ライフサイエンスコーパス: antitoxin

1 ls a second strain lacking the corresponding antitoxin.

2 by the co-expression of its cognate RelB2sca antitoxin.

3 is counteracted by its HD domain-containing antitoxin.

4 by direct interaction with a structured RNA antitoxin.

5 ely mediated by active site hindrance by its antitoxin.

6 tially toxic protein, and a small RNA (sRNA) antitoxin.

7 i-F botulinum antitoxins but not with anti-E antitoxin.

8 overed antitoxin gene be named ralA for RalR antitoxin.

9 -ribosylating toxin and ParS for the cognate antitoxin.

10 pINV, consist of a toxic protein and protein antitoxin.

11 phylaxis related to HBAT and other botulinum antitoxins.

12 d for HBAT and previously employed botulinum antitoxins.

13 in activity and the regulated proteolysis of antitoxins.

14 ios >/=1190:1 for neutralization by existing antitoxins.

15 pment of a mechanistic class of C. difficile antitoxins.

16 e association and co-evolution of toxins and antitoxins.

17 ution patterns and in their range of cognate antitoxins.

18 rved PPVs and NPVs of ST for other botulinum antitoxins (302 patients) were 0-56% and 50%-100%, respe

19 A heptavalent F(ab')2 botulinum antitoxin A-G obtained from the US Army also did not neu

20 hese produce a stable toxin (T) and a labile antitoxin (A) conditioning cell survival to plasmid main

21 by ClpXP, and this degradation requires the antitoxin, a ClpXP adaptor.

22 E operon was negatively autoregulated by the antitoxin, AbiEi, a member of a widespread family of put

23 The RNA chaperone Hfq is required for RalA antitoxin activity and appears to stabilize RalA.

24 orylates Ser78 of the toxin), and HepT/MntA (antitoxin adds three AMPs to Tyr104 of the toxin).

25 Prompt antitoxin administration and meticulous intensive care a

26 travenous magnesium sulphate and intrathecal antitoxin administration as methods of spasm control tha

27 dren (persons <18 years of age) or botulinum antitoxin administration to children.

28 d a meta-analysis on the effect of timing of antitoxin administration, antitoxin type, and toxin expo

29 value of skin testing (ST) before botulinum antitoxin administration.

30 viously, we identified a potent neutralizing antitoxin against BoNT/A1 termed ciA-C2, derived from a

31 Hence, more potent and safer antitoxins against BoNT/H are needed.

32 strong platform for the development of novel antitoxin agents and for the rational design of BoNT/A v

33 In addition, antitoxin agents are not only promising for therapeutic

34 Development of successful antitoxin agents would likely decrease the use of antibi

35 eview of (1) allergic reactions to botulinum antitoxin and (2) the predictive value of skin testing (

36 with the timely administration of diphtheria antitoxin and antimicrobial therapy.

37 xpansive diversity of inovirus-encoded toxin-antitoxin and gene expression modulation systems, alongs

38 AbrB transition state regulator and the MazE antitoxin and MraW is known to methylate the 16S rRNA, m

39 ically evaluated the literature on botulinum antitoxin and other treatments.

40 vior of some of these systems, such as toxin-antitoxin and restriction modification modules.

41 es for TA systems based on the nature of the antitoxin and the way that the antitoxin inactivates the

42 veral conditionally essential genes encoding antitoxins and/or immunity proteins.

43 njection blocking, abortive infection, toxin-antitoxin, and CRISPR-Cas systems.

44 Although this module's toxin, antitoxin, and toxin-antitoxin complex have been more th

45 tability, and consists of wound debridement, antitoxin, antibiotics, and supportive care.

46 The antitoxin antibodies actoxumab and bezlotoxumab bind to

47 Circulating neutralizing antitoxin antibodies are protective in C. difficile infe

48 In this study, we show that the antitoxin antibodies are protective in multiple murine m

49 alizing activity and suggest that engineered antitoxin antibodies will have improved therapeutic effi

50 -old woman that arose despite the protective antitoxin antibody in her serum.

51 Patients who develop strong antitoxin antibody responses can clear C. difficile infe

52 Further, a wild-type antitoxin appears optimized for specificity as no substi

53 tor interaction, enabling the development of antitoxin approaches and improved animal models to explo

54 Furthermore, it is unclear how antitoxins are selected for proteolysis by cellular prot

55 r the zorO-orzO type I system where the OrzO antitoxin base pairs to the 174-nucleotide zorO 5 UTR.

56 ation for the Type III TA class, and the RNA antitoxin bears a novel structural feature of an extende

57 This is distinct from antitoxins belonging to other superfamilies that typical

58 A typical regulatory strategy involves the antitoxin binding and repressing its own promoter while

59 at typically acts as a gate to direct RNA or antitoxin binding.

60 free antitoxin is readily degraded in vivo, antitoxin bound to toxin is protected from proteolysis,

61 other TA proteins in the sense that not the antitoxin but the toxin possesses a flexible region.

62 te with anti-A, anti-B, and anti-F botulinum antitoxins but not with anti-E antitoxin.

63 Selective degradation of the antitoxin by proteases leads to the unopposed action of

64 y and mortality, but concerns that botulinum antitoxin can induce anaphylaxis exist.

65 olded state of the partially disordered CcdA antitoxin can therefore provide insight into general mec

66 signate those TA systems in which the enzyme antitoxin chemically modifies the toxin post-translation

67 to a Type II TA system, while the cjrA (RNA antitoxin)/cjpT (proteic toxin) pair in 81-176 belongs t

68 ve risk of death among patients treated with antitoxin compared with patients not treated with antito

69 gh this module's toxin, antitoxin, and toxin-antitoxin complex have been more thoroughly investigated

70 stal structure of the Escherichia coli toxin-antitoxin complex YafQ-(DinJ)2-YafQ, a key component of

71 Chromosomally-encoded toxin-antitoxin complexes are ubiquitous in bacteria and regul

72 The features of toxin-antitoxin complexes that are important to inhibit toxin

73 formational states play a role in regulating antitoxin concentrations and the activity of CcdA's cogn

74 ing other functions, for example, toxins and antitoxins, confirming the recently discovered potential

75 xible region in the toxin rather than in the antitoxin controls operon expression and toxin activity.

76 main of unknown function (DUF) 4433, and the antitoxin (DarG) a macrodomain protein.

77 The antitoxin, DarG(Mtb) , forms a cytosolic complex with DN

78 t is rescued by expression of an orthologous antitoxin, DarG(Taq) , from Thermus aquaticus.

79 Diphtheria antitoxin (DAT) has been the cornerstone of the treatmen

80 ecies and toxin confirmation, and diphtheria antitoxin (DAT) is obtained from CDC for treatment.

81 the administration and safety of diphtheria antitoxin (DAT), the standard treatment for diphtheria.

82 l horse sera directed against DT (diphtheria antitoxin; DAT).

83 Stress-induced transcription arises from antitoxin degradation and relief of transcriptional auto

84 he ClpXP protease is responsible for Epsilon antitoxin degradation.

85 The antitoxin DinJ dimer adopts a ribbon-helix-helix motif r

86 y virtue of its interaction with its cognate antitoxin, DinJ.

87 ite, regulation of enzymatic activity by the antitoxin EcMazE diverges from its B. subtilis homolog.

88 they comprise two proteins, a toxin, and an antitoxin, encoded by adjacent genes and forming a compl

89 us isolates, and was influenced by the toxin/antitoxin encoding locus mazEF.

90 osynthesis through complex formation with an antitoxin, EsaG, which binds to its C-terminal nuclease

91 obacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), three contain antitoxins essential for bacterial viability.

92 ntiToxSAS system with its multiple different antitoxins exemplifies how ancient nucleotide-based sign

93 Furthermore, we evolved an antitoxin for the new toxin ArT from two unrelated antit

94 Here we show that an antitoxin from a type V system (GhoS, an endoribonucleas

95 Therefore, toxins and antitoxins from disparate systems can be interconverted.

96 We suggest the newly discovered antitoxin gene be named ralA for RalR antitoxin.

97 hia coli contains at least 36 putative toxin-antitoxin gene pairs, and some pathogens such as Mycobac

98 ng a 30-amino acid hydrophobic toxin and the antitoxin gene sr5 overlap at their 3' ends by 112 bp.

99 es bacterial growth and a toxin-neutralizing antitoxin gene, usually encoded in a single operon.

100 Toxin-antitoxin genes play important roles in the regulation o

101 ma factors, transcription factors, and toxin-antitoxin genes.

102 n by the protein products of six neighboring antitoxin genes.

103 d by cleavage of its messenger RNA (mRNA) by antitoxin GhoS, and TA system MqsR/MqsA controls GhoT/Gh

104 e show that Pseudomonas putida graTA-encoded antitoxin GraA and toxin GraT differ from other TA prote

105 Children who received antitoxin had better survival; serious adverse events we

106 iated, equine-derived, heptavalent botulinum antitoxin (HBAT) is licensed in the United States.

107 Equine-derived heptavalent botulinum antitoxin (HBAT), the only currently available treatment

108 Botulism Antitoxin Heptavalent (A,B,C,D,E,F,G)-(Equine) (BAT) man

109 he cognate toxin is the direct target of the antitoxin: Hha/TomB (antitoxin oxidizes Cys18 of the tox

110 ound that, unlike most other TA systems, the antitoxin HigA makes minimal interactions with toxin Hig

111 crobial therapy and prompt administration of antitoxin, if necessary.

112 month prior had significantly greater serum antitoxin IgA and IgG against toxins A (P = .02 for both

113 For comparison, antitoxin IgG and NAb were measured in cord blood from 5

114 emonstrate that durable levels of protective antitoxin immunity exist in the majority of vaccinated i

115 eine variant [C117S]YmoB can replace TomB as antitoxins in E. coli.

116 the adaptor that works with ClpCP to degrade antitoxins in S. aureus.

117 nature of the antitoxin and the way that the antitoxin inactivates the toxin.

118 completely eliminated by existing serotype A antitoxins, including those contained in multivalent the

119 itional and distinct TA systems in which the antitoxin is an enzyme and the cognate toxin is the dire

120 Under stress conditions, the antitoxin is degraded liberating the active toxin.

121 Importantly, although free antitoxin is readily degraded in vivo, antitoxin bound t

122 We find that the C-terminus of the HigA antitoxin is required for dimerization and transcription

123 egulated at the transcriptional level by the antitoxin itself.

124 The widespread toxin-antitoxin loci and 'open' state of the pangenome provide

125 Type I toxin-antitoxin loci consist of two genes: a small, hydrophobi

126 Toxin-antitoxin loci, which encode a toxic protein alongside w

127 at the zorO-orzO pair is a true type I toxin-antitoxin locus.

128 ibe the isolation of diverse and efficacious antitoxin mAbs.

129 s inactivated through binding to its cognate antitoxin, MazE.

130 T, is bactericidal unless neutralized by its antitoxin MbcA.

131 Here, we discovered that the MntA antitoxin (MNT-domain protein) acts as an adenylyltransf

132 f protein-protein interactions using a toxin-antitoxin model.

133 ncoded by a three-component parDE-like toxin-antitoxin module from Escherichia coli O157:H7.

134 The toxin Doc from the phd/doc toxin-antitoxin module targets the cellular translation machin

135 Bacterial type II toxin-antitoxin modules are protein-protein complexes whose fu

136 The majority of 14 toxin-antitoxin modules contributed to intracellular persister

137 In several different organisms, toxin-antitoxin modules function as effectors of ppGpp-induced

138 In Escherichia coli, toxin-antitoxin modules have been linked to persister formatio

139 Toxin and antitoxin modules in bacteria are believed to be one pos

140 one of many chromosomally encoded toxin and antitoxin modules in Escherichia coli and the HipA7 alle

141 Deleting toxin-antitoxin modules in S. aureus did not affect the level

142 Bacteria encode multiple type II toxin-antitoxin modules that cleave ribosome-bound mRNAs in re

143 es, and signaling molecules, including toxin-antitoxin modules, adenosine triphosphate, and guanosine

144 ylococcus aureus genome contains three toxin-antitoxin modules, including one mazEF module, SamazEF.

145 the transcriptional repression of two toxin/antitoxin modules, mqsR/mqsA and dinJ/yafQ.

146 Gpp and requires chromosomally encoded toxin-antitoxin modules.

147 owing persisters through the action of toxin-antitoxin modules.

148 that assessed the efficacy and safety of the antitoxin monoclonal antibodies bezlotoxumab and actoxum

149 lated antitoxin templates, the protein-based antitoxin MqsA and RNA-based antitoxin ToxI, and showed

150 Notably, the antitoxin MqsA possesses a C-terminal DNA-binding domain

151 Among patients who received antitoxin (n = 193), 23 (12%) reported an adverse event,

152 se that inhibits cell growth, while the HipB antitoxin neutralizes the toxin.

153 The association of toxins with their cognate antitoxins neutralizes toxin activity, allowing for norm

154 e activated Lon to degrade all known type II antitoxins of E. coli.

155 Therapeutic agents other than antitoxin offered no clear benefit.

156 or, but instead functions to destabilize the antitoxin-operator complex under all conditions, and thu

157 pression of the Proteus vulgaris higBA toxin-antitoxin operon from the Rts1 plasmid.

158 ycobacterium tuberculosis have over 90 toxin-antitoxin operons.

159 Toxin-antitoxin or toxin-antidote (TA) elements are genetic dy

160 he direct target of the antitoxin: Hha/TomB (antitoxin oxidizes Cys18 of the toxin), TglT/TakA (antit

161 The mqsRA operon encodes a toxin-antitoxin pair that was characterized to participate in

162 Type II toxin-antitoxin pairs are regulated at the transcriptional lev

163 into the critical interactions between toxin-antitoxin pairs necessary to inhibit toxin activity and

164 Though thousands of various toxin-antitoxins pairs have been predicted bioinformatically,

165 ranslation machinery and is inhibited by its antitoxin partner Phd.

166 xin oxidizes Cys18 of the toxin), TglT/TakA (antitoxin phosphorylates Ser78 of the toxin), and HepT/M

167 c is an equine-derived heptavalent botulinum antitoxin product indicated for the treatment of symptom

168 g those contained in multivalent therapeutic antitoxin products that are the mainstay of human botuli

169 ion and is associated with repression of the antitoxin promoter and enhanced processing of its transc

170 The antitoxin protein CcdA is a homodimer composed of two mo

171 sponse to stress is selective proteolysis of antitoxin proteins which releases their cognate toxin pa

172 the biochemical properties of both toxin and antitoxin proteins.

173 e II TA systems relies on the proteolysis of antitoxin proteins.

174 An antitoxin raised against IBCA10-7060 toxoid protected mi

175 ion-provided monovalent polyclonal botulinum antitoxins raised against BoNT types A-G.

176 reactions may occur among 1%-2% of botulinum antitoxin recipients and will require epinephrine and an

177 Timely administration of antitoxin reduces mortality; despite appropriate treatme

178 Here, we examined how the HigA antitoxin regulates the expression of the Proteus vulgar

179 16% (8/687 patients) for all other botulinum antitoxins (relative risk, 1.41 [95% confidence interval

180 Moreover, the RelBE2sca complex, or the antitoxin RelB2sca alone, specifically interacted with t

181 Interestingly, the E. coli antitoxin RelBeco was able to alleviate the toxicity of

182 Notably, cjrA (antitoxin) represents the first noncoding small RNA demo

183 phage rac form a type I TA pair in which the antitoxin RNA is a trans-encoded small RNA with 16 nucle

184 stasis and that co-expression of the cognate antitoxin Rv2515c restores bacterial growth.

185 es, suggesting that the regulation of RNA or antitoxin selection may be distinct from other canonical

186 oxin sequences are more closely related than antitoxin sequences in M. tuberculosis Furthermore, the

187 ortality; despite appropriate treatment with antitoxin, some patients suffer respiratory failure.

188 This mRNA is translationally silenced by an antitoxin sRNA, IstR-1, that base pairs to the standby s

189 rves as the target site of the corresponding antitoxin sRNA.

190 estions were investigated for a type I toxin-antitoxin system (AapA1-IsoA1) expressed from the chromo

191 The bacterial toxin-antitoxin system CcdB-CcdA provides a mechanism for the

192 re, we describe the AtaT2 toxin from a toxin-antitoxin system from Escherichia coli O157:H7.

193 olecular Cell, Aarke et al. identify a toxin-antitoxin system in Caulobacter crescentus that acts by

194 BsrE/SR5 is a new type I toxin/antitoxin system located on the prophage-like region P6

195 MazEF is a type II toxin-antitoxin system present on the chromosome of Escherichi

196 from bacteriophage P1 (of the phd-doc toxin-antitoxin system) has served as a model for the family o

197 Loss of GmvAT and a second toxin-antitoxin system, CcdAB, from pINV reduces S. sonnei pla

198 GmvAT, a toxin-antitoxin system, is responsible for the difference in s

199 ron that also has characteristics of a toxin-antitoxin system, thus joining several enigmatic feature

200 to human infections, e.g. Fic and VbhA toxin-antitoxin system.

201 , persistence is promoted by the HipBA toxin-antitoxin system.

202 ing potential novel regulation in this toxin-antitoxin system.

203 o-residing plasmid encoding a putative toxin-antitoxin system; iii) a mutation in the host's global t

204 Lastly, we describe the role of toxin-antitoxin systems (TAS) in the induction of the VBNC sta

205 vival mechanism modulated, in part, by toxin-antitoxin systems (TAS).

206 s the expansion and diversification of toxin-antitoxin systems and other paralogous protein families

207 pulation dynamics for a large class of toxin-antitoxin systems and suggests answers to several of the

208 Toxin-antitoxin systems are found in many bacterial chromosome

209 Bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems are important factors implicated in gr

210 Toxin-antitoxin systems are mediators of diverse activities in

211 Toxin-antitoxin systems are ubiquitous and have been implicate

212 Toxin-antitoxin systems are ubiquitous in nature and present o

213 Toxin-antitoxin systems are ubiquitous in prokaryotic and arch

214 Using bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems as a model, we screened a combinatoria

215 xification; antimicrobial peptides and toxin-antitoxin systems associated with symbiosis, immunity, a

216 e and regulation of this operon, since toxin-antitoxin systems have been suggested to play a part in

217 Additionally, the toxin/antitoxin systems that we investigated (MqsR, MazF, GhoT

218 In type I toxin-antitoxin systems, a small RNA acts as an antitoxin, whi

219 s, such as restriction-modification or toxin-antitoxin systems, and qualitative, including the discov

220 al, but thousands were associated with toxin-antitoxin systems, DNA repair, cell membrane function, d

221 Using bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems, we demonstrate the plausibility of th

222 epression complex in contrast to other toxin-antitoxin systems.

223 ation as compared to classical type II toxin-antitoxin systems.

224 istinct from the majority derived from toxin-antitoxin systems: it does not cleave RNA; in fact P1 Do

225 Type II toxin-antitoxins systems are widespread in prokaryotic genomes

226 YoeB-YefM, the widespread type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) module, binds to its own promoter to auto

227 Bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are tightly regulated to maintain

228 A large cohort of Toxin-Antitoxin (TA) modules contribute to this persistence.

229 Of the ~80 putative toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules encoded by the bacterial pathogen

230 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules have an important role in the for

231 hia coli codes for at least 11 type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules, all implicated in bacterial pers

232 reminiscent of those typically seen in toxin-antitoxin (TA) operons.

233 T is predicted to be the most abundant toxin/antitoxin (TA) system in prokaryotes.

234 herichia coli form an oxygen-dependent toxin-antitoxin (TA) system.

235 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are gene modules that are ubiquit

236 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are implicated in the downregulat

237 Genes encoding toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are near ubiquitous in bacterial

238 Toxin/antitoxin (TA) systems are present in nearly all bacteri

239 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are ubiquitous genetic elements i

240 Toxin/antitoxin (TA) systems are ubiquitous within bacterial g

241 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widely distributed in bacteri

242 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widespread in prokaryotes.

243 Since toxins of toxin/antitoxin (TA) systems have been postulated to be respon

244 The relBE family of Type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems have been widely reported in bact

245 The discovery and study of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems helps us advance our understandin

246 The prevalence of toxin/antitoxin (TA) systems in almost all genomes suggests th

247 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems interfere with essential cellular

248 In particular, regulation of type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems is achieved through sophisticated

249 come specialized toward the control of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems known to promote bacterial adapta

250 lmost all free-living bacteria contain toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems on their genomes and the targets

251 Toxin/antitoxin (TA) systems perhaps enable cells to reduce th

252 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems play key roles in bacterial persi

253 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems regulate fundamental cellular pro

254 Bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems regulate key cellular processes t

255 aeal chromosomes encode a diversity of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems that contribute to a variety of s

256 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems were proposed as perfect candidat

257 Shigella flexneri, pINV harbours three toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems, CcdAB, GmvAT and VapBC that prom

258 For toxin/antitoxin (TA) systems, no toxin has been identified tha

259 sually large representation of type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems, whose functions and targets are

260 istance have previously been linked to toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems.

261 ial genomes contain different types of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems.

262 me harbors an unusually high number of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems.

263 as a tool to identify and characterize toxin-antitoxin (TA)-acting Abi systems.

264 xin for the new toxin ArT from two unrelated antitoxin templates, the protein-based antitoxin MqsA an

265 ized BoNT/H and represents a potential human antitoxin that could be developed for the prevention and

266 onsist of a toxin that reduces growth and an antitoxin that masks toxin activity.

267 were identified as associated with botulinum antitoxin therapy among 11 patients who received it.

268 ng and to prevent degradation of its cognate antitoxin, thus facilitating inhibition of the toxin.

269 We employ rational design and a toxin/antitoxin titering approach to produce and screen a smal

270 ture of the toxin bound to a fragment of the antitoxin to 1.50 angstrom.

271 fection, they must be paired with diphtheria antitoxin to limit morbidity.

272 y induced by chromosomal inactivation of the antitoxin to select mutations that suppress toxicity.

273 al requirements of the Escherichia coli DinJ antitoxin to suppress its toxin partner, YafQ.

274 ne-third most homologous to BoNT/A) requires antitoxin to toxin ratios >/=1190:1 for neutralization b

275 creased by giving millions of doses of horse antitoxin to wounded soldiers.

276 The combining of antitoxins to neutralize the toxicity of known bivalent

277 e protein-based antitoxin MqsA and RNA-based antitoxin ToxI, and showed that the evolved MqsA and Tox

278 esent study, we sought to define how the RNA antitoxin, ToxI, inhibits its potentially lethal protein

279 might exist in B. subtilis that can promote antitoxin/toxin RNA interaction.

280 Reduced mortality was associated with any antitoxin treatment (odds ratio [OR], 0.16; 95% confiden

281 ht to quantify the allergy risk of botulinum antitoxin treatment and the usefulness of skin testing t

282 ; 95% confidence interval [CI], .09-.30) and antitoxin treatment within 48 hours of illness onset (OR

283 ffect of timing of antitoxin administration, antitoxin type, and toxin exposure type.

284 During steady-state cell growth, antitoxins typically interact with their cognate toxins

285 r studies published on botulism or botulinum antitoxin use during pregnancy and the postpartum period

286 comes associated with botulism and botulinum antitoxin use during pregnancy and the postpartum period

287 reened a combinatorially complete library of antitoxin variants at three key positions against two to

288 The virA (proteic antitoxin)/virT (proteic toxin) pair in IA3902 belongs t

289 oxin compared with patients not treated with antitoxin was 0.24 (95% confidence interval, .14-.40; P

290 Antitoxin was administered, resulting in patient improve

291 subsequent in vivo analysis showed that the antitoxin was degraded by ClpP.

292 Diphtheria antitoxin was issued in two (9.5%) cases; both survived.

293 We did not identify an interval beyond which antitoxin was not beneficial.

294 nic strains and the only available treatment antitoxin which can target the neurotoxin at the extrace

295 essential cellular processes, and a cognate antitoxin which counteracts this activity.

296 in-antitoxin systems, a small RNA acts as an antitoxin, which prevents the synthesis of the toxin.

297 /activity of the toxin is counteracted by an antitoxin, which, in type I systems, is an antisense RNA

298 monomeric and interacts with dimeric PaParD antitoxin with a K(D) in the lower picomolar range, yiel

299 f interface mutants, we show that toxins and antitoxins with high specificity are frequently connecte

300 gyrase, and overexpression in the absence of antitoxin yielded an expected filamentous morphology wit