ライフサイエンスコーパス: avirulence

1 phid effector genes underlying virulence and avirulence.

2 ymorphisms, expression levels play a role in avirulence.

3 allele, and a pathogen-encoded suppressor of avirulence.

4 t an intrinsic growth defect as a reason for avirulence.

5 se virulence activities and for Pto-mediated avirulence.

6 gene named AvrSr35 that is required for Sr35 avirulence.

7 (Solanum lycopersicum) are both inhibited by Avirulence-2 (Avr2) from the fungal plant pathogen Clado

8 IN4 disappearance correlated well with their avirulence activities but not with their virulence activ

9 leading to enhancement of its virulence and avirulence activities in the host cell.

10 The virulence and avirulence activities of members of the Pseudomonas syri

11 we find several effectors with quantitative avirulence activities on their susceptible hosts, but wi

12 The loss of avirulence activity because of mutations in the acidic t

13 ve response in tobacco leaves, demonstrating avirulence activity in a nonhost plant.

14 myristoylation motif of AvrPto abolished the avirulence activity in both tomato and tobacco.

15 for transcriptional activation in yeast and avirulence activity in rice.

16 utations in the central region disrupted the avirulence activity in tomato but not in tobacco.

17 embrane localization and is required for the avirulence activity of AvrPphB.

18 addition, S149A significantly decreased the avirulence activity of AvrPto in resistant tomato plants

19 the loss of virulence and the diminution of avirulence activity of AvrPtoB(1-307), whereas a phospho

20 or molecules is to enhance the virulence and avirulence activity of the pathogen during the infection

21 In addition to this avirulence activity, AvrB also enhances bacterial virule

22 despite abolishing interaction with Pto and avirulence activity, had no effect on AvrPtoB(1-307) vir

23 y different properties, such as virulence or avirulence and antibiotic tolerance or sensitivity.

24 Loss of avirulence and reduced aggressiveness were associated wi

25 ng resistance genes Rwt3 and Rwt4 Studies on avirulence and resistance gene distributions, together w

26 excludes the RXLR region, is sufficient for avirulence and suppression functions, consistent with th

27 uclear localization signal motifs eliminated avirulence and virulence activities in rice and severely

28 activity is required for its function as an avirulence and virulence effector on two different plant

29 Plant pathogenic bacteria deliver avirulence and virulence effector proteins into plant ce

30 Dual avirulence and virulence functions in tomato and bean, r

31 Plant pathogenic bacteria appear to deliver avirulence and virulence proteins through the cell wall

32 Avirulence and virulence specificities are associated wi

33 synthase and UgpQ and the dual phenotype of avirulence and virulence, several models for the functio

34 The perception of downy mildew avirulence (Arabidopsis thaliana Recognized [ATR]) gene

35 ode the Hrp (type III secretion) system, and avirulence (avr) and Hrp-dependent outer protein (hop) g

36 ition of invading pathogens carrying cognate avirulence (avr) determinants.

37 sponses upon the recognition of cognate RXLR avirulence (Avr) effector proteins.

38 Bacterial avirulence (Avr) effectors AvrB, AvrRpm1, and AvrRpt2 al

39 mycete effector genes with cultivar-specific avirulence (AVR) functions were identified.

40 hich is directly or indirectly encoded by an avirulence (avr) gene in the pathogen, and the correspon

41 rolled by a gene-for-gene mechanism in which avirulence (avr) gene products encoded by pathogens are

42 P. syringae pv syringae 61 and a P. syringae avirulence (avr) gene whose presence is recognized by a

43 ferent methods used to identify and sequence avirulence (Avr) genes from the pathogen and resistance

44 stance (R) genes in plants and their cognate avirulence (Avr) genes in pathogens can produce a hypers

45 ces based on the presence or absence of five avirulence (avr) genes in the bacterium, which interact

46 iptional activation of a number of bacterial avirulence (avr) genes is controlled by Hrp regulatory p

47 Fine-scale mapping of HF avirulence (Avr) genes provides further evidence of effe

48 ified host resistance (R) genes and pathogen avirulence (Avr) genes that interact in a gene-for-gene

49 R proteins recognize avirulence (AVR) molecules from parasites in a gene-for-

50 AvrPphB is an avirulence (Avr) protein from the plant pathogen Pseudom

51 Five homologs of known avirulence (Avr) proteins and five effector candidates,

52 Direct interaction between pathogen avirulence (Avr) proteins and plant disease resistance p

53 Resistance (R) proteins recognize pathogen avirulence (Avr) proteins by direct or indirect binding

54 potential pathogens expressing corresponding avirulence (Avr) proteins through 'gene-for-gene' intera

55 Many bacterial avirulence (Avr) proteins, including the Pseudomonas syr

56 produced directly or indirectly by pathogen avirulence (Avr) proteins.

57 to recognize some type III effectors, termed avirulence (Avr) proteins.

58 se following recognition of pathogen-encoded avirulence (Avr) proteins.

59 pHIR11 to determine that effectors HopPtoE, avirulence AvrPphEPto, AvrPpiB1Pto, AvrPtoB, and HopPtoF

60 Xa21 rice lines, indicating that PR6 carries avirulence (avrXa21) determinants required for recogniti

61 at least five individual type III effectors, avirulence B (AvrB), AvrRpt2, AvrPphB, HopPtoK, and AvrP

62 level of defense activation, sufficient for avirulence but not for triggering a hypersensitive respo

63 lerant ERB immune response may underlie MARV avirulence, but no significant examination of this respo

64 ble for the difference between virulence and avirulence by generating transconjugants of a virulent r

65 of a B. graminis family segregating for Pm1a avirulence combined with pathogen genome resequencing an

66 A second (avirulence-dependent) rise, at approximately 6 h (C(2)H(

67 ation of the peroxide sensor PerR results in avirulence despite producing hyper-resistance to peroxid

68 The avirulence determinant in this potyvirus system has prev

69 ryzae species-specific and cultivar-specific avirulence determinants and evaluate efforts towards gen

70 Most pathogen avirulence determinants eliciting resistance gene-depend

71 iscriminate between two Cladosporium-encoded avirulence determinants, Avr4 and Avr9.

72 host defense and incompatibility induced by avirulence determinants.

73 te the similarity in responses with those to avirulence determinants.

74 s each detecting a matching isolate-specific avirulence effector (AVR(A)) of the fungal pathogen Blum

75 Here, we show that the avirulence effector AvrPiz-t from the rice blast fungus

76 g to identify the corresponding wheat mildew avirulence effector AvrPm17.

77 sp. tritici) avirulence effector AvrSr50 as a proof-of-concept, we fo

78 iates resistance to M. oryzae expressing the avirulence effector gene AVR-Pik.

79 syringae encodes a type III secretion system avirulence effector protein, AvrB, that induces a form o

80 volving three components: an allele-specific avirulence effector, a resistance gene allele, and a pat

81 Furthermore, we identified the corresponding avirulence effector, AvrRppC, which is secreted by P. po

82 he identity and sensing mechanisms of insect avirulence effectors have remained unknown.

83 ophic interfacial complexes along with known avirulence effectors, BAS3 showed additional localizatio

84 sive necrosis and death, indicating that the avirulence factor detected by the HRT-encoded protein is

85 The identification of FonSix6 as an avirulence factor may be a first step in understanding t

86 ) incompatibility is not a consequence of an avirulence factor or lack of Nod factor activity; (ii) t

87 nas syringae pv. tomato (Pst), behaves as an avirulence factor that activates resistance in Arabidops

88 A subset of these effectors are termed avirulence factors (Avr) and can be recognised by corres

89 ctors and the presence of tolerance-inducing avirulence factors are both required for long-term host-

90 ion of the susceptible rice host, or secrete avirulence factors Avr-Pia (corresponding to the rice re

91 ence in vertebrates in a manner analogous to avirulence factors in plants, and as such, is the first

92 Here I propose that pathogen coevolution of avirulence factors promoting host disease tolerance is a

93 Known defense-inducing effectors (avirulence factors) and their homologs commonly induced

94 whether induced by host-selective toxins or avirulence factors, in determining the consequences of t

95 Here, we dissected the genetics of avirulence for six Pm3 alleles and found that three majo

96 complemented the cognate motif of AvrPto for avirulence function and membrane association.

97 se consensus sequence abolishes the AVR-Pita avirulence function.

98 e processing is not required for the AvrRPS4 avirulence function.

99 cted allelic variation in both virulence and avirulence functions.

100 Jurnak, respectively, Noel cloned the first avirulence gene and determined that pectate lyase C poss

101 e that is colinear with the locus containing avirulence gene ATR1(NdWsB) in Hyaloperonospora parasiti

102 identified effector encoded by the M. oryzae avirulence gene AVR-Mgk1, which is found on a mini-chrom

103 Genetic mapping showed that the rice blast avirulence gene AVR-Pita is tightly linked to a telomere

104 with an isolate of Bremia lactucae carrying avirulence gene Avr3 indicated that the frequency of Dm3

105 osporium fulvum expressing the corresponding avirulence gene Avr9.

106 The sequence-unrelated avirulence gene avrB, which also interacts with RPM1, ge

107 The avirulence gene AvrLm4-7 of Leptosphaeria maculans, the

108 seudomonas syringae strains that express the avirulence gene avrPphB requires two genes in Arabidopsi

109 The avirulence gene avrPphB, which matches the R3 resistance

110 aseolicola (Pph) race 4 strain 1302A carries avirulence gene avrPphB.

111 seudomonas syringae strains that possess the avirulence gene avrPphB.

112 ngae pv. tomato (Pst) strains expressing the avirulence gene avrPto requires the presence of at least

113 s syringae pv. tomato (Pst) that express the avirulence gene avrPto.

114 tomato resistance gene Pto and the bacterial avirulence gene avrPto.

115 as syringae pv tomato strains expressing the avirulence gene avrPto.

116 enic Arabidopsis line carrying the bacterial avirulence gene avrRpm1 under the control of a steroid-i

117 istance to Pseudomonas syringae carrying the avirulence gene avrRps4.

118 ringae pv maculicola (ES4326) expressing the avirulence gene avrRpt2 but do display enhanced resistan

119 ore, whereas P. syringae ES4326 carrying the avirulence gene avrRpt2 elicited an HR when infiltrated

120 ferences among ecotypes in resistance to the avirulence gene avrRpt2 of the pathogen Pseudomonas syri

121 3000 than avirulent Pst DC3000 (carrying the avirulence gene avrRpt2) infection.

122 ognition of bacterial pathogens carrying the avirulence gene avrRpt2, and the RPM1 resistance gene is

123 nse when infiltrated with Psm expressing the avirulence gene avrRpt2, which activates resistance via

124 st Pseudomonas syringae strains carrying the avirulence gene avrRpt2.

125 by an isogenic avirulent strain carrying the avirulence gene avrRpt2.

126 sues engineered to express flavonoids or the avirulence gene avrRxv.

127 The avirulence gene avrXa10 of Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae

128 The type III effector protein encoded by avirulence gene B (AvrB) is delivered into plant cells b

129 erial spot, and these can differ in specific avirulence gene content.

130 ropose that identification and monitoring of avirulence gene diversity in pathogen populations become

131 importance of achieving tight regulation of avirulence gene expression and the control of necrosis i

132 rred within only 4 hpi and was influenced by avirulence gene expression, with avrRpm1 expression asso

133 AvrXa7 is a member of the avrBs3 avirulence gene family, which encodes proteins targeted

134 In most if not all cases, bacterial avirulence gene function is dependent on interactions wi

135 n rice is the result of the loss of pathogen avirulence gene function, but little is known about its

136 pathogenic strains which contain the avrBs2 avirulence gene in susceptible pepper and tomato varieti

137 erization of bacterial HR caused by a single avirulence gene in the absence of other bacterial signal

138 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana and the AvrRpm1 avirulence gene in the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas sy

139 In planta avirulence gene induction, changes in host [Ca2+]cyt and

140 icase domain (p50) of the TMV replicase, the avirulence gene of N, was linked to synthetic promoters

141 The avrBs2 avirulence gene of the bacterial plant pathogen Xanthomo

142 gene to Cladosporium fulvum and the matching avirulence gene of this pathogen.

143 PM1 gene product and delivery of the cognate avirulence gene product AvrRpm1.

144 specific resistance response as long as the avirulence gene products are correctly localized.

145 tes that no bacterial factors other than the avirulence gene products are required for the specific r

146 To determine whether avirulence gene products themselves are the ligands for

147 large region of the chromosome containing an avirulence gene represents a new route to race change in

148 e III effector avirulence protein encoded by avirulence gene Rpm1 (AvrRpm1) also activates RPM1.

149 nas syringae pv. tomato carrying the avrRpt2 avirulence gene specifically induce a hypersensitive cel

150 from P. syringae pv syringae strain 61 as an avirulence gene that signals through ENHANCED DISEASE SU

151 In planta expression of the avrRpt2 avirulence gene was sufficient to trigger rapid CPN1 tra

152 Here we report the cloning of the avirulence gene, ATR13, that triggers RPP13-mediated res

153 -based cloning effort, we have identified an avirulence gene, ATR1NdWsB, that is detected by RPP1 fro

154 omycete Bremia lactucae carrying the cognate avirulence gene, Avr3.

155 porium fulvum that express the corresponding avirulence gene, Avr9.

156 ria that contain the corresponding bacterial avirulence gene, avrBs2.

157 ecognizing the expression of a corresponding avirulence gene, avrPto, in the pathogen Pseudomonas syr

158 n and interactions mediated by two different avirulence gene-resistance (R) gene combinations.

159 biochemical, and molecular dissection of an avirulence gene-specified cell death response in both re

160 supporting the hypothesis that FonSIX6 is an avirulence gene.

161 to a virulent isogenic strain that lacks the avirulence gene.

162 These genes include avirulence genes (hopPsyA and avrE), their putative chap

163 orly understood, as the corresponding fungal avirulence genes are largely unknown.

164 st Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato containing avirulence genes AvrB and AvrRPS4, respectively.

165 ner to DC3000 carrying any one of the cloned avirulence genes avrB, avrRpm1, avrRpt2, and avrPph3.

166 topathogen Pseudomonas syringae carrying the avirulence genes avrRpt2 and avrB, respectively.

167 la strain ES4326 (Psm ES4326) expressing the avirulence genes avrRpt2 or avrB, which elicit a hyperse

168 and suggests the existence of their cognate avirulence genes derived from rhizobia.

169 between plant resistance genes and pathogen avirulence genes enable pathogen recognition by plants a

170 It is accepted that most fungal avirulence genes encode virulence factors that are calle

171 ionships, it has been proposed that pathogen avirulence genes generate specific ligands that are reco

172 The corresponding pathogen avirulence genes have been cloned and characterized, and

173 Although more than 30 bacterial avirulence genes have been cloned and characterized, the

174 ngae strains expressing single corresponding avirulence genes have been particularly fruitful in diss

175 The review also considers the role of avirulence genes in M. grisea and the mechanisms by whic

176 but little is known about the corresponding avirulence genes in powdery mildew.

177 tional heritable functions likely related to avirulence genes originating from both parents.

178 the blast fungus resulted in the cloning of avirulence genes PWT3 and PWT4, whose gene products elic

179 We aimed to uncover avirulence genes related to Rpv3.1-mediated grapevine re

180 ble to DC3000 expressing any one of the four avirulence genes tested.

181 +/- 2 cM) was discovered between Hessian fly avirulence genes vH3 and vH5.

182 erimentally identified oomycete effector and avirulence genes, and its rapid pace of evolution is con

183 utations and at times, loss of plasmid-borne avirulence genes, are known to occur.

184 c series of matching pairs of resistance and avirulence genes, the generation of novel pathogen effec

185 -resistance locus (Ml), and cognate pathogen avirulence genes.

186 and, therefore, be classified as encoded by avirulence genes.

187 pathogens expressing specific corresponding avirulence genes.

188 recent past, including fungicide targets and avirulence genes.

189 for insertion of mobile elements that carry avirulence genes.

190 n of resistance genes or their corresponding avirulence genes.

191 ppress the HR triggered by several classical avirulence genes.

192 0 proteins with similarity to known oomycete avirulence genes.

193 A single superfamily, termed avirulence homolog (Avh) genes, accounts for most of the

194 re the cytadherence phenotype and maintained avirulence in chickens.

195 reduction in total amounts of capsule and in avirulence in murine models of lung and blood infection.

196 tions in the C-terminal region abolished the avirulence in tobacco but not in tomato.

197 In this study, we present evidence that avirulence in Toxoplasma requires parasite engagement of

198 f Avr1b to suppress PCD and also abolish the avirulence interaction of Avr1b with the Rps1b resistanc

199 These results suggest that avirulence is associated with mutations in NSP4.

200 ine single-site avrB mutations that affected avirulence localized to a solvent-accessible pocket in t

201 , distances between conserved genes in these avirulence loci were often similar, despite intervening

202 the changes which occur after conversion to avirulence may assist in identifying virulence factors a

203 These results suggest that avirulence may be due to a combination of the inhibition

204 s, products of which recognize corresponding avirulence molecules in the pathogen, have been introgre

205 genicity in these algae-like organisms or of avirulence molecules that are perceived by host defenses

206 oybean and Arabidopsis, and assayed selected avirulence mutants for loss of virulence on both plants.

207 Avirulence mutants generally lost virulence enhancement

208 Three of four avirulence mutants tested failed to interact with RIN4,

209 carrying Rpv3.1 resistance, confirming their avirulence nature.

210 The avirulence of a germ tube-deficient cap1/cap1 mutant cou

211 duction plays a critical role in determining avirulence of a phytopathogen and reveal a commonality b

212 pathogenicity strategy helps to explain the avirulence of clinical isolates ex vivo, when they are s

213 The relative virulence and avirulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains H37Rv a

214 e most likely factors that contribute to the avirulence of R. rickettsii Iowa.

215 The avirulence of S. typhi in animal hosts may result from a

216 These data indicate that the avirulence of the DeltarelA mutant can in part be explai

217 Despite the avirulence of the ECA-deficient strains, the wecA mutant

218 In this report, the basis for the avirulence of ts-4 is analyzed.

219 ctor AVR3a of Phytophthora infestans confers avirulence on potato plants carrying the R3a gene.

220 reened a library of avrB mutants for loss of avirulence on soybean and Arabidopsis, and assayed selec

221 syringae has previously been shown to confer avirulence on the virulent bacterium P. syringae pv. tab

222 sed ORF in this region, designated Ave1 (for Avirulence on Ve1 tomato).

223 sruption of the attR gene does not result in avirulence or a reduction in virulence.

224 response elicited by the application of Avr9 avirulence peptide to tomato plants carrying the corresp

225 cipient strain conferred a cultivar-specific avirulence phenotype thus confirming the cloning of avrC

226 expresses the corresponding pathogen-derived avirulence product Avr9.

227 ell death even in the absence of its cognate avirulence product, and provides a system for studying t

228 fic resistance to P. syringae expressing the avirulence protein AvrB, similar to the nonorthologous R

229 The plant-intracellular interaction of the avirulence protein AvrPto of Pseudomonas syringae pathov

230 resistant tomato leaves, AvrPtoB acts as an avirulence protein by interacting with the host Pto kina

231 The sequence unrelated type III effector avirulence protein encoded by avirulence gene Rpm1 (AvrR

232 ots, suggesting that HopX1(Ea) may act as an avirulence protein in apple shoots.

233 In many cases, resistance and avirulence protein interactions have not been demonstrab

234 nia effector known as YopT and a Pseudomonas avirulence protein known as AvrPphB define a family of 1

235 new structures identify AvrPiz-t, a secreted avirulence protein produced by the rice blast fungus, as

236 ts the Pseudomonas syringae effector protein Avirulence protein Pseudomonas phaseolicolaB (AvrPphB).

237 identify AVRFOM2, the gene that encodes the avirulence protein recognized by the melon Fom-2 gene.

238 identify AVRFOM2, the gene that encodes the avirulence protein recognized by the melon Fom-2 gene.

239 ates allowed the identification of the viral avirulence protein triggering each of the two resistance

240 se resistance protein, Pto, and the pathogen avirulence protein, AvrPto.

241 tems (types III and IV) to deliver microbial avirulence proteins and transfer DNA-protein complexes d

242 a highly conserved novel amino acid motif in avirulence proteins from three different oomycetes.

243 s, other plant components that interact with avirulence proteins have been found.

244 Similar to other oomycete avirulence proteins, AVR3aKI carries a signal peptide fo

245 retion of a new class of bacterial virulence/avirulence proteins, including harpin of Erwinia amylovo

246 plant intracellular localization for certain avirulence proteins.

247 ent functions in the recognition of pathogen avirulence proteins.

248 ic diversity in host resistance and pathogen avirulence proteins.

249 e proteins secreted by pathogens are called 'avirulence' proteins.

250 S) is in direct contrast to the well studied avirulence/R gene-dependent resistance response known as

251 have generally been selected only for their avirulence rather than their tumor-targeting ability.

252 Whether avirulence requires expression of parasite factors that

253 uced in Arabidopsis and tobacco by different avirulence signals suggests that apoptosis may prove to

254 nd gene from pAV511, avrPphC, which controls avirulence to soybean, was found to block the activity o

255 The avrCO39 gene conferring avirulence toward rice cultivar CO39 was previously mapp

256 hogens, the cloned gene specifically confers avirulence toward rice cultivars that contain Pi-ta.

257 aces 5 and 7, based on its ability to confer avirulence towards bean cultivars carrying the R1 gene f

258 protective antigen (PA) resulted in complete avirulence, while the presence of either edema toxin or

259 s and found that three major Avr loci affect avirulence, with a common locus_1 involved in all AvrPm3