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1  evidence this phage shares ancestry with an animal virus.
2 e first demonstration of a MAP encoded by an animal virus.
3 e circovirus type 2 (PCV2), which is a minim animal virus.
4 ry by this structurally complex nonenveloped animal virus.
5 well characterized for any such nonenveloped animal virus.
6 membrane penetration by a large nonenveloped animal virus.
7 ther animal species, as well as a variety of animal viruses.
8  partial and complete genomic sequences from animal viruses.
9  (proheads) of bacterial viruses and certain animal viruses.
10 ant mechanism of immune evasion by human and animal viruses.
11  host translation shutoff exerted by several animal viruses.
12 y rapidly select for host range expansion of animal viruses.
13 beta-sandwich motif common to many plant and animal viruses.
14 nctions and biogenesis of ncRNAs produced by animal viruses.
15  of the Nodaviridae family of (+) strand RNA animal viruses.
16 tia, a pattern previously observed with some animal viruses.
17 ly similar to capsid proteins from plant and animal viruses.
18 ecombination and its time of divergence from animal viruses.
19 hting common strategies with other plant and animal viruses.
20 de of functions played by ncRNAs produced by animal viruses.
21 tween RNA silencing suppression of plant and animal viruses.
22 to model viral pathogenesis, with a focus on animal viruses.
23 ar movement of a growing number of plant and animal viruses.
24 es infections of SARS-CoV and other emerging animal viruses.
25 nts but share very few viral signatures with animal viruses.
26 ggesting a novel strategy for translation of animal viruses.
27 y, which may be shared by other nonenveloped animal viruses.
28 ation shared by several diverse nonenveloped animal viruses.
29 i, archaea like Methanococcus jannaschii and animal viruses.
30  Their genomes are the smallest possessed by animal viruses.
31 oprotein complexes, including those of other animal viruses.
32 to target IRF3, IRF5, and IRF7, allowing the animal viruses a broader attack on the IFN-beta signalin
33 o be a general mechanism shared by plant and animal viruses and bacterial plasmids.
34  as a potential antiviral target for various animal viruses and emerging human cardioviruses.
35 e review the lessons learned from studies of animal viruses and fungi commonly detected in the human
36 ensively correspond to antigenic epitopes of animal viruses and in some cases appropriately altered p
37                 My coworkers and I have used animal viruses and their interaction with host cells to
38 s to expand the fundamental understanding of animal viruses and their pathogenic lifestyles.
39 evidence for the existence of multicomponent animal viruses and their potential relevance for animal
40 el mechanism for regulating the growth of an animal virus, and may contribute to HCMV's optimal infec
41 ociated virus, determine its relationship to animal viruses, and evaluate factors conferring infectio
42 luding the N15 and PY54 prophages and linear animal viruses, and for assembly of linear constructs as
43 pandemic disease without the introduction of animal virus antigens.
44                                In turn, some animal viruses are able to escape and modulate autophagy
45                                              Animal viruses are broadly categorized structurally by t
46  Physical properties of capsids of plant and animal viruses are important factors in capsid self-asse
47 fection of host cells, a number of enveloped animal viruses are known to produce soluble forms of vir
48                               Many plant and animal viruses are spread by insect vectors.
49 s, including archaeal, bacterial, plant, and animal viruses, as well as other parvoviruses.
50 demics, surveillance studies aim to identify animal viruses at high risk of spilling over into humans
51                                         Most animal viruses attach to specific cellular receptors tha
52         The key event in zoonosis is when an animal virus begins to replicate (one virion making many
53 The RBS is not exclusive to OC43 and related animal viruses, but is apparently conserved and function
54 s for T-cell transformation by this EBV-like animal virus can be studied.
55 n of bacteria, indicating that an intestinal animal virus can provide cues to the host that are typic
56 y on recent advances in our understanding of animal virus cell-to-cell spread using examples from the
57 oviruses are small, nonenveloped icosahedral animal viruses characterized by circular single-stranded
58 going threat, yet the myriads of circulating animal viruses complicate the identification of higher-r
59 generation of vaccines was based on the same animal viruses configured to carry the relevant coat pro
60 nous plant genes and there are no reports of animal virus derived IRES activity in plant cells.
61 f a cytoplasmically replicating nonenveloped animal virus despite the normally reducing environment i
62 -and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the first animal virus discovered.
63 y can delay replication of several human and animal viruses (e.g., HIV), their role in interactions w
64 ing is distinct from that observed for other animal viruses--e.g., simian virus 40 or bovine papillom
65                      Nevertheless, human and animal viruses encode essential genes as single open rea
66 llular genes in the animal kingdom, although animal virus-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) are known to gui
67 s an innate immune response system that most animal viruses encounter during natural infections.
68                                The cytolytic animal virus equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) was evalu
69  virus (HDV) is unique relative to all known animal viruses, especially in terms of its ability to re
70                  Only at this point will the animal virus first experience the selective environment
71 n searching for their favorite host tissues, animal viruses frequently attach to cell-surface recepto
72                                              Animal viruses frequently cause zoonotic disease in huma
73                                   Simple RNA animal viruses generally enter cells through receptor-me
74  reflecting introduction by recombination of animal virus genes.
75 ribe the first instances to our knowledge of animal virus genome replication, and of de novo synthesi
76 cessful use of siRNAs to target a variety of animal viruses has led us to consider RNAi as a potentia
77                                Historically, animal viruses have been classified on the basis of the
78 nomic revisions, and several novel human and animal viruses have been described.
79                                         Most animal viruses have developed ways to circumvent PKR eff
80               The vast majority of plant and animal viruses have RNA genomes.
81 to inhibit the replication of many plant and animal viruses having positive-sense RNA genomes.
82 s obscure largely because no closely related animal virus homolog has been identified; furthermore, e
83 uctural proteins of CKoV confirmed it as the animal virus homolog most closely related to human Aichi
84 firmed it to be the most genetically similar animal virus homolog of HCV.
85 es a C. elegans model for genetic studies of animal virus-host interactions and indicates that mammal
86                    Unlike acute-transforming animal viruses, however, human tumor-associated viruses
87 ell-to-cell and long-distance movement of an animal virus in plants and offer approaches to the study
88  work on murine norovirus indicating that an animal virus in the intestine can provide many of the si
89   Adeno-associated virus (AAV), unique among animal viruses in its ability to integrate into a specif
90 tics plays a critical role in defining which animal viruses in nature will achieve this key event of
91                                         Many animal viruses, including CoVs, encode proteins that int
92 e replication of several important human and animal viruses, including hepatitis C virus, yellow feve
93 nt antiviral activity against many plant and animal viruses, including HIV.
94                             However, several animal viruses, including the Picorna viruses, have been
95                                         Many animal viruses induce cells to fuse and form syncytia.
96                          Plant viruses, like animal viruses, induce the formation of novel intracellu
97      In sensitized, but not in nonsensitized animals, virus-induced hyperresponsiveness and M(2)R dys
98                                    Enveloped animal viruses infect cells via fusion of the viral memb
99 mRNA decay, modification, and translation in animal virus-infected cells.
100 mong the smallest and superficially simplest animal viruses, infecting a broad range of hosts, includ
101                          In contrast to most animal viruses, infection with the human and simian immu
102                 Thus, it is likely that most animal virus infections produce dsRNA species detectable
103                 Thus, it is likely that most animal virus infections produce dsRNA species that can b
104 iversal immunostaining for dsRNA might be in animal virus infections.
105                      Many bacteriophages and animal viruses integrate their genomes into the chromoso
106 icting the risk of spillover of a particular animal virus into humans or new animal populations.
107  2 (SARS-CoV-2), can follow the spillover of animal viruses into highly susceptible human populations
108 ock house virus (FHV), a positive-strand RNA animal virus, is the only higher eukaryotic virus shown
109  at chromosome 19q13.4 qtr (AAVS1), the only animal virus known to integrate in a defined location.
110  expression may shed light on the mystery of animal virus latency and that strategies to manipulate n
111 ch latent virus and the elm mottle virus, in animal viruses like the hepatitis E virus and the caprin
112  findings suggest that, as recently found in animal viruses, m(6)A modification may represent a plant
113                            Determining which animal viruses may be capable of infecting humans is cur
114 nderstanding some of the mechanisms in which animal virus mRNAs gain an advantage over cellular trans
115                                 Nonenveloped animal viruses must disrupt or perforate a cell membrane
116 plement is an innate immune system that most animal viruses must face during natural infections.
117 onent of the innate immune response that all animal viruses must face during natural infections.
118 lar membrane barrier during cell entry, most animal viruses must undergo further disassembly before i
119  The Herpesviridae comprise a large class of animal viruses of considerable public health importance.
120 o do here in addressing changes in human and animal viruses of medical significance between 2012 and
121 ed enormous advances in our understanding of animal viruses over the past 20 years, but technical dif
122                                    Plant and animal viruses overcome host antiviral silencing by enco
123                         Several nonenveloped animal viruses possess an autolytic capsid protein that
124                               Many enveloped animal viruses produce a variety of particle shapes, ran
125 lycoprotein, which for a number of enveloped animal viruses rearranges itself during fusion to form a
126                   Cell entry by nonenveloped animal viruses requires membrane penetration without mem
127 rstanding the life cycle and pathogenesis of animal viruses requires that we have systems in which th
128 Assembly of certain classes of bacterial and animal viruses requires the transient presence of molecu
129  unlike other satellite phages and satellite animal viruses, RS1 can aid the CTX prophage as well as
130                                              Animal viruses similarly trigger RNA silencing, although
131  viral infections of humans and experimental animals, virus-specific CD4(+) T cell function is believ
132                                 In immunized animals, virus-specific CD4+ T cell and lymphoproliferat
133                                   While most animal viruses studied so far have developed sophisticat
134     The relationships between some plant and animal viruses suggests a common origin, possibly an ins
135    Nairoviruses compose a group of human and animal viruses that are transmitted by ticks and associa
136 tive-strand RNA viruses are a broad group of animal viruses that comprise several important human pat
137  we report on the specificities of human and animal viruses that engage with O-acetylated sialic acid
138                               We also detect animal viruses that infect raccoon dogs, civets, and bam
139 e of devoting resources to currently obscure animal viruses that may pose a threat to human health.
140 gies are needed to identify and characterize animal viruses that pose the greatest risk of spillover
141                              This is because animal viruses that pose the greatest risk to humans wil
142 es (hepatitis B viruses [HBVs]) are the only animal viruses that replicate their DNA by reverse trans
143 se studies have shown that in both human and animal viruses the viral nonstructural proteins are prod
144                                   Similar to animal viruses, the abundant plant positive-strand RNA v
145 ation have been described for many enveloped animal viruses, this is the first report of a nonenvelop
146       While humans are constantly exposed to animal viruses, those that can successfully infect and t
147 pathogenic viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 and/or animal viruses through the differentiable fingerprint of
148                                     In these animals, virus titers in the eye were significantly high
149              A Jennerian approach using live animal viruses to immunize humans is the current lead st
150      The mechanisms employed by nonenveloped animal viruses to penetrate the membranes of their host
151                               Virtually, all animal viruses transition from a procapsid noninfectious
152  multiple and subtly different pathways that animal viruses use to enter host cells.
153 s that are encoded by a variety of plant and animal viruses, use a conserved LXCXE motif to interact
154  this virus with those of a bacterial and an animal virus, we find conformational relationships among
155 erate neutralizing antibodies to the cognate animal virus when the plant virus is used as a vaccine.
156  several different families of non-enveloped animal viruses with single-stranded RNA genomes undergo
157 ntal virology provides a path to identifying animal viruses with the potential to replicate themselve
158  22 species of herpesviruses (8 human and 14 animal viruses), with PCR products obtained for 21 of 22

 
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