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1 exposed to five, approximately 37 s bouts of anoxia.
2 ryo survival under one or two generations of anoxia.
3  the effluent source in response to sediment anoxia.
4  stressors such as heat, cold, crowding, and anoxia.
5  of patients who will not recover from brain anoxia.
6 face waters in response to expanded seafloor anoxia.
7 of low atmospheric O(2) or widespread marine anoxia.
8 bal warming and marine long-term hypoxia and anoxia.
9  generate cytotoxic Ca(2+) elevations during anoxia.
10 very observed in modern habitats affected by anoxia.
11 ii results in strong inhibition of CEF under anoxia.
12 ted genes and may have experienced long-term anoxia.
13 nted Src activation and Panx1 opening during anoxia.
14  distinguish low oxygen conditions from true anoxia.
15 toresuscitation in response to environmental anoxia.
16 oint convincingly to the transient spread of anoxia.
17 responding increase in the extent of oceanic anoxia.
18 growth, suggesting expression was induced by anoxia.
19 d only during eucapnic anoxia or hypercapnic anoxia.
20 s that become active when cells acclimate to anoxia.
21 ions, and glycogen, which is consumed during anoxia.
22 , promoting tumour growth and survival under anoxia.
23 trate respiration, arsenate respiration, and anoxia.
24 described for wild-type embryos subjected to anoxia.
25 um-free medium for 3 hours prior to onset of anoxia.
26 re was a more complex regulatory response to anoxia.
27 ery of respiration compared to acute hypoxia/anoxia.
28 xpression during acclimation of the cells to anoxia.
29 se conditions, and are motile after 24 hr of anoxia.
30 tal O2, thereby coordinating the response to anoxia.
31 e significantly increased in BMSCs following anoxia.
32 ontrast to [rho(-)] cells, did not die under anoxia.
33 nse of wild-type and daf-2(e1370) animals to anoxia.
34 nd displayed loss of the Mcl-1 protein under anoxia.
35  assessed by exposure of cells to 8 hours of anoxia.
36 by host neutrophils gives rise to regions of anoxia.
37 ologically hypoxic from lethal intracellular anoxia.
38 tinctions, climate fluctuations, and oceanic anoxia.
39 s, and increase in the anterior brain during anoxia.
40 RNA from the oxic zone to a max of 22% under anoxia.
41 usination and cellular resistance to hypoxia/anoxia.
42 abundance exhibit better survival under dark anoxia.
43 gradients and areas of near and almost total anoxia.
44 no ipso facto evidence for muscle dysoxia or anoxia.
45  glycogen provisioning when they experienced anoxia.
46 ironment by increasing embryo survival under anoxia.
47  lakes that vary in their vertical extent of anoxia.
48 (39.4%), cerebrovascular/stroke (25.8%), and anoxia (31.8%).
49  Tempranillo grapes were incubated in strict anoxia (75 degrees C x 24 h).
50 control pups to 15 episodes of environmental anoxia (97% N(2), 3% CO(2)).
51                                        Under anoxia a coordinated, cytoprotective program is induced,
52 h models demonstrated excessive mortality to anoxia (a postulated SIDS stressor) at P5 and P8.
53 rocurement for these donors included stroke, anoxia, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and mening
54 mbined with the lack of S-nitrosation during anoxia alone or by NO2(-) during normoxia places constra
55 tive metabolism of PR-104A and SN30000 under anoxia also showed little change in the POR knock-outs.
56 ession in A. limnaeus embryos in response to anoxia and aerobic recovery revealed small ncRNAs with e
57 ated (5 degrees C) turtles exposed to 9 days anoxia and compared the results with those for normoxic
58 se include traits for tolerating or avoiding anoxia and enabling underwater photosynthesis, traits th
59 ral waters, but also support hypotheses that anoxia and eutrophication in groundwater facilitate the
60 survival under subsequent longer exposure to anoxia and following engraftment in the infarcted heart.
61                            In addition, both anoxia and GABA decreased excitatory postsynaptic activi
62 ous slow phasic GABAergic activity, and both anoxia and GABA reversibly induced SA by increasing GABA
63 val phenotype in that they survive long-term anoxia and high-temperature anoxia, do not accumulate si
64 ated with the gut micro-habitat (neutral pH, anoxia and increased carbon substrates).
65 t associations were for deaths attributed to anoxia and low Apgar (0-3) for term infants (RR 961.7, 9
66                  However, the combination of anoxia and low pH led to colony death within 24 h.
67 hen hydrogen sulfide was added after 12 h of anoxia and low pH, colonies died after an additional 3 h
68 ed the marine biota resulting in episodes of anoxia and mass extinctions shortly after their eruption
69 likely contributed to the expansion of ocean anoxia and other environmental perturbations associated
70 appaB and ATF4-dependent transcription under anoxia and provides a regulatory feedback loop.
71              Our data suggest that spreading anoxia and redox cycling of harmful metals was a contrib
72 d that both GDH1 and GDH2 are induced during anoxia and reoxygenation and that this induction is medi
73               Functional characterization of anoxia and reoxygenation tolerance following uncoupling
74 on record of western North Pacific submarine anoxia and sea surface bioproductivity from the Chiba Se
75 rature proxy data indicate that the onset of anoxia and the extinction horizon coincide with both a r
76 ptional level in R. palustris in response to anoxia and the presence of benzoate and/or benzoyl-CoA (
77 obacteria are able to cope with water column anoxia and the role these microorganisms play in the det
78 bility in turtle cortical neurons exposed to anoxia and/or GABA(A/B) receptor (GABAR) modulators.
79 to mimic the fly's natural environments (wet anoxia) and relate findings to a typical gas induced env
80 e, is inducible by severe glucose depletion, anoxia, and acidosis.
81 ns of these mice show sensitivity to hypoxia/anoxia, and decreased adult neurogenesis was observed in
82 egrees C), salinity (26%), low light levels, anoxia, and high concentrations of heavy metals.
83 sand), indicative of an expansion of oceanic anoxia, and higher Th/U ratios (from 0.06 to 0.42), indi
84 ons, such as high light stress, cold stress, anoxia, and low levels of CO(2), fits with a role for Cr
85  showed that separate exposures to darkness, anoxia, and low pH did not cause mortality within 4 d.
86 puts have led to eutrophication, hypoxia and anoxia, and low pH.
87 ant stressors (e.g., sediment, low salinity, anoxia, and ocean acidification), offering an alternativ
88  ASB accumulation may contribute to sediment anoxia, and respiration of ASB and PHY-derived DOC may m
89       Brain insults, such as trauma, stroke, anoxia, and status epilepticus (SE), cause multiple chan
90  is a trait present in a very early phase of anoxia, and that ROS are needed for the regulation of a
91 relationship between cyanobacteria, sediment anoxia, and the ratio of dissolved nitrogen to soluble r
92 ng pressure that builds up upon the onset of anoxia, and this pressure can be relieved either by the
93 in ponds or soils often face hypoxia or even anoxia, and this severely impacts their physiology.
94 n is more damaging to mitochondria than near-anoxia; and (2) O suppresses ROS-induced damage to elect
95 controlling responses to reoxygenation after anoxia are evolutionarily conserved.
96 urface ocean O2 levels and pervasive benthic anoxia are expected in a world with much lower atmospher
97 prophase, or metaphase arrest in response to anoxia are not completely understood.
98 ia of freshwater lakes leading to deep-water anoxia are still not well understood, thereby constraini
99            Low oxygen gradients (hypoxia and anoxia) are important determinants of pathological condi
100  Ang-1 and Akt (MAAs) were more resistant to anoxia as compared with the nontransduced MSCs or those
101 ion greatly increased with acidosis and near-anoxia as occur in ischemic conditions.
102 ant mechanisms for cellular sustenance under anoxia as well as specific instances of post-transcripti
103                   Cyanide-induced artificial anoxia, as well as a direct AMPK activator (A-769662) al
104 age of wines, 24 wines were stored in strict anoxia at 50 degrees C for 3weeks.
105 r quality in the Yamuna was very poor (e.g., anoxia at all sites), and blaNDM-1 abundances were high
106 ontrast, freshwater turtles survive weeks of anoxia at low temperatures without suffering from oxidat
107 ons with the distal slope being the focus of anoxia at these times, as well as short-lived episodes o
108 e, foundering, and marine burial followed by anoxia, bacterial colonization, sulfate reduction, and m
109 asting and cold-acclimation and further with anoxia, but disappeared within 30 min of ischemia in mou
110  consumption in FHM1 mice, leading to tissue anoxia, but moderate hypoxia, in WT mice.
111 of FDX5 causes a distinct delay in achieving anoxia by affecting photosynthetic O(2) evolution, accom
112 ion of AtNIP2;1 expression was observed upon anoxia challenge of Arabidopsis seedlings, with a 300-fo
113               The intensification of oceanic anoxia coincided with, or slightly preceded, the EH and
114 ps survived all 15 episodes of environmental anoxia, compared to 79% of control littermates (P = 0.00
115 ncreases in lipid production at the onset of anoxia, consistent with documented pathways of anoxic da
116 lta(15)N since ~1990 records an expansion of anoxia, consistent with observed O2 trends.
117 cking PLM, and correlates with impaired post-anoxia contractile function.
118 elation to 'traditional' limitations, namely anoxia, decay inhibiting compounds, low nutrients and ac
119 s indicate that [rho(0)] cells survive under anoxia despite the loss of Mcl-1 protein due to residual
120                                              Anoxia did not directly affect BK, but activated BK via
121 urvive long-term anoxia and high-temperature anoxia, do not accumulate significant tissue damage in e
122 score>/=1, donor age more than 51 years, and anoxia donor brain injury were associated with the highe
123 n biodiversity in response to enhanced ocean anoxia driven by anthropogenic release of greenhouse gas
124 lants from growth inhibition by flooding and anoxia, drought, high salt, the presence of fungal and b
125 ent anion channel in an isoform-specific and anoxia-enhanced manner and may be involved in the regula
126 embryo exposed to severe oxygen deprivation (anoxia) enters a state of suspended animation in which c
127 osynthetic microbes experience conditions of anoxia, especially during the night when photosynthetic
128 y values in the Hirnantian are not caused by anoxia/euxinia because euxinic biomarkers (maleimides an
129 ugh the causes of the early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxia Event (OAE) have been fairly well studied, the ev
130 s, the inactive state is not detected in the anoxia exposed npp-16 mutant.
131 und that CDK-1 localizes near chromosomes in anoxia-exposed embryos.
132 The half-cut pineapple fruit showed that the anoxia exposure completely inhibited internal transparen
133                                          The anoxia exposure delayed the increase in total sugar cont
134                In conclusion, the short-term anoxia exposure for 16h maintained postharvest quality,
135                    The effects of short-term anoxia exposure for 16h on physicochemical changes of 'P
136 m these conditions but causes sensitivity to anoxia exposure.
137 hough inputs ceased in 1995, as indicated by anoxia extending at least 3 km down-gradient from the di
138 ng this time, episodes of local bottom-water anoxia extending into the photic-zone impacted the slope
139             Apoptosis induced by 12 hours of anoxia followed by 24 hours' reoxygenation was significa
140 isolated mitochondria subjected to 30 min of anoxia followed by reoxygenation were directly protected
141 rifuged and stored at 50 degrees C in strict anoxia for 2weeks (up to 7 in one case).
142 nditions can switch rapidly between oxia and anoxia, forcing soil bacteria to remodel their energy me
143                                              Anoxia has different impacts dependent upon both the dye
144                          One such condition, anoxia, has yet to be extensively researched in V. vulni
145 derlies adaptation to a fluctuating normoxia-anoxia hatching environment by increasing embryo surviva
146 ions facing irregularly fluctuating normoxia-anoxia hatching environments failed to evolve randomizin
147                           Periods of oceanic anoxia have had a major influence on the evolutionary hi
148 ically a consistent pattern of change during anoxia, highlighting this pathway as a potential solutio
149                             The expansion of anoxia highlights the potential for rapid and discontinu
150                                    In vitro, anoxia/hypoxia induced an enrichment of miR-24 in endoth
151 taneous electrical activity is suppressed by anoxia (i.e., spike arrest; SA) and cell death does not
152 additional molecular events are triggered by anoxia in a HIF-1-independent manner, and these changes
153 ce P. aeruginosa motility under normoxia and anoxia in an isolate dependent manner.
154 unting for the continual PCr decrease during anoxia in both muscles.
155 is crucial for acclimation to high light and anoxia in both organisms.
156              Physical evidence of widespread anoxia in Cambrian oceans has remained elusive and thus
157 ooms and thermohaline stratification lead to anoxia in Chesapeake Bay bottom waters.
158 c carbon preservation associated with marine anoxia in Earth history.
159 sponse to prolonged episodes of bottom water anoxia in Ediacaran shelf and platform environments.
160 ibition of DHPS or DOHH induced tolerance to anoxia in immortalized mouse renal proximal cells.
161 is frequently subject to periods of dark and anoxia in its natural environment.
162             In order to evaluate the role of anoxia in levels of Hg enrichment several redox indicato
163 genetic and cellular responses to hypoxia or anoxia in oxygen-deprivation-tolerant organisms such as
164  report the novel rise of water-column shelf anoxia in the northern California Current system, a larg
165                                   Widespread anoxia in the ocean is frequently invoked as a primary d
166                                    Pervasive anoxia in the subsurface ocean during the Proterozoic ma
167 ery period, yet the vertical distribution of anoxia in the water column and its temporal dynamics thr
168 e catabolism modulates conditions like pH or anoxia in their symbionts' habitat.
169                                              Anoxia increased endogenous slow phasic GABAergic activi
170  presence of NO under normoxia but not under anoxia indicating that H(2)S does not react with NO but
171  of this pathway instigated a rapid onset of anoxia induced death in infected flies and increases in
172                                 Water column anoxia induced Fe(II) and As(III) fluxes from the sedime
173 Collectively, these results demonstrate that anoxia-induced cell death requires the loss of Mcl-1 pro
174 am regulators of Bax or Bak, did not prevent anoxia-induced cell death.
175 t in Bax and Bak or caspase-9 do not undergo anoxia-induced cell death.
176 ensitivity to viral infection by using DXV's anoxia-induced death pathology.
177 developmental responses to external stimuli: anoxia-induced developmental arrest in Drosophila embryo
178                GC7 treatment also attenuated anoxia-induced generation of reactive oxygen species in
179 ized from the aerobic metabolism of glucose; anoxia-induced impairment in retinal synaptic transmissi
180                                     Notably, anoxia-induced prophase arrest is suppressed in mutant e
181      We present evidence that by imposing an anoxia-induced reversible arrest of the cell cycle, the
182                                          The anoxia-induced shift of cells from an actively dividing
183 worms are first transitioned into a state of anoxia-induced suspended animation before cold exposure,
184 ability after prolonged arrest in a state of anoxia-induced suspended animation, implying that in suc
185 al of alternative reductant sinks (nitrate), anoxia induces autofermentation of carbohydrates with a
186   This challenges the common assumption that anoxia inherently protects soil C and illustrates the vu
187           In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, dark anoxia is characterized by the activation of an extensiv
188 g P. aeruginosa dominance under normoxia and anoxia is greater than 3 kDa in size and is heat-stable.
189 monstrates that the regulation of ATF3 under anoxia is independent of 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase, HIF
190                        Thus, the response to anoxia is mediated by three pathways independently of HI
191 ility of animals exposed to brief periods of anoxia is prematurely arrested in gpd-2/3(RNAi) and daf-
192                              Warming-induced anoxia is usually identified as main driver, but because
193      How cells die in the absence of oxygen (anoxia) is not understood.
194  ATF3 induction occurred most robustly under anoxia, is common, and it is not dependent on presence o
195 tions, including repetitive neuronal firing, anoxia, ischemia and hypoglycemic coma.
196 e (AD)-type neurofibrillary degeneration and anoxia-ischemia.
197 We conclude that activation of NMDARs during anoxia/ischemia recruits SFKs to open Panx1, leading to
198 cessive glutamate release during exposure to anoxia/ischemia.
199 sting activation by increased [Ca2+]c during anoxia, itself partly attributable to glutamate release.
200 and has been correlated with expanded marine anoxia lasting into the earliest Silurian.
201 g in flooded soils encounter hypoxia or even anoxia leading to poor seed germination and crop establi
202                              After 7weeks of anoxia levels of free H2S and MeSH were high and similar
203 d DX-52-1 and exposed to etoposide in air or anoxia (<0.01% oxygen).
204 egulated by chronic (48 h) rather than acute anoxia (<24 h) by a complex set of pathways and mechanis
205 ronmental challenges presented by widespread anoxia may have been a prevalent if not dominant influen
206 hat increased endogenous GABA release during anoxia mediates SA by activating an inhibitory postsynap
207                                         Post-anoxia MEND is ablated in DHHC5-deficient hearts, inhibi
208             Our findings suggest that tissue anoxia might be a mechanism for prolonged aura in FHM1.
209 , the PHS donor was younger, male, died from anoxia, more likely to be HCV and antibody reacting to h
210 e was characterized by two pulses of oceanic anoxia, named the Lower and Upper Kellwasser events, dur
211 were rapidly converted from normoxia to near-anoxia ([O(2)], <1 micromol/L), the increase in H(2)DCF
212                                              Anoxia or exogenous NMDA activated Src family kinases (S
213 t-I discharges occurred only during eucapnic anoxia or hypercapnic anoxia.
214 by nitrite administered both in vitro during anoxia or in vivo 24 h before mitochondrial isolation.
215 ls are able to activate HIF-1 in response to anoxia or iron chelators during normoxia.
216                       After a few minutes of anoxia or ischaemia, neurons in brain slices show a rapi
217 t are caused by enhanced metabolic activity, anoxia, or ischemia.
218 on of all three RAP2s conferred tolerance to anoxia, oxidative and osmotic stresses, and enhanced the
219 logies, epigenetic factors such as perinatal anoxia (PA) have been argued to be contributors, or caus
220 d that not only is the daf-2(e1370)-enhanced anoxia phenotype dependent upon gpd-2 and gpd-3, but als
221 es direct-rather than inferred-evidence that anoxia played a role in shaping a landmark Ediacaran eco
222 otheses of an extended period of whole-ocean anoxia prior to the end-Permian extinction.
223 al activation of the NF-kappaB pathway under anoxia protected cells from negative consequences of the
224 mental changes associated with the two ocean anoxia pulses.
225 roved the stratigraphic resolution of marine anoxia records 100-1000 fold using core-scanning X-Ray F
226                                       Whilst anoxia reduced the ability for P. aeruginosa CF isolates
227 ective perfusate that promotes recovery from anoxia, reduces reperfusion injury, prevents oedema, and
228 prolonged climatic perturbations and oceanic anoxia, related to the mass extinction.
229                               In contrast to anoxia-related enhanced carbon storage in coeval open ma
230 rozoic deep ocean characterized by pervasive anoxia relative to the Phanerozoic (at least approximate
231 c assays showed that the level of GDH during anoxia-reoxygenation decreased in the ethylene-insensiti
232           We also studied mPTP opening after anoxia-reoxygenation in the presence or absence of extra
233                       In parallel, following anoxia-reoxygenation these mitochondria generate less hy
234 n-2 depletion alone significantly attenuates anoxia-reoxygenation tolerance but uncoupling protein-3
235  GDH activity in metabolic adjustment during anoxia-reoxygenation.
236 mPTP opening in normoxic conditions or after anoxia-reoxygenation.
237 inferred the putative targets of EIN3 during anoxia-reoxygenation.
238 hepatocytes and mouse livers were exposed to anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) and I/R, respectively.
239  human neuroblastoma cell line) subjected to anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R), a process that has been show
240 umulation likely protects turtle hearts from anoxia/reoxygenation injury and suggests metabolic inter
241                Mechanistic studies (in vitro anoxia/reoxygenation) demonstrated a mitochondrial site
242 TGF-beta expression are necessary to prevent anoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis in mphi.
243 tects cultured lung epithelial cells against anoxia/reoxygenation-induced injuries.
244                                 We show that anoxia represents a powerful hierarchical preservation m
245         Cellular oxygen deprivation (hypoxia/anoxia) requires an acclimation response that enables su
246                           This system allows anoxia-resistant animals and mammalian cells to initiate
247   In addition to their anti-fatigue and anti-anoxia roles in traditional medicine, Rhodiola total ext
248 tion component, such as transient hypoxia or anoxia, root waterlogging, or complete submergence.
249 e pathway resulted in similar rapid onset of anoxia sensitivity, it also resulted in decreased viral
250 ed oocytes by heat shock, osmotic stress, or anoxia, similar to the induction of stress granules in m
251 ed variations in the extent of North Pacific anoxia since 1850 using a geochemical proxy for denitrif
252 ced bioreductive metabolism of PR-104A in an anoxia-specific manner.
253 s exquisitely sensitive to water logging and anoxia stress.
254          npp-5 mutants are hypersensitive to anoxia, suggesting that the spindle assembly checkpoint
255                                              Anoxia suppressed total C loss by 27% in the Oxisol and
256  increased sensitivity to osmotic stress and anoxia, surprisingly we found that the mitochondrial fus
257 s, the daf-2(e1370) animals have an enhanced anoxia-survival phenotype in that they survive long-term
258 enes that suppress the daf-2(e1370)-enhanced anoxia-survival phenotype.
259  ameliorates the uncoupling protein-depleted anoxia-susceptible phenotype.
260                                     However, anoxia sustained or even increased decomposition of nati
261 (S-MIF), an Archean signature of atmospheric anoxia that begins to disappear from the rock record at
262 als of cooling and deepening of water column anoxia that expanded the habitable mid-water refuge zone
263 etazoans, and be responsible for the oceanic anoxia that has puzzled so many researchers for so many
264 gs to a typical gas induced environment (dry anoxia) that is commonly used in a laboratory.
265  the subsequent development of shallow-water anoxia, the hallmark of the T-OAE.
266                                       During anoxia, the naked mole-rat switches to anaerobic metabol
267 esis in this mutant when it was placed under anoxia; the two other ADH homologs encoded on the Chlamy
268 generated in the mitochondria in response to anoxia, though the precise mechanism of biosynthesis rem
269            This work extends the duration of anoxia to >3 Myrs - notably longer than well-studied Mes
270 synthetic organisms like C. reinhardtii from anoxia to high light to limitations imposed at the level
271 tic carbon fixation during a shift from dark anoxia to light.
272                                              Anoxia tolerance and physiology vary by developmental st
273  uncoupling protein-3 in modulating ischemia/anoxia tolerance in heart-derived cells.
274 coupling protein-3 depletion does not reduce anoxia tolerance.
275 lating gene expression that supports extreme anoxia tolerance.
276 mbryos and isolated cells exhibiting extreme anoxia tolerance.
277 n patterns that suggest a role in supporting anoxia tolerance.
278 habit ephemeral ponds, producing drought and anoxia-tolerant embryos, which allows the species to per
279                               Conversely, in anoxia-tolerant turtle brain, spontaneous electrical act
280 llifish Austrofundulus limnaeus are the most anoxia-tolerant vertebrate.
281                        For example, the most anoxia-tolerant vertebrates, painted turtles and crucian
282 iratory rate of the fruit was induced by the anoxia treatment.
283                                              Anoxia triggered the loss of the Mcl-1 protein upstream
284                                 In contrast, anoxia underlying oligotrophic surface ocean conditions
285                               Cold shock and anoxia upregulates a homologue of HU (Hlp) in Mycobacter
286  ability to withstand episodic environmental anoxia via autoresuscitation.
287 xygenation after prolonged and acute hypoxia/anoxia was compared.
288 ing supports the idea that widespread marine anoxia was induced by a greenhouse-driven weathering pul
289 allenged the fundamental premise that muscle anoxia was requisite for increased muscle and blood [La(
290   To determine how turtles survive prolonged anoxia, we measured ~80 metabolites in hearts from cold-
291                   Etoposide IC(50) values in anoxia were 3-fold higher than those in air for HT1080 (
292 t levels of hypoxia (mild, moderate, severe, anoxia) were used to produce a wide range of [Ca(2+) ]i
293 ical quenching mechanism, in relationship to anoxia where the activity of cyclic electron flow is sti
294                                        Under anoxia, where CEF is induced, quantitative proteomics ev
295 ean anoxic event has focused on the onset of anoxia, with global reconstructions based on carbonate d
296 may be released during flooding-induced soil anoxia, with the degree of mobilization being affected b
297 urnover events occurred: (i) at the onset of anoxia, with the extinction of most benthic species and
298 vive 18 minutes of total oxygen deprivation (anoxia) without apparent injury.
299            This enhanced bioproductivity and anoxia would have resulted in elevated rates of organic
300 depth-dependent metabolic costs for grazers, anoxia zones, available food, and visual predation.

 
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