30 regulates energy homeostasis by suppressing anabolic and activating catabolic processes.

31 r bone gain in mice through a combination of anabolic and antiresorptive actions on the skeleton.

32 rs might be useful to assess the response to anabolic and antiresorptive therapies, to assess complia

33 m and increased utilization of glutamine for anabolic and bioenergetic processes.

34 lular matrix in cartilage by regulating both anabolic and catabolic cellular activities.

35 somes are metabolic organelles necessary for anabolic and catabolic lipid reactions whose numbers are

36 In analogy to anabolic and catabolic pathways in metabolism, there is

37 ingested sugars and fats can feed into many anabolic and catabolic pathways(1), how our bodies handl

38 ry roles that SIRT1 plays in modulating both anabolic and catabolic pathways, allow us to propose the

39 ted by the coordinated activation of several anabolic and catabolic pathways.

40 r kinases in cells that is tightly linked to anabolic and catabolic pathways.

41 dipocytes confirmed the presence of distinct anabolic and catabolic phenotypes, and identified differ

42 ion-translation feedback loop that separates anabolic and catabolic processes across the Earth's 24-h

43 The metabolic intermediate acetyl-CoA links anabolic and catabolic processes and coordinates metabol

44 light a reciprocal effect of methotrexate on anabolic and catabolic processes and implicate AMPK acti

45 It balances anabolic and catabolic processes in response to nutrient

46 mTORC1 controls anabolic and catabolic processes in response to nutrient

47 o treat many cancers, their global impact on anabolic and catabolic processes remains unclear.

48 tolerogenicity of DCs is also determined by anabolic and catabolic processes, respectively.

49 ration that coordinates nutrient inputs with anabolic and catabolic processes.

50 s in the environment and the control of most anabolic and catabolic processes.

51 Thr protein kinase that regulates a range of anabolic and catabolic processes.

52 ondrocyte phenotype and an imbalance between anabolic and catabolic processes.

53 ellular molecules, which mediate hundreds of anabolic and catabolic reactions including energy metabo

54 involved in matrix synthesis or degradation (anabolic and catabolic remodeling, respectively) was qua

55 is may be initiated by age-related shifts in anabolic and catabolic responses that control bone homeo

56 elated differences in muscle mass and muscle anabolic and catabolic responses to bed rest.

57 muscle fibre composition, protein synthesis, anabolic and catabolic signalling, mitochondrial phenoty

58 y reveals sestrin as a central integrator of anabolic and degradative pathways preventing muscle wast

59 er cell growth and survival and supports the anabolic and energetic demands of these rapidly dividing

60 acrine signaling in osteoblasts and has bone-anabolic and osteoprotective potential in adults.

61 reincorporation of the fixed carbons lost in anabolic and photorespiratory pathways in conjunction wi

62 to note that some of these genes also serve anabolic and pro-survival roles.

63 ves malignant progression and induces robust anabolic and proliferative programmes leading to intrins

64 hanges in human skeletal muscle after acute (anabolic) and chronic resistance exercise (RE) induced h

65 can be thought of as the biosynthetic (i.e., anabolic) and degradative (i.e., catabolic) branches of

66 asis, including those involved in catabolic, anabolic, and apoptotic pathways.

67 Exposure to anabolic androgen steroids appears to cause sinusoidal c

68 The oligonucleotide probes consist on anabolic androgenic steroid haptens (AAS) covalently lin

69 Continuous use of anabolic androgenic steroid in high-doses is associated

70 Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) have medical utility

71 Prolonged high-dose anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use has been associate

72 Millions of individuals have used illicit anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), but the long-term ca

73 glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of seven anabolic-androgenic steroids in urine.

74 o transcriptional downregulation of cellular anabolic/anti-apoptotic processes but its effect on bone

75 that these processes are coupled to maintain anabolic balance in cells with mTORC1 activation, a comm

76 pinocytosis (necrocytosis) offers additional anabolic benefits.

77 ant quantitation of 18 compounds (mixture of anabolics, beta-2 agonists, diuretics, stimulants, narco

78 Anabolic beta2-adrenoceptor (beta2-AR) agonists have bee

79 utamine-derived carbon becomes available for anabolic biosynthesis in cancer cells via the hydrolysis

80 Anabolic biosynthesis requires precursors supplied by th

81 aplerotic pathway, replenished aspartate for anabolic biosynthesis, which was critical for sustaining

82 ates key regulatory substrates and turns off anabolic biosynthetic pathways.

83 lk between DAG and PKC regulates the span of anabolic bistable region with respect to plasma glucose

84 A safe and manufacturable mimic of anabolic bone is the primary goal of bone engineering, b

85 hanical load and identify a novel target for anabolic bone therapy.

86 ory cytokine milieu, hormonal imbalance, and anabolic/catabolic imbalance, has been used to explain t

87 rease in nucleic acid synthesis required for anabolic cell growth and proliferation.

88 n and rewiring of metabolic pathways to feed anabolic cell growth.

89 y mechanisms involving chronic activation of anabolic cellular pathways and a lack of metabolic switc

90 implicated in accelerated growth, along with anabolic changes of an altered metabolome.

91 .e., reduced muscle protein synthesis during anabolic conditions such as hyperaminoacidemia).

92 We developed two novel bone anabolic conjugated drugs, known as C3 and C6, of an ina

93 with antagonism of this pathway resulting in anabolic deficits.

94 This is coupled with a high anabolic demand, necessitated by the diurnal turnover of

95 w photoreceptors balance their catabolic and anabolic demands is poorly understood.

96 oid Hormone (I-PTH) is the only FDA approved anabolic drug therapy available for the treatment of ost

97 ver, the mechanisms by which PTH elicits its anabolic effect are not fully elucidated.

98 ical activity associated with CCL induces an anabolic effect in skeletal muscle undergoing regrowth a

99 in which amino acids and insulin mediate the anabolic effect of a meal has been elaborated in great d

100 Therefore, although the anabolic effect of intermittent PTH treatment on trabecu

101 multiple health benefits, but its potential anabolic effect on atrophied muscle has not been investi

102 Proteasome inhibitors exert an anabolic effect on bone formation with elevated levels o

103 lage in vivo and evaluate the protective and anabolic effect on cartilage-specific factors.

104 sthetized pigs INS infusion did not exert an anabolic effect, but rather it increased AA cycling into

105 Indeed, LOXL2 is an anabolic effector that attenuates pro-inflammatory signa

106 bone deficit than mild TBI alone and that GH anabolic effects in the TBI and UL groups vary depending

107 These results demonstrate that the anabolic effects of follistatin are influenced by the in

108 cally, in amino acid-poor conditions the pro-anabolic effects of mTORC1 are functionally opposed to g

109 nt protein-1 (MCP-1), is a mediator of PTH's anabolic effects on bone.

110 cause these side-effects and have prolonged anabolic effects on bone.

111 ing these cells has both anti-resorptive and anabolic effects on bone.

112 We report the commensal microbiota has anti-anabolic effects suppressing osteoblastogenesis and pro-

113 effects of IGF-1 treatment demonstrates that anabolic enhancement through IGF-1 activation of mTOR ca

114 pletion of NAD(+) and provides an attractive anabolic environment for viral infection.

115 In specialized cells, anabolic enzymes metabolize cholesterol, generating ster

116 -1 decreased catabolic events and stimulated anabolic events in articular chondrocytes cultured in an

117 inhibiting catabolic events and stimulating anabolic events than P15-1 or HMWHA alone.

118 f therapeutics including anti-catabolic, pro-anabolic factors and chemo-attractants that can stimulat

119 rolled by mtFAS function, thereby connecting anabolic fatty acid synthesis with the oxidation of carb

120 sm and, more specifically, the impairment of anabolic flux from glucose to cholesterol and fatty acid

121 ation of organic C from labile to persistent anabolic forms.

122 As such, this work identifies an anabolic function of osteocytes as a source of Wnt in bo

123 Therefore, the anabolic function of PTEN deficiency in resting liver is

124 ter understanding of bone metabolism and the anabolic function of PTH.

125 e regulation of AHAS, in relationship to its anabolic function.

126 Because NADPH is required not only for anabolic functions but also for counteracting different

127 to the circulation, but whether any of these anabolic functions provides insight on kidney health is

128 -1beta and osteoarthritic synovial fluids on anabolic gene expression and increased glycosaminoglycan

129 RNAi-based bone anabolic gene therapy has demonstrated initial success,

130 showed significantly enhanced expression of anabolic genes ACAN and COL2A1.

131 ellular vesicles had decreased expression of anabolic genes and elevated expression of catabolic and

132 higher mRNA levels of LOXL2, ACAN, and other anabolic genes compared to the adenovirus-Empty-treated

133 pecifically the expression of Acan and other anabolic genes in two preclinical models in vivo.

134 ranscription, which antagonizes induction of anabolic genes such as Sox9, Col2a1, and Acan by bone mo

135 imilar structure consisting of virtually all anabolic genes; and (iv) the three subnetworks cover on

136 c glycolysis (the Warburg effect) to support anabolic growth and promote tumorigenicity and drug resi

137 lic metabolism to a metabolism that supports anabolic growth.

138 reduce the stress of the operation to retain anabolic homeostasis.

139 4 fold change; O: +4 +/- 2 fold change) and anabolic hormone milieu (testosterone, Y: 367 +/- 19; O:

140 esponse to parathyroid hormone (PTH), a bone anabolic hormone, LepR(+)Runx2-GFP(low) cells increase R

141 be the result of multifactorial deficits in anabolic hormones and blunted translational efficiency a

142 inflammation, and hypersecretion of certain anabolic hormones, such as insulin, during obesity.

143 nerability downstream of mTORC1 triggered by anabolic imbalance.

144 of cyclic compressive loading is a potential anabolic intervention during muscle regrowth after atrop

145 trogin-1 and MuRF1; Myostatin) and increased anabolic intracellular pathways (IGF-1-mTOR-p70S6sk-1 ax

146 a pathway distinct from its positive role in anabolic lipid synthesis.

147 rant, sugar-fermenting anaerobe, lacking key anabolic machinery and respiratory complexes.

148 (also known as c-MYC), a powerful driver of anabolic metabolism and growth.

149 mTORC1 were both important for regulation of anabolic metabolism and inflammatory programs triggered

150 lator of cancer cell amino acid homeostasis, anabolic metabolism and proliferation.

151 de in Tfh cells by linking immune signals to anabolic metabolism and transcriptional activity.

152 Anabolic metabolism can produce an array of small molecu

153 , in turn, promotes catabolic and suppresses anabolic metabolism coordinately to restore energy balan

154 17 cells with disrupted mTORC1 signalling or anabolic metabolism fail to induce autoimmune neuroinfla

155 s synthesize and secrete insulin to increase anabolic metabolism in an organism, and insulin synthesi

156 onstrate that PFKFB4 is essential to support anabolic metabolism in p53-deficient cancer cells and su

157 relationship between aerobic glycolysis and anabolic metabolism in the retinas of mice.

158 Anabolic metabolism mediated by aberrant growth factor s

159 ctors also enhance glucose uptake to fuel an anabolic metabolism required for tissue growth and repai

160 Anabolic metabolism uses building blocks that are either

161 The CBS-induced switch to an anabolic metabolism was associated with increased NCM356

162 ne-derived intermediates that are needed for anabolic metabolism were increased.

163 -mTORC1 signaling to diminish glycolysis and anabolic metabolism while increasing oxidative and catab

164 nsulin stimulation of a central modulator of anabolic metabolism, Akt/PKB; (c) inhibited insulin-stim

165 with stemness-associated features but lower anabolic metabolism, and a reciprocal subset with higher

166 o promote a transformation from catabolic to anabolic metabolism, cell growth, and cell cycle progres

167 Oncogenic mutations drive anabolic metabolism, creating a dependency on nutrient i

168 haperones, to promote protein biogenesis and anabolic metabolism, which are essential in development.

169 factor (M-CSF) resulted in mTORC1-dependent anabolic metabolism, which in turn promoted expression o

170 e glucose uptake and shift from quiescent to anabolic metabolism.

171 urine synthesis, mediating glucose-sustained anabolic metabolism.

172 f rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and anabolic metabolism.

173 promote the tumor growth via upregulation of anabolic metabolism.

174 ions associate with increased cell-cycle and anabolic metabolism.

175 nterconversions, then the flux directions to anabolic module appear to be determined by input nutrien

176 isting of mostly catabolic enzymes; (iii) an anabolic module with a similar structure consisting of v

177 Tumors have high energetic and anabolic needs for rapid cell growth and proliferation,

178 In order to sustain prodigious anabolic needs, tumours employ a specialized metabolism

179 ed cells expressing an activated form of the anabolic oncogene Ras in vitro and in vivo.

180 ion of FSHD clinical trials from nonspecific anabolic or anti-inflammatory/oxidant strategies to cutt

181 adjust pathway flux and accomplish specific anabolic or catabolic objectives.

182 ward the pentose phosphate pathway, favoring anabolic over catabolic reactions.

183 This ancient anabolic pathway (re-)builds carbon bonds as cleaved in

184 revents the shift of metabolic flux into the anabolic pathway and maintains catabolic metabolism for

185 ) is a specialized plant PPO involved in the anabolic pathway of aurones.

186 gested that psychosine is synthesized via an anabolic pathway.

187 and reduces oxidative stress damage through anabolic pathways and beta-catenin.

188 metabolic switch, decreasing the activity of anabolic pathways and enhancing catabolic processes such

189 tabolism, i.e., increased glycolysis feeding anabolic pathways and glutaminolysis yielding increased

190 was observed, presumably owing to different anabolic pathways and membrane alteration.

191 portant signaling effector, controlling both anabolic pathways and membrane trafficking.

192 e determines cell size or whether particular anabolic pathways are more important than others remains

193 anelle and, therefore, is likely a hub where anabolic pathways converge for photosystem biogenesis.pl

194 sine triphosphatases (GTPases) and regulates anabolic pathways in response to nutrients.

195 Activated effector T (TE) cells augment anabolic pathways of metabolism, such as aerobic glycoly

196 o enhance energy production while inhibiting anabolic pathways regulated by the mechanistic target of

197 and sugar phosphate pathways, but the cells anabolic pathways were strikingly slow.

198 l death, probably as a result of less active anabolic pathways, and this effect was associated with r

199 bon phosphate compounds for use in organelle anabolic pathways, in addition to the generation of ener

200 nd prominent flow of (13)C-glucose carbon to anabolic pathways, including nucleotide and serine biosy

201 conferring resistance to therapies targeting anabolic pathways.

202 minated by upregulation of genes involved in anabolic pathways.

203 tabolites that can be used as precursors for anabolic pathways.

204 bolic arms of metabolism and then drive many anabolic pathways.

205 ing catabolism of glucose and glutamine with anabolic pathways.

206 teria in responders, including enrichment of anabolic pathways.

207 in (mTOR) signaling and upregulation of many anabolic pathways.

208 ism diverts glycolytic intermediates towards anabolic pathways.

209 e cell by promoting catabolic and inhibiting anabolic pathways.

210 rmone metabolism result in low levels of the anabolic peripheral effector hormones and contribute to

211 There follows an anabolic phase around weaning during which there is a re

212 As part of the anabolic phase of periodontal homeostasis and periodonta

213 mprinted network were strikingly enriched in anabolic phenotypes, suggesting possible involvement in

214 mediate metabolism lead to the production of anabolic precursors that fuel the net synthesis of prote

215 c oxide synthase mediated pathway, regulates anabolic process in the hypertrophy of skeletal muscle.

216 ng process of gluconeogenesis and toward the anabolic process of growth.

217 Purine nucleotide levels are regulated by anabolic processes and by nucleotidases that hydrolyse t

218 angle the intricate connections between core anabolic processes and developmental transitions.

219 x that localizes to lysosomes to up-regulate anabolic processes and down-regulate autophagy.

220 reases in ATP by inhibiting energy-consuming anabolic processes and promoting energy-generating catab

221 on stress, organisms must be able to curtail anabolic processes during starvation and judiciously act

222 of aberrant nucleolar function and increased anabolic processes in glioblastoma, which constitutes a

223 Rewiring cellular metabolism to support anabolic processes is a feature common to both cancer an

224 integrator and master regulator of cellular anabolic processes linked to cell growth and survival.

225 However, these two energy-dependent anabolic processes occur in an avascular environment(1,2

226 Trehalose utilization fuels anabolic processes required to reliably complete cell di

227 n kinase (AMPK) has been proposed to inhibit anabolic processes such as gluconeogenesis in response t

228 cids serine and glycine are used in multiple anabolic processes that support cancer cell growth and p

229 diate phototaxis of algae enhancing the host anabolic processes to support virus reproduction, and th

230 t of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) stimulates anabolic processes underlying cell growth.

231 ient sensing and, when activated, stimulates anabolic processes while decreasing autophagic flux.

232 mplex 1 (mTORC1) senses nutrients to mediate anabolic processes within the cell.

233 nutrients to engage them into catabolic and anabolic processes, and contributes to temporal and spat

234 liferation through parallel induction of key anabolic processes, including protein, lipid, and nucleo

235 ter of the cellular control of catabolic and anabolic processes.

236 tudied alpha-secretase (non-amyloidogenic or anabolic) processing and altered levels of sAPPalpha and

237 he functional utilization of glucose-derived anabolic products.

238 ry and cytokine signals-induces a glycolytic anabolic program that is required for biomass generation

239 mycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which promotes the anabolic program that supports DZ proliferation.

240 t, leading to collapse of the Gcn4-dependent anabolic program.

241 IRE1 attenuation is an integral component of anabolic programmes regulated by AKT-mTOR.

242 (EPA), an omega-3 fatty acid with immune and anabolic properties, may impact on clinical and nutritio

243 an blue staining, and gene expression of key anabolic proteins by real-time PCR.

244 Treatment with anabolic PTH(1-34) (80 mug/kg/day) for 4 weeks failed to

245 y to generate building blocks and energy for anabolic purposes.

246 buffers fitness costs of mutations, and that anabolic rather than catabolic pathways are more stringe

247 he amino acid acceleration of a key cellular anabolic reaction may indicate a link between prebiotic

248 osmotically active solute, and fuel for many anabolic reactions.

249 tive when there are sufficient nutrients for anabolic reactions.

250 s but also as an important precursor in many anabolic reactions.

251 generate basic building blocks that can fuel anabolic reactions.

252 tallopeptidase-7, -9, and -12, diverged from anabolic remodeling linked to maximal thrombospondin and

253 lococcus, Pseudomonas, and Corynebacterium), anabolic remodeling was linked to typical members of the

254 Aging is associated with skeletal muscle anabolic resistance (i.e., reduced muscle protein synthe

255 muscle lipid availability may contribute to anabolic resistance in insulin-resistant conditions by i

256 Anabolic resistance is thus multifactorial.

257 Here we investigated the aetiology of 'anabolic resistance' in older humans.

258 Complete neutralization and maximal anabolic response are achieved only by simultaneous bloc

259 e that massage in the form of CCL induces an anabolic response in muscles regrowing after an atrophy-

260 induces a strain-specific CB1-dependent bone anabolic response in the skull, probably mediated by ana

261 However, the mechanism(s) of this anabolic response remain(s) largely unknown.

262 In preclinical mouse models, a synergistic anabolic response to PTH(1-34) and tibia loading was sho

263 This effect may result in an improved anabolic response, greater insulin sensitivity, and an i

264 autophagy, endocytic sorting, phagocytosis, anabolic responses and cell division.

265 tilage implants and promotes gender-specific anabolic responses in Cho/+ mice with progressive TMJ-OA

266 odies the merger of a very potent and proven anabolic selective agonist of the prostaglandin EP4 rece

267 n whole-body and skeletal muscle insulin and anabolic sensitivity.

268 mammals, suggesting the existence of common anabolic signaling networks that coordinate the developm

269 otein and 3 g fat) to assess skeletal muscle anabolic signaling, amino acid transporters [large neutr

270 nsulin was measured via ELISA and indices of anabolic signalling (e.g. Akt/mTORC1) by immunoblotting

271 h no effect upon muscle protein synthesis or anabolic signalling.

272 ing extracellular stimuli into intracellular anabolic signals and antagonizes ER stress to promote T

273 amycin (mTOR), a kinase that is activated by anabolic signals, plays fundamental roles in regulating

274 g fat mass, potentially dependent on altered anabolic signals, that reduces muscle sensitivity to foo

275 fferent compound treatments and verified the anabolic state of the cells with regard to the oxidative

276 ddition of anions, in ammonium salt form, to anabolic steroid samples as ionization enhancers and hav

277 Nonpolar anabolic steroids are doping agents that typically do no

278 Anabolic steroids marketed as bodybuilding supplements t

279 Anabolic steroids may still play a role in combination w

280 The major implicated agents include anabolic steroids, green tea extract, and multi-ingredie

281 f skeletal muscle protein synthesis (MPS) to anabolic stimuli such as protein ingestion (and the ensu

282 monstrates that gut microbiota provide a net anabolic stimulus to the skeleton, which is likely media

283 TOR occurs in human muscle in response to an anabolic stimulus, events that appear to be primarily in

284 of cytoplasmic contents for regeneration of anabolic substrates during nutritional or inflammatory s

285 evels of glycolytic intermediates for use as anabolic substrates.

286 marcb1 activates the Myc network, driving an anabolic switch that increases protein metabolism and ad

287 ort that this weaning-associated miRNA is an anabolic target.

288 lator of osteoblast function and is the only anabolic therapy currently approved for treatment of ost

289 suggesting its merit for further study as an anabolic therapy for TMJ-OA.

290 mal stem cells has been proposed as skeletal anabolic therapy to enhance bone formation, but the mech

291 diated N cycling processes from dominance by anabolic to catabolic reaction processes.

292 evaluate if adenoviral delivery of LOXL2 is anabolic to human and mouse TMJ condylar cartilage in vi

293 Anabolic TORC1-dependent processes require significant a

294 ery little is known about how this essential anabolic transcription factor perceives and responds to

295 cal assays allowed for the identification of anabolic, transport, catabolic and regulatory portions o

296 arathyroid hormone (PTH) is the only current anabolic treatment for osteoporosis in the United States

297 largely unaltered, OSM could represent a new anabolic treatment for unconsolidated bone fractures.

298 chemically informative assessment of glucose anabolic utilization.

299 sponse of metabolic regulation (catabolic or anabolic) with respect to structural and input perturbat

300 on IRS is responsible for the bistability in anabolic zone (glucose >5.5 mmol); the positive feedback