ライフサイエンスコーパス: anomalous

1 s and normal at long times, here only mildly anomalous.

2 that 2015 biospheric exchange was not highly anomalous.

3 d bodies or arrays of steady vortices can be anomalous.

4 Iceland (up to 42.9 times atmospheric) with anomalous (182)W and examine how Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb isotopic va

5 Thus, high (3)He/(4)He and anomalous (182)W are preserved exclusively in mantle dom

6 ow that high-(3)He/(4)He mantle domains with anomalous (182)W have low W and (4)He concentrations com

7 preservation of ancient high (3)He/(4)He and anomalous (182)W in the geodynamic context of crustal su

8 ever, it is not understood why some OIB host anomalous (182)W while others do not.

9 Only high-(3)He/(4)He OIB exhibit anomalous (182)W-an isotopic signature inherited during

10 cled materials have low (3)He/(4)He and lack anomalous (182)W.

11 ecycled crust-relate to high (3)He/(4)He and anomalous (182)W.

12 printed with low (3)He/(4)He and normal (not anomalous) (182)W characteristic of subducted crust.

13 rganisms at many of the sites may experience anomalous 2 to 5 degrees C cooling events multiple times

14 ubset of landfills, which exhibit persistent anomalous activity.

15 The anomalous aerosol loading in the ATAL reduces insolation

16 above the highest transition temperature is anomalous and is known as the "strange metal." We studie

17 fMRI to measure cortical responses in color-anomalous and normal control observers.

18 Patients with anomalous aortic origin of a CA were followed prospectiv

19 In this prospective cohort of patients with anomalous aortic origin of a CA, most have remained free

20 Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (CA) is the

21 Patients with anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery and intrase

22 Up to 50% of patients with intraseptal anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery had inducib

23 Intraseptal anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery is consider

24 ess testing, and management of children with anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery with an int

25 evaluate outcomes in a prospective study of anomalous aortic origin of CA patients following a stand

26 bit a switch in diffusive behavior, becoming anomalous as bilayer continuity is disrupted.

27 nomalous subdiffusion, in which diffusion is anomalous at short times and normal at long times, here

28 The anomalous atmospheric circulation was initially driven b

29 September-October-November 2016, produces an anomalous atmospheric Rossby wave response with mid- and

30 o the magnetoconductance originates from the anomalous axionic contribution of the chiral anomaly to

31 e tilting motion that leads to rather unique/anomalous bandgap variation with pressure.

32 eal a remarkable transition from Gaussian to anomalous behavior as surface waves cross an abrupt dept

33 milarities to several experiments exhibiting anomalous behavior in the glass transition upon reducing

34 and interferometric imaging, we measure the anomalous behavior in this model over four orders of mag

35 We present a mechanism for the anomalous behavior of the specific heat in low-temperatu

36 copious mucus secretion and a range of other anomalous behaviors including immobilization, suggesting

37 gest that, on its own, the R-SNARE enters an anomalous binding mode with the channels, possibly as a

38 Furthermore, anomalous blood clotting and structural changes in blood

39 We observe an anomalous blue-shifting of the lasing gain profile with

40 roelectric instability which generates large anomalous Born effective charges and strong coupling of

41 that a large bloom in August 2016 was highly anomalous both in its overall Synechococcus abundance an

42 The glass is found to exhibit an anomalous brittle-to-ductile transition behavior, consid

43 ation and a control group (30 patients) with anomalous bundles, ventricular premature beats, atrial f

44 ermittivity of nanoconfined water drives the anomalous carboxyl ionization behavior.

45 e release exponents, n, correspond mostly to anomalous case II and super case II transport mechanics

46 2018, we analyzed the LST changes especially anomalous changes and their driving forces in North Amer

47 ast one week as well as complete reversal of anomalous changes in circuitry and PP1 gene methylation.

48 ous left CA (15%), 17 single CA (10%), and 5 anomalous circumflex CA (3%).

49 mospheric model experiments further show the anomalous coastal winds are forced by the coastal warmin

50 provides the size, average diffusivity, and anomalous coefficient of ISGs, without the need to extra

51 polynyas probably developed under similarly anomalous conditions, which are associated with a mode o

52 eased glutamate release that results from an anomalous contribution of L-type Ca(2+) channels to neur

53 s large fractional steady-state currents and anomalous current-variance relationships.

54 ADHD, bipolar disorder and autism, promotes anomalous DA efflux in vitro and, in DAT Val559 mice, le

55 ive persistent reverse transport of DA (i.e. anomalous DA efflux) in transfected cells and to drive h

56 Here, an anomalous dependence of the lattice thermal conductivity

57 /or delayed maturation, but may also involve anomalous developmental pathways.

58 This model could phase an anomalous difference Fourier map from an Hg derivative,

59 clear iron complexes by multiple-wavelength, anomalous diffraction (MAD) to explore the redox load di

60 High resolution of the data and anomalous diffraction allows for a detailed description

61 Anomalous diffraction experiments show that Ba(2+) prima

62 ) C1865A variant by native single-wavelength anomalous diffraction of sulfur atoms (sulfur-SAD).

63 For multinuclear sites, anomalous diffraction signals enabled the positioning of

64 esonant diffraction, and multiple-wavelength anomalous diffraction were applied beyond simple structu

65 resonant diffraction, X-ray multiwavelength anomalous diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,

66 at 1.7 angstrom resolution using zinc-single anomalous diffraction.

67 ibution of interactions to the generation of anomalous diffusion by the means of fluorescence spectro

68 ion parameters similar to those observed for anomalous diffusion in biological membranes.

69 The anomalous diffusion is then described by a damped white

70 tic propagation), by combining an analytical anomalous diffusion model with numerical matrix-product-

71 rious lipid compositions to characterize the anomalous diffusion of lipid molecules in distinct obsta

72 erization of the physical process underlying anomalous diffusion remains a challenging problem for se

73 Here, we control anomalous diffusion using supported lipid bilayers conta

74 Anomalous diffusion was characterized by FT-FRAP through

75 l plasma membranes is often characterized by anomalous diffusion, but the exact underlying mechanisms

76 eus are classically subdiffusive and undergo anomalous diffusion, yet the underlying physical mechani

77 to infer the underlying process resulting in anomalous diffusion.

78 exhibit classical Brownian motion but rather anomalous diffusion.

79 We discuss possible origins for the observed anomalous diffusion.

80 ted for quantitatively evaluating normal and anomalous diffusion.

81 ng correlations, accompanied by the onset of anomalous diffusive transport throughout the system, and

82 Here, we use spatially resolved anomalous dispersion (SpReAD) refinement to determine ox

83 a low loss AlGaAs-on-insulator platform with anomalous dispersion and quality (Q) factors beyond 1.5

84 native intrinsic potassium single-wavelength anomalous dispersion methods (K-SAD), (ii) use of anomal

85 om an Hg derivative, and a single-wavelength anomalous dispersion phased density map made from these

86 truncated (Chd(T)), using single-wavelength anomalous dispersion refined to 1.96 angstrom resolution

87 pumping: one laser with a wavelength in the anomalous dispersion regime of the microresonator genera

88 We demonstrate that in the anomalous dispersion region, this spatiotemporal acceler

89 o occur in the vicinity of a surface-induced anomalous displacement of the Sahelian dry line/intertro

90 binding, a conformation possibly underlying anomalous dopamine efflux.

91 The phonon spectra display anomalous doping evolution of the lineshapes.

92 ruent with the preceding narrative context ("anomalous") during EEG recording.

93 mbrane displays the advanced features of the anomalous effect of voltage, concentration, and ionic si

94 A wide range of metals exhibit anomalous electrical and thermodynamic properties when t

95 all effect, non-local voltage generation and anomalous electromagnetic wave transmission.

96 main boundaries are responsible for both the anomalous electromechanical and dielectric behaviour.

97 tering of a Zeeman-shifted Fermi surface and anomalous electron velocities.

98 Our work demonstrates that the anomalous electron velocity physics typically associated

99 ompatible CSE and potentially contributes to anomalous enrichments of CSE in the crust.

100 mechanical properties of the matrix regulate anomalous EV transport under confinement.

101 associated with the typical low frequency of anomalous events, the broad-range of possible anomaly ty

102 t diffusion coefficient D(t) in terms of the anomalous exponent alpha, the crossover time t(cross), a

103 PFs) of the malignant B lymphocytes, and its anomalous expression has been associated with a clinical

104 clusions, which were also robust to removing anomalous families.

105 We consider the so-called universal and anomalous features and summarize a few model studies tha

106 away from the oxidation values that generate anomalous flavours.

107 We find that anomalous fluctuations in temperature and humidity do no

108 elastography (MRE) to elucidate the role of anomalous fluidity for the invasive growth of soft brain

109 tissue-mimicking phantoms, we show that the anomalous fluidity of neurotumors physically enables GBM

110 The model predicts anomalous Fraunhofer patterns in which local minima in t

111 by reduced endothelial proliferation and by anomalous function of the VEGFR2 pathway.

112 index facets, relying on a strain-engineered anomalous grain growth technique.

113 We found anomalous H(2)O-enriched peridotites with their H(2)O co

114 rgent ferromagnetic hysteresis, with a giant anomalous Hall (AH) effect as large as 10.4 kilohms and

115 The quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) effect combines topology and magnet

116 A quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) insulator coupled to an s-wave supe

117 A quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) state is a two-dimensional topologi

118 to an insulator in quantum Hall and quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) systems have revealed universal sca

119 Strikingly, the reduction of the anomalous Hall conductivity (AHC) above 90 K linearly fo

120 Large anomalous Hall conductivity [Formula: see text] at THz f

121 The scaling relation between the anomalous Hall conductivity and longitudinal conductivit

122 The measured anomalous Hall conductivity decreases with increasing te

123 ses with increasing temperature, and a small anomalous Hall conductivity has been measured at various

124 work, we report weak localization and small anomalous Hall conductivity in half-metallic Co(2)TiGe t

125 Here the THz anomalous Hall conductivity in Mn(3)Sn thin films is inv

126 nds is extracted, enabling prediction of the anomalous Hall drift, which we measure independently usi

127 ar microcavity(10)-together with the related anomalous Hall drift.

128 imetal candidate, was reported to show large anomalous Hall effect (AHE) at room temperature comparab

129 We observe a tunable, giant anomalous Hall effect (AHE) induced by the transition in

130 Magnetization and anomalous Hall effect (AHE) measurements show well-resol

131 xample of spin-Hall-related transport is the anomalous Hall effect (AHE)(6), first observed in 1880,

132 The topological nature of the quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) causes a dissipationless ch

133 otropy, linear magnetoresistance, and robust anomalous Hall effect above 300 K are observed in 5-30 u

134 materials, including semimetals with a large anomalous Hall effect and axion insulators(1-3), have di

135 explore quantum phenomena such as quantized anomalous Hall effect and Majorana modes, etc.

136 as chiral magnetic effects, unusually large anomalous Hall effect and quantum anomalous Hall effect.

137 t cell, we find that the sign of the quantum anomalous Hall effect can be reversed via field-effect c

138 The anomalous Hall effect has been investigated in these thi

139 ental observation is reported of the quantum anomalous Hall effect in a magnetically-doped topologica

140 e., Cr(2) Ge(2) Te(6) , is studied using the anomalous Hall effect in Cr(2) Ge(2) Te(6) /tantalum het

141 Recently, SOTs generated by the anomalous Hall effect in FM/NM/FM multilayers were predi

142 r Hall effect are distinct from those of the anomalous Hall effect in metals: the nonlinear Hall effe

143 or states, superconductivity and the quantum anomalous Hall effect in the flat band of magic-angle tw

144 locity physics typically associated with the anomalous Hall effect is prevalent beyond the rho(xy)(H(

145 Recently, quantum anomalous Hall effect with spontaneous ferromagnetism wa

146 tions in spintronics(1), such as the quantum anomalous Hall effect(2) and chiral Majorana fermions(3)

147 an those reached so far, such as the quantum anomalous Hall effect(2) and chiral Majorana fermions(3)

148 exciton Lamb shift(8) and the non-adiabatic anomalous Hall effect(6,9).

149 ltage characteristic and, in contrast to the anomalous Hall effect, the nonlinear Hall effect results

150 ntiferromagnet with a large room-temperature anomalous Hall effect, where domain nucleation is trigge

151 intense scientific interest due to its large anomalous Hall effect.

152 texture leads to a strongly exchange biased anomalous Hall effect.

153 ally large anomalous Hall effect and quantum anomalous Hall effect.

154 ell within these bands, we observe quantized anomalous Hall effects(18) with transverse resistance ap

155 s, including giant Rashba spin splitting and anomalous Hall effects, because of their characteristic

156 Integration of a quantum anomalous Hall insulator with a magnetically ordered mat

157 cated magnetic semimetals, three-dimensional anomalous Hall insulators and higher-order magnetic semi

158 sulators, 3D Dirac materials, and 1D quantum anomalous Hall insulators, though this can be applied to

159 The anomalous Hall resistance exhibits a nonmonotonic temper

160 With Gd doping the anomalous Hall resistivity of Co, Fe and CoFe increases

161 We further observe a large anomalous Hall response in our magneto-transport measure

162 nes, we quantitatively account for the giant anomalous Hall response observed in this magnet.

163 substantial magnetic hysteresis and a large anomalous Hall signal at zero magnetic field.

164 ence of an external magnetic field(2); this 'anomalous' Hall effect is important for the study of qua

165 mploy multiple variables to characterize the anomalous hemodynamics within the TME.

166 rovide a superhydrophilic surface due to its anomalous hydrated structure at the vermiculite surface.

167 ons that the solute transport process can be anomalous in all cases at high Peclet numbers.

168 ypothesis that geomagnetic field behavior is anomalous in the South Atlantic on timescales of million

169 This anomalous increment in hazy days over Central India is a

170 t was used to interpret, for the first time, anomalous intracellular dynamics, revealing unexpected d

171 Here we report the observation of a tunable anomalous Josephson effect in InAs/Al Josephson junction

172 The observed symmetries of the anomalous Josephson effect in the vectorial magnetic fie

173 bias phi(0) across the wire, leading to the anomalous Josephson effect(1,2).

174 This is the so called anomalous Josephson effect-the hallmark effect of superc

175 Our work demonstrates the anomalous landscape for electron hydrodynamics in system

176 Indeed, anomalous laterality is associated with multiple severe

177 n criteria: 116 anomalous right CA (71%), 25 anomalous left CA (15%), 17 single CA (10%), and 5 anoma

178 Forty-seven patients had surgery (11 anomalous left CA and 36 anomalous right CA), 3 (6.4%) r

179 High-risk patients (high-risk anatomy-anomalous left CA from the opposite sinus, presence of i

180 Anomalous levels of iridium in sedimentary strata are as

181 p phase ends and the resistivity exhibits an anomalous linear dependence on temperature, and around w

182 rst-principles calculations reveal that this anomalous linear dichroism conversion behavior originate

183 The anomalous local longshore winds induced by the positive

184 Sea, which can be attributed to the in-situ anomalous low-level anticyclone associated with the posi

185 ing JJA of 2018 can be attributed to the WNP anomalous low-level cyclone, which is due primarily to E

186 ates were documented between 2015-2018, with anomalous lows occurring in 2017 and 2018.

187 :p.S214P) in a 12-year-old boy with advanced anomalous lymphatic disease unresponsive to conventional

188 y contrast, might increase the difference of anomalous M- and L-cone signals.

189 on-is an axion(3,4) and is expected to cause anomalous magnetoelectric transport effects.

190 The high conductivity and anomalous magnetoresistance are consistent with theoreti

191 Here, we report anomalous mechanical control of quantum tunnelling that

192 rly understood solid polymorphism(1,3-5), an anomalous melting line(6) and the possible transition to

193 ng regimes, we detected a robust intervening anomalous metallic state characterized by saturating res

194 Our measurements suggest that the anomalous metallic state is bosonic and that the saturat

195 thane migrated from hydrocarbon wells (i.e., anomalous methane), we examined 20 751 methane-containin

196 cture operators has led to the mitigation of anomalous methane-emission activity(10).

197 pecies ([SO(4)] >= 6; [Fe] >= 0.3) to detect anomalous methane.

198 The anomalous migration of SNORC on SDS-PAGE was due to its

199 mmasome, impaired autophagy, accumulation of anomalous mitochondria in cardiomyocytes, metabolic alte

200 These anomalous moisture uptake (AMU) locations are identified

201 ss reveal that quenching is efficient due to anomalous molecular dynamics in the vicinity of the coni

202 ld suggest our understanding of this type of anomalous motion may be flawed.

203 at the complex cellular environment leads to anomalous motion of intracellular particles.

204 Thermoelectric generation using the anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) has great potential for ap

205 In terms of the electronic structure, the anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) originates from the Berry

206 rmal gradient combined with detection of the anomalous Nernst effect.

207 plasm of Dictyostelium discoideum cells: the anomalous non-linear scaling of the mean-squared displac

208 nique electronic structure that leads to the anomalous nonsaturating negative MR with different field

209 s over the equatorial Pacific, together with anomalous northerly coastal winds, are important.

210 ng maternal complication characterized by an anomalous opening between the bladder and/or rectum and

211 hypertension (62%), optic disc drusen (47%), anomalous optic discs (44%), isolated optic neuritis (19

212 the ADC completely determines the predicted anomalous outgoing Gibbs state, which can be calculated

213 During El Nino, the anomalous overturning circulation from the East Asian re

214 d to further investigate the consequences of anomalous particle motions near cell borders from both t

215 xplains simultaneously EuB(6) (possessing an anomalous peak in specific heat at low T, magnetic phase

216 ), which is manifested by the presence of an anomalous peak in the resistivity curve simultaneously w

217 ch can be characterized by the corresponding anomalous phase shift.

218 This gives us the ability to tune the anomalous phase, and opens new opportunities for superco

219 ype in a zebrafish model, with rescue of the anomalous phenotype using a MEK inhibitor.

220 amic E . B field is realized, it produces an anomalous phonon activity with a characteristic angle-de

221 nal transport equations effectively describe anomalous photon sub-diffusion phenomena in non-uniform

222 ai-system and semi-rigid structure exhibited anomalous photophysical properties.

223 ous measurements irrelevant and detection of anomalous physiological events, such as high sweat loss,

224 combined effects of extreme SST, periods of anomalous poleward flow, and the unusually long duration

225 nterplay between these effects gives rise to anomalous power-law decay of the spin-structure factor,

226 There has been evidence that anomalous precipitation affects Antarctic ice mass loss

227 lation offers a possible explanation for the anomalous properties of GW170817, including the observed

228 etical analysis reveals that these and other anomalous properties of the material may be understood b

229 xaborides (LnB(6) ) have disparate and often anomalous properties, from structurally homogeneous mixe

230 Anomalous proximity effects have been observed in adhesi

231 These together lead to anomalous quantum Hall (QH) conductivities which include

232 in electronic systems (e.g., quantum Hall or anomalous quantum Hall) are the result of topological pr

233 lar storm even though it did not generate an anomalous radiocarbon signature.

234 refractive-type metagrating which can enable anomalous reflection and refraction with almost unity ef

235 The anomalous reflection angle covers the range of 10 degree

236 Infrared metasurface anomalous reflector with ultra-high efficiency and broad

237 l-based, dynamically tunable metasurface (an anomalous reflector), demonstrating the potential of thi

238 hat enable functionalities including one-way anomalous refraction, one-way focusing, asymmetric focus

239 1) The initial anomalous regime represents the search of the DNA-bindin

240 erentiation are located in large seismically anomalous regions corresponding to thermochemical piles

241 This paper presents the anomalous release kinetics of a cancer drug (prodigiosin

242 heory and key characteristics of bad metals: anomalous resistivity scaling consistent with T-linear b

243 rmal anterior segment and a thin retina with anomalous retinal vascular branching at equator and peri

244 s evaluated, 163 met inclusion criteria: 116 anomalous right CA (71%), 25 anomalous left CA (15%), 17

245 nts had surgery (11 anomalous left CA and 36 anomalous right CA), 3 (6.4%) remained restricted from s

246 sive intracellular transport and the related anomalous scaling of the mean-squared displacement are r

247 Moreover, anomalous scattering by the framework sulfur atoms enabl

248 lous dispersion methods (K-SAD), (ii) use of anomalous scattering elements integral to the crystalliz

249 We exploited the anomalous scattering of bromine and iodine to define the

250 probably involved in d-wave pairing and the anomalous scattering of charge carriers.

251 sly by X-ray crystallography, exploiting the anomalous scattering of the halogen substituent.

252 Analysis of anomalous scattering signals from the iron-sulfur cluste

253 The one anomalous sector in this regard, the Bellingshausen/Amun

254 le (D") above the core-mantle boundary shows anomalous seismic features, such as strong seismic aniso

255 give rise to many exotic phenomena, such as anomalous SFA-mediated quantum oscillations, chiral magn

256 antiferromagnet(10) Mn(3)Sn, the SHE has an anomalous sign change when its triangularly ordered mome

257 xes obtained by measurement of the potassium anomalous signal at the K-edge, derived from long-wavele

258 This anomalous SK behavior enables simultaneous tuning of bot

259 (tKdV) statistical framework, which creates anomalous skewed distributions consistent with recent la

260 del that allowed automatic identification of anomalous sounds in playback experiments, providing a po

261 anomaly and atmospheric river activity, with anomalous south winds toward the sea ice anomaly potenti

262 of a counterpart of the AHE that we term the anomalous spin-orbit torque (ASOT), wherein an electric

263 t AS alteration in MS pathogenesis, based on anomalous splicing/backsplicing profiles of MS-relevant

264 This anomalous splitting, present at incident powers as low a

265 We determined that anomalous sporadic LH secretion caused the severe ovaria

266 explain and quantitatively predict the above anomalous statistical behavior as experimental control p

267 here should be useful for predicting extreme anomalous statistical behavior in other dispersive media

268 Extreme events and the related anomalous statistics are ubiquitously observed in many n

269 ding and predicting extreme events and their anomalous statistics in complex nonlinear systems are a

270 Our findings demonstrate the benefits of anomalous sub-diffusive photon transport in active media

271 The physical origins of this anomalous subdiffusion are unresolved, and model systems

272 xpression of the DNA-binding species reduces anomalous subdiffusion because the deepest binding sites

273 the observed distribution leads to transient anomalous subdiffusion, in which diffusion is anomalous

274 itive anisotropies, the dynamics ranges from anomalous superdiffusion to subdiffusion, whereas for ne

275 They moreover exhibit an anomalous suppression of long-wavelength density fluctua

276 ever, the investigation of the nature of the anomalous swelling of a stack of lipid membranes in the

277 creased undulation forces cannot explain the anomalous swelling.

278 the trion with soft phonons manifests in an anomalous temperature dependence of photoluminescence em

279 yesian spatio-temporal model to quantify how anomalous temperatures, defined as deviations of monthly

280 This observed anomalous tensile response of BC nanopaper is attributed

281 Many of these anomalous tests could be identified by applying machine

282 An anomalous thermal response is detected in the superfluid

283 Interestingly, it is found that the anomalous transmission and reflection through higher ord

284 Brillouin zone, they are responsible for the anomalous transport and thermodynamics of the material.

285 In order to answer how ubiquitous can anomalous transport be in porous media, we in this work

286 Anomalous transport in porous media is commonly believed

287 A plausible hydrodynamic origin of anomalous transport in simple porous media is proposed a

288 ith previous findings, provide evidence that anomalous transport is indeed ubiquitous in porous media

289 near a 2D van Hove singularity explains the anomalous transport observed in strained Sr(2)RuO(4).

290 he magnetoconductance is consistent with the anomalous transport of an axionic charge-density wave. O

291 to exhibit unconventional surface states and anomalous transport owing to unusual bulk electronic top

292 emimetals exhibit unusual surface states and anomalous transport phenomena.

293 cally insulating single crystals, leading to anomalous transport properties well above cryogenic temp

294 Au (x)Te(2- x)] ( x = 0.52-0.36) which shows anomalous, transverse nonsaturating negative magnetoresi

295 Anomalous trichromacy is a common form of congenital col

296 crimination such that they are classified as anomalous trichromats [3, 4].

297 ictable reduction in chromatic responses for anomalous trichromats in primary visual cortex.

298 by increased chromatic contrast response in anomalous trichromats.

299 uman, mouse, worm, and fly genomes that have anomalous, unstructured, or high signal in next-generati

300 Anomalous warm North Atlantic and cold South Atlantic le

301 view of mixed Sn/Pb-based systems with their anomalous yet beneficial optical trends are discussed.