ライフサイエンスコーパス: autophagic

1 ilized for visualizing, sensing or measuring autophagic activities in cells or tissues, which are cat

2 nal tubular cells in vitro, lithium enhanced autophagic activities, improved cell viability, and atte

3 ficance and underlying mechanisms, measuring autophagic activity (i.e., autophagic flux) is critical.

4 Inhibition of the young-plasma-restored autophagic activity abrogated the beneficial effect of y

5 the young serum-induced ULK1 activation and autophagic activity and diminished the protective action

6 Similarly, young serum restored autophagic activity and reduced cellular injury after hy

7 estored aging-induced suppression in hepatic autophagic activity and reduced liver IRI.

8 r F17 mutant viruses could be detected, with autophagic activity differing across cell types or state

9 wever, how the UPR and its components affect autophagic activity has not been thoroughly examined.

10 ssical ER stressor tunicamycin (TM) enhances autophagic activity in mammalian cells.

11 However, it remains uncertain whether its autophagic activity is associated with a beneficial effe

12 compromised in cell cultures and mice, while autophagic activity is enhanced.

13 Restoration of age-impaired autophagic activity may be a critical contributing mecha

14 Aging is often associated with a decreased autophagic activity that contributes to the high sensiti

15 nder favorable conditions and upregulate the autophagic activity under stress including starvation.

16 enesis and its metabolic consequences affect autophagic activity.

17 muscle size due to enhanced proteasomal and autophagic activity.

18 surprisingly, IRE1 constitutively suppressed autophagic activity.

19 nt of ATG16L1 to the PAS is required for its autophagic activity.

20 creases lysosome-ER association and enhances autophagic activity.

21 5alpha with autophagosomal membranes and the autophagic adapter protein p62.IMPORTANCE Although the m

22 ndividuals with DS, lysosomal degradation of autophagic and endocytic substrates is selectively impai

23 osomal hydrolytic activities and turnover of autophagic and endocytic substrates, processes vital to

24 mutants associated simultaneously with both, autophagic and mitochondrial function, independent of Ab

25 suggested that solenopsins induced a type of autophagic and programmed cell death in T. cruzi.

26 mTOR adjusts both autophagic and protein-synthetic processes to cellular d

27 axis integrates the anti-angiogenic and pro-autophagic bioactivities of decorin as the molecular bas

28 g condensates, at the plasma membrane and in autophagic bodies, shows a phase-separated compartment a

29 Gs) that is complemented by lipophagy as the autophagic breakdown of lipid droplets.

30 t SAR that mediates mitophagy, the selective autophagic capture of mitochondria.

31 In vitro, GDNF accelerated autophagic cargo clearance in primary mouse hepatocytes

32 ms ubiquitinated aggregates due to decreased autophagic cargo degradation.

33 gic function and mutant HTT protein disrupts autophagic cargo loading.

34 well as the sequestration and degradation of autophagic cargo, we here conclusively show that the cla

35 en during carbon stress as well as potential autophagic cargo.

36 e adaptor NDP52 recruits the ULK1 complex to autophagic cargo.

37 mport of H(+), hydrolases, and endocytic and autophagic cargos, as well as the export of their degrad

38 showed overrepresentation of endolysosomal, autophagic, catabolic, and mTOR-related proteins.

39 , there was significantly more apoptotic and autophagic cell death accompanied by caspase-3 activatio

40 ed as controls, neferine was shown to induce autophagic cell death in a panel of cancer cells, includ

41 d from natural products were shown to induce autophagic cell death in apoptosis-resistant cancer cell

42 metabolic stress and trigger AMPK-dependent autophagic cell death in bladder cancer cells by PI3K/AK

43 ting AKT/mTOR/p70S6K signaling, and inducing autophagic cell death in lung cancer cells.

44 adder cancer cells from Vitamin K2-triggered autophagic cell death.

45 the activation of cGAS and STING results in autophagic cell death.

46 fied, including necroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagic cell death.

47 d AMPK activation and subsequently prevented autophagic cell death.

48 which subsequently triggered AMPK-dependent autophagic cell death.

49 thesis of the phosphoinositide PI(3)P by the autophagic class III phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase compl

50 lysosomal clearance; however, its context to autophagic clearance and the underlying mechanism is poo

51 e metabolic control of endothelial VEGFA for autophagic clearance in response to decorin and canonica

52 individuals with AD contributes to defective autophagic clearance leading to the accumulation of path

53 We investigated the role of TRIM21 in the autophagic clearance of ehrlichiae in the presence of EH

54 nt HTT exon 1 aggregation and an increase in autophagic clearance of mutant HTT.

55 ition of UBA6/BIRC6 could be used to enhance autophagic clearance of protein aggregates in neurodegen

56 ve proteinopathies associated with defective autophagic clearance.

57 ing mutant Htt aggregation through promoting autophagic clearance.

58 se-causing protein may target the latter for autophagic clearance.

59 mall GTPase that facilitates the disposal of autophagic compartments.

60 athologic conditions, we now appreciate that autophagic components participate in noncanonical pathwa

61 a mechanism that requires some, but not all, autophagic components.

62 tes is regulated by SIRT1 and requires early autophagic components.

63 This triggers autophagy and contributes to autophagic control of membrane-damaging microbe Mycobact

64 nd potential cellular transformation through autophagic death induction.

65 hat exhibits constitutive and stress-induced autophagic defects at permissive temperature and a secre

66 ex sphingolipid accumulation and ameliorated autophagic defects in both NPC1 mutant and NPC1 knockout

67 lly, we found L to promote and S to restrict autophagic degradation and erythroid differentiation.

68 lated insulin secretion depends on activated autophagic degradation of (pro)insulin.

69 The autophagic degradation of cytosolic LDs, a process terme

70 y components, triggering localized selective autophagic degradation of ehrlichiae.

71 ular protein previously shown to mediate the autophagic degradation of ferritin.

72 The defective autophagic degradation of glycogen is associated with ab

73 AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), in the autophagic degradation of intracellular vascular endothe

74 sed by starvation or HFD due to induction of autophagic degradation of lipid droplets.

75 isome-lysosome metabolic link that restricts autophagic degradation of lipids.

76 Our data suggest a model for autophagic degradation of macromolecular protein complex

77 lso observed that mitophagy (i.e., selective autophagic degradation of mitochondria) is also active a

78 Further, IRGM mediates selective autophagic degradation of NLRP3 and ASC.

79 ulation induces an early and rapid selective autophagic degradation of peroxisomes (pexophagy) in aud

80 on of AXL by p85beta, thereby disrupting the autophagic degradation of the AXL protein.

81 n linkages in the retroviral restriction and autophagic degradation of TRIM5alpha and delineate any c

82 ER-phagy is an autophagic degradation pathway that uses ER-resident rec

83 The in vivo impairment of autophagic degradation process and mitochondrial dysfunc

84 As CQ prevents autophagic degradation this indicates that Mn restoratio

85 gy receptors to target type-A ARR cargos for autophagic degradation, demonstrating modulation of cyto

86 mediates cargo delivery for their selective autophagic degradation.

87 g of hydrolases to lysosomes and reduces the autophagic degradation.

88 d TET2 at the protein level by promoting its autophagic degradation.

89 I and p62 proteins, indicative of diminished autophagic degradation.

90 other TRIM family proteins can be targets of autophagic degradation.

91 mon pathological hallmark are substrates for autophagic degradation.

92 n of NLRP3/ASC oligomerization and selective autophagic destruction of NLRP3/ASC.

93 igomerization and augmented interaction with autophagic effectors.

94 Selective autophagic elimination of aggregates is critical to prot

95 e neutrophil autophagy; however, function of autophagic events during Leishmania parasite infection r

96 e is targeted and activated during selective autophagic events remains to be elucidated.

97 ling pathways that can modulate the cellular autophagic flux - mammalian target of rapamycin, AMP-act

98 HIF-2alpha, thus leading to an impairment of autophagic flux and acceleration of cardiomyopathy and n

99 Cer by GCS overexpression in HLMVEC improved autophagic flux and attenuated CS-induced apoptosis.Conc

100 n of UBQLN2 expression in HeLa cells reduced autophagic flux and autophagosome acidification.

101 an exert renoprotective effects by promoting autophagic flux and by exerting direct effects on sodium

102 ate, oleate more effectively stimulated both autophagic flux and clearance of autophagosomes.

103 uces similar improvements in skeletal muscle autophagic flux and contractility properties in neurogen

104 he ER to LDs, with accompanying reduction of autophagic flux and cytotoxicity.

105 and Stx17 double knockout completely blocked autophagic flux and decreased mitophagy, pexophagy, xeno

106 nts following clinical gene therapy restores autophagic flux and is dependent on the actin-related pr

107 6V1B2 (also known as Vma2 in yeast) activate autophagic flux and maintain mTOR/TOR in an active state

108 These results suggest that autophagic flux and mitophagy are important mechanisms i

109 host-cell V-ATPase, resulting in blockage of autophagic flux and neutralization of acidic compartment

110 sis in HD models is upstream of the impaired autophagic flux and provide proof-of-principle support f

111 e genes in the autophagy pathway and impairs autophagic flux at the lysosome level in ALD.

112 NRF2 is activated by iAs through specific autophagic flux blockade in progenitor cells, which may

113 rt a novel small molecule EACC that inhibits autophagic flux by blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusio

114 Mechanistically, YAP/TAZ promote autophagic flux by directly promoting the expression of

115 results put forward a novel method to block autophagic flux by impeding the action of the autophagos

116 support the idea of mutational activation of autophagic flux by recurrent hotspot mutations in ATP6V1

117 Impaired autophagic flux causes ectopic lipid deposition, which i

118 ein, abnormal Golgi morphology, and impaired autophagic flux compared to control.

119 lase (ACC), whereas alone it could block the autophagic flux concurrent with increased expression of

120 e compound heterozygous subject displayed an autophagic flux defect.

121 Moreover, autophagic flux defined by conversion of LC3I to LC3II a

122 g recent mechanistic insights on AD-mediated autophagic flux disruption and highlighting potential an

123 how that ubiquilin mutants display defective autophagic flux due to reduced lysosome acidification.

124 d cytoskeletal tension, profoundly impact on autophagic flux in a YAP/TAZ-mediated manner.

125 and based on our findings, we increased the autophagic flux in cancer cells by using an AMPK activat

126 e, simultaneously with the quantification of autophagic flux in each identified subset.

127 ize Rtn1 and Rtn2 control ER homeostasis and autophagic flux in endosperm aleurone cells, where the E

128 f SIRT1 and AMPK, leading to a diminution in autophagic flux in glomerular podocytes and renal tubule

129 mphoblastoid cell lines, leading to enhanced autophagic flux in immune cells expressing the DAP1 risk

130 y in Drosophila, functions as a regulator of autophagic flux in multiple Drosophila cell types.

131 Whereas autophagic flux in OXPHOS-competent cells promoted cell

132 Inhibition of alphaKGDH and impaired autophagic flux in OXPHOS-defective cells resulted in pr

133 We demonstrate that loss of CnB reduces autophagic flux in primary SCs, indicating a possible me

134 neurogenic myopathy, prevents disruption of autophagic flux in skeletal muscle 14 days after sciatic

135 SBP-7455 inhibited starvation-induced autophagic flux in TNBC cells that were dependent on aut

136 ber of lysosomes, resulting in inhibition of autophagic flux in trophoblast cells.

137 es acidic nanoparticles alleviates defective autophagic flux in ubiquilin mutants.

138 accumulation of lipid droplets by increasing autophagic flux in vascular endothelial cells.

139 We have postulated that intact autophagic flux is required for higher recoveries of VZV

140 In conclusion, improving autophagic flux may be a therapeutic strategy to protect

141 y localizes to lysosomes and plays a role in autophagic flux through its effect on lysosomal position

142 Addition of chloroquine that suppressed autophagic flux to 2D GBM cultures increased CBD-induced

143 s restored autophagosome-lysosome fusion and autophagic flux to levels seen in control cells.

144 Knockout of UBA6 or BIRC6 increased autophagic flux under conditions of nutrient deprivation

145 human fibroblasts, Rap and rapalogs induced autophagic flux via nuclear translocation of transcripti

146 Although autophagic flux was activated by HFD consumption, peakin

147 ation of lipid droplets was reduced, and the autophagic flux was enhanced by treatment with metformin

148 ects of ATG9A mislocalization, we found that autophagic flux was intact in patient-derived fibroblast

149 te reduced cellular cAMP, and its effects on autophagic flux were reproduced or inhibited, respective

150 anisms, measuring autophagic activity (i.e., autophagic flux) is critical.

151 eased the VEGFA clearance rate by augmenting autophagic flux, a process that required RAB24 member RA

152 ccumulation of autophagic vacuoles, impaired autophagic flux, altered intracellular localization of p

153 stress and hepatic apoptosis, an increase in autophagic flux, and a decrease in endoplasmic reticulum

154 ous for mutant Becn1(F121A) ) with increased autophagic flux, and alphaKlotho-hypomorphic mouse (kl/k

155 variant APOL1 to LDs reduces cell toxicity, autophagic flux, and cell death.

156 d by upregulation of Rubicon, attenuation of autophagic flux, and marked accumulation of autophagosom

157 d to monitor the expansion rates, phenotype, autophagic flux, and suppressor function of the cells.

158 our surprise, suppression of KRAS increased autophagic flux, as did pharmacological inhibition of it

159 condition did not affect lysosome density or autophagic flux, but it did increase triglyceride storag

160 tain tenovins are also capable of inhibiting autophagic flux, demonstrating the ability of these comp

161 Additionally, the combination inhibited autophagic flux, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS)

162 d HO-1 expression in the kidney, upregulated autophagic flux, inhibited IIR-induced inflammation and

163 ypothermia induced a significant increase in autophagic flux, mitophagy, mitochondrial mass and funct

164 had a basal autophagy defect and a delay in autophagic flux, possibly due to unsealed autophagosomes

165 RK signaling in KRAS-mutated cancers induced autophagic flux, presumably as a metabolic adaptation me

166 ion of SIRT1, AMPK, and HIF-2alpha, enhanced autophagic flux, reduced cellular stress, decreased sodi

167 ther palmitate or oleate, and then monitored autophagic flux, signaling pathways, lysosomal biology,

168 Importantly, because insulin acts to depress autophagic flux, these derangements in nutrient deprivat

169 ndicating that Rab27b KD induces a defect in autophagic flux.

170 of autophagosome formation and inhibition of autophagic flux.

171 uption of endocytic trafficking, and stalled autophagic flux.

172 in HSV-1-infected mDCs due to an inefficient autophagic flux.

173 y via regulation of lysosomal biogenesis and autophagic flux.

174 tophagosomes but is not sufficient to induce autophagic flux.

175 2 puncta, reduced LC3 lipidation and reduced autophagic flux.

176 on, decreases BECN1 degradation and enhances autophagic flux.

177 imulates anabolic processes while decreasing autophagic flux.

178 lysosome numbers and function, and increased autophagic flux.

179 eding acidification during the late stage of autophagic flux.

180 ryAB(R120G) cardiomyocytes but did not alter autophagic flux.

181 of Ca(2+), mitochondrial bioenergetics, and autophagic flux.

182 accumulation of lipid droplets and impaired autophagic flux.

183 o enhance ULK1 kinase activity and, in turn, autophagic flux.

184 athy, which display impaired skeletal muscle autophagic flux.

185 ior work suggests a role for Htt in neuronal autophagic function and mutant HTT protein disrupts auto

186 increasing bioavailable Mn in HD to restore autophagic function and promote aggregate clearance.

187 sses aberrant mTORC1 signalling and restores autophagic function in cellular models of Niemann-Pick t

188 lls and cancer, suppression of lysosomal and autophagic function is directly downstream of c-MYC over

189 Excess cellular Mn impacts autophagic function, but the target and molecular basis

190 uction in ALD may be linked to disruption of autophagic function.

191 Here, we discuss emerging data on the non-autophagic functions of autophagy-relevant proteins.

192 These findings reveal a STX17-independent autophagic fusion mechanism in human CMs, providing an e

193 PS33A, providing a late "go, no-go" step for autophagic fusion via a phosphoserine master-switch.

194 between ATG14 and VAMP8, profound defects in autophagic fusion, as well as mitochondrial and contract

195 terminal coiled coil domain (CCD) to promote autophagic fusion.

196 is type IV (MLIV), contributes to upregulate autophagic genes by inducing the nuclear translocation o

197 Silencing of early autophagic genes such as Ulk1/2, Fip200, or Beclin-1 or

198 We found that administration of autophagic inhibitors such as chloroquine or bafilomycin

199 that Cu is required for the activity of the autophagic kinases ULK1 and ULK2 (ULK1/2) through a dire

200 How the autophagic machinery is selectively targeted to LDs, whe

201 d Rb1 disables transcription of genes in the autophagic machinery necessary for the degradation of pr

202 simultaneously engage components of the core autophagic machinery via direct interaction with the ubi

203 ct both with the cargo and components of the autophagic machinery, thus providing the molecular basis

204 idine's polarizing effect requires an intact autophagic machinery.

205 indicated by colocalization of LDs with the autophagic marker and the presence of LDs in vacuoles.

206 Exposure to these toxins also induced the autophagic marker Parkin and the mitochondrial fission m

207 a positive correlation between Ca(v)3.1 and autophagic markers in both GBM cultures and biopsies.

208 y a combination of lipolysis and a selective autophagic mechanism called lipophagy, but the relative

209 n of JNK1 signaling to OCP autophagy and the autophagic mechanism underlying JNK1-regulated osteoclas

210 Whether this is an exclusive autophagic mechanism used by hepatocytes to catabolize L

211 These findings implicate the existence of an autophagic mechanism used by mammalian cells for the dir

212 nt of novel treatment modalities that employ autophagic mechanisms for the clinical benefit of patien

213 nt advances in our understanding of neuronal autophagic mechanisms have reframed how we think about t

214 n therapy of current antiglioma regimens and autophagic mediators or suppressors can allow us to over

215 (autophagy-related 8) family proteins on the autophagic membrane.

216 that modulates autophagy pathways by binding autophagic membranes and a number of proteins, including

217 nd prevents their aberrant engagement on non-autophagic membranes.

218 bules in hepatoma cells and along LD-centric autophagic membranes.

219 Harderian gland is a perfect model to study autophagic modulation as it exhibits important changes d

220 and in vivo studies published, knowledge on autophagic modulation remains scarce.

221 in (VMA21), whose X-linked mutations lead to autophagic myopathy.

222 hese proteins are regulated and recruited to autophagic organelles, we performed a nonbiased biochemi

223 radation, whereas STK3/4 knockouts inhibited autophagic p62 degradation independently of LC3B Thr-50

224 PKCzeta knockdown did not affect autophagic p62 degradation, whereas STK3/4 knockouts inh

225 the phospho-mimicking T50E variant inhibited autophagic p62 degradation.

226 FEB expand its role beyond regulation of the autophagic pathway in the vascular system.

227 Agents designed to activate this autophagic pathway might decrease copper toxicity in pat

228 Nutrient starvation triggers the autophagic pathway that requires the induction of severa

229 By analyzing the flux of LC3 through the autophagic pathway, as well as the sequestration and deg

230 these viruses to avoid clearance through the autophagic pathway.

231 e simultaneously inhibiting flux through the autophagic pathway.

232 al role of RETREG1 suggests that specialized autophagic pathways may have differential effects on the

233 , as well as involving direct DNA damage and autophagic pathways within GBM patient-derived cell line

234 ons was dependent on both host endocytic and autophagic pathways, and bacterial protein synthesis, as

235 tory prosurvival pathways, and in particular autophagic pathways, to prevent cell elimination through

236 e material via the endocytic, secretory, and autophagic pathways.

237 otein degradation occurs largely through non-autophagic pathways.

238 ound decreased lysosomal enzyme activity and autophagic perturbations, suggesting an impairment of th

239 urred, including LC3-membrane conjugation to autophagic precursors.

240 ssociated phagocytosis (LAP), a noncanonical autophagic process dependent on Rubicon (rubicon autopha

241 Although autophagic process is generally considered to be conserv

242 Thus, the autophagic process participates in lipid catabolism that

243 tophagy; however, its regulatory role in the autophagic process remains controversial.

244 ng suggested that H. capsulatum exploited an autophagic process to survive.

245 ns and that certain microbes can exploit the autophagic process to their benefit.

246 sly unnoticed pathway for ST to regulate the autophagic process, and p62, although often utilized as

247 or regulators in autophagosome formation or autophagic process, including microtubule-associated pro

248 of new and important roles of human WASp in autophagic processes and immunometabolic regulation, whi

249 emonstrate the existence of local, inducible autophagic processes both in the pathogen and infected h

250 mine if changes in cellular Mn status impact autophagic processes in a wild-type or mutant Htt-depend

251 rs that concurrently block both ERK MAPK and autophagic processes that are upregulated in response to

252 Activation of autophagic processes was observed, with no effect upon m

253 ch increase the activation of ULK1 and VPS34 autophagic protein complexes.

254 airing lysosome acidification and inhibiting autophagic protein degradation including p62, which furt

255 tions with both proferroptotic 15LO1 and the autophagic protein microtubule-associated light chain-3

256 Metformin augmented expression of multiple autophagic proteins which was reversed by the addition o

257 uired for the association of TRIM5alpha with autophagic proteins.

258 d by the translocation of the ULK complex to autophagic puncta, is repressed during mitosis, even whe

259 , Li et al have demonstrated that NCOA4, the autophagic receptor for ferritin, is necessary for the m

260 Autophagic recycling of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids,

261 lants modulate cytokinin sensitivity through autophagic regulation of type-A ARR proteins.

262 tically independent of mTOR, but requires an autophagic regulator, paternally expressed gene 3 (PEG3)

263 ndrial morphology and network formation, and autophagic removal of damaged mitochondria by mitophagy.

264 ncluding ESCRT-dependent membrane repair and autophagic removal of damaged organelles.

265 that in turn suppressed apoptosis as well as autophagic response and restored spheroid morphology.

266 r RNA interference significantly reduced the autophagic response induced by RANKL in osteoclast precu

267 This pro-autophagic response induces a conserved systemic change

268 Our results show that a tightly regulated autophagic response is triggered upon injury and during

269 tion at the initiation membrane site and the autophagic response.

270 observed that NMK-T-057 induced significant autophagic responses in BC cells, which led to apoptosis

271 No significant differences in autophagic responses to wild-type or F17 mutant viruses

272 genic bacterial growth and displayed reduced autophagic responses.

273 1 protein expression levels, which activated autophagic responses.

274 following lysosomal injury, Gal3 controlled autophagic responses.

275 n and restored AMPKalpha phosphorylation and autophagic signaling.

276 by enabling the initialization of downstream autophagic signaling.

277 Here, we report that syntaxin17 (Stx17), an autophagic SNARE protein interacts with CFTR under nutri

278 ion of the TTCC Cav3.1 isoform is related to autophagic status in vemurafenib-resistant BRAF(V600E)-m

279 nce in response to decorin and canonical pro-autophagic stimuli.

280 ease time course, neuroinflammation, and the autophagic stress response, and may help identify novel

281 tron and confocal microscopy visualized more autophagic structures in the cytoplasm of ATP7B-knockout

282 ular VEGFA, indicating that VEGFA is a basal autophagic substrate.

283 Coordinated regulation of the lysosomal and autophagic systems ensures basal catabolism and normal c

284 r examining flux through the proteasomal and autophagic systems in the context of a systematic invent

285 olutionarily conserved process involving the autophagic targeting and clearance of mitochondria desti

286 d inhibition of AMPKalpha and its downstream autophagic targets, whereas Met represents a novel promi

287 ISAs, we found that SYK inhibition increases autophagic Tau degradation without impacting Tau product

288 reases mTOR pathway activation and increases autophagic Tau degradation.

289 RILP inhibition impedes autophagic turnover and causes p62/sequestosome-1 aggreg

290 ogenesis and retrograde transport to control autophagic turnover.

291 es), and sequestosomes within multivesicular autophagic vacuoles (amphisomes or autolysosomes).

292 characterized by increased LC3-II levels and autophagic vacuoles content.

293 Autophagic vacuoles, as well as frequent and extensive d

294 We found the abnormal accumulation of autophagic vacuoles, impaired autophagic flux, altered i

295 and increased amounts of synapses containing autophagic vacuoles/phagosomes.

296 we show that TRPML1 activation also induces autophagic vesicle (AV) biogenesis through the generatio

297 creased dMtmr6 and MTMR8 function results in autophagic vesicle accumulation and influences endolysos

298 gulfment and trafficking of the newly formed autophagic vesicle to the recycling organelle, the lysos

299 tors, and in the formation and nucleation of autophagic vesicles by cysteine modification of conserve

300 ited compromised targeting of type-A ARRs to autophagic vesicles, have elevated levels of type-A ARR