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1 through axo-axonic synapses that target the axon initial segment.
2 ging Na(v)1.6 and K(v)7.2 channels along the axon initial segment.
3 generation through GABAergic synapses on the axon initial segment.
4 ically distinct from those of the NPC or the axon initial segment.
5 zes with TRPV1 and Ca(V) 1.2 in the soma and axon initial segment.
6 was enriched in a region that resembled the axon initial segment.
7 action potential initiation occurring in the axon initial segment.
8 nt pulse or synaptic input, initiated in the axon initial segment.
9 ntaining potassium channels localized to the axon initial segment.
10 aused an absence of alpha2 enrichment in the axon initial segment.
11 inputs on the transmembrane potential at the axon initial segment.
12 required to target virion components to the axon initial segment.
13 dy, at the base of the dendrites, and in the axon initial segment.
14 calize and cluster in an area resembling the axon initial segment.
15 Rs and Ca(v) 3.2 calcium channels within the axon initial segment.
16 ate ectopic APs in regions distinct from the axon initial segment.
17 cision of action potentials initiated in the axon initial segment.
18 is required for Na(+) channel clustering at axon initial segments.
19 rons, using immunohistochemical detection of axon initial segments.
20 ng epithelial lateral membranes and neuronal axon initial segments.
21 at epithelial lateral membranes and neuronal axon initial segments.
22 synapses onto soma, proximal dendrites, and axon initial segments.
23 ic inhibitory terminals to granule cells and axon initial segments.
24 nnels, and the spectrin membrane skeleton at axon initial segments.
25 ceptors at inhibitory synapses on somata and axon initial segments.
26 with neurofascin at nodes of Ranvier and at axon initial segments.
27 uorescence analysis revealed a shortening of axon initial segments.
28 These domains include nodes of Ranvier and axon initial segments.
29 ated Na(+) (Nav) channels at Purkinje neuron axon initial segments.
32 lved a motif that allowed them to cluster at axon initial segments, 50 million years later with the e
33 Here, we demonstrate that the size of the axon initial segment, a subcellular compartment responsi
34 ation, we visualized the 3D structure of the axon initial segment (AIS) along with the entire somatod
35 nfluences the structural organization of the axon initial segment (AIS) and action potential initiati
36 s markedly reduced Nav channel levels at the axon initial segment (AIS) and along entire axons, there
37 on potentials conventionally initiate at the axon initial segment (AIS) and are important for neuron
38 channels Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 are located at the axon initial segment (AIS) and exert strong control over
39 of string-like microtubule fascicles in the axon initial segment (AIS) and hexagonal bundles in neur
40 UNC-16 inhibits organelles from escaping the axon initial segment (AIS) and moving to the distal syna
42 potassium channel conductance at the distal axon initial segment (AIS) and nodes of Ranvier in a rat
43 ring of voltage-gated sodium channels at the axon initial segment (AIS) and nodes of Ranvier is essen
45 on of neuronal output through changes at the axon initial segment (AIS) and presynaptic terminals.
46 nd basket cells (PVBCs), which innervate the axon initial segment (AIS) and soma/proximal dendrites o
47 a(v)1.6, the primary instigator of AP at the axon initial segment (AIS) and the main carrier of I(NaP
48 n collaterals synapse onto the Purkinje soma/axon initial segment (AIS) area to form specialized stru
49 ials (APs) initiate in the distal portion of axon initial segment (AIS) because that is where Na(+) c
50 otentials are initiated and modulated at the axon initial segment (AIS) by highly clustered ion chann
51 tential (AP) generation in both the soma and axon initial segment (AIS) by reducing Kv7/KCNQ channel
53 ersible, and preferential proteolysis of the axon initial segment (AIS) cytoskeleton independently of
58 GNIFICANCE STATEMENT In many neuronal types, axon initial segment (AIS) geometry critically influence
61 A) receptor (GABA(A)R) clustering within the axon initial segment (AIS) in low-density cultures of hi
62 lar compartment of newborn DGCs, namely, the axon initial segment (AIS) in vivo Our data reveal remar
65 cicles in the AIS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The axon initial segment (AIS) is a specialized region at th
71 sodium channels (VGSCs) within the neuronal axon initial segment (AIS) is critical for efficient act
78 y of ultrafast population coding for varying axon initial segment (AIS) location, soma size, and axon
82 c interneuron that selectively innervate the axon initial segment (AIS) of excitatory pyramidal neuro
83 m, basket cells (BCs) innervate the soma and axon initial segment (AIS) of Purkinje cells (PCs) to fo
84 ows that Nav1.1 is strongly expressed at the axon initial segment (AIS) of PV-expressing INs but is a
85 delier class of cortical interneurons to the axon initial segment (AIS) of pyramidal neurons undergo
87 2019) found that FTD mutant Tau-V337M blocks axon initial segment (AIS) plasticity, causing neuronal
88 l pattern of Na(+) channel clustering in the axon initial segment (AIS) plays a critical role in tuni
90 f proteasomes with the adaptor Ecm29 and the axon initial segment (AIS) scaffold protein ankyrin G.
93 age imaging of GABAergic transmission at the axon initial segment (AIS) showed that axo-axonic synaps
94 rlying I(NaP) was about twofold lower in the axon initial segment (AIS) than in the soma, the axonal
96 sodium channels (VGSCs) are enriched in the axon initial segment (AIS) where they bind to ankyrin-G
97 The action potential generally begins in the axon initial segment (AIS), a principle confirmed by 60
99 oss of functional inhibitory synapses at the axon initial segment (AIS), altered axo-axonic synaptic
100 action potential initiation at the mammalian axon initial segment (AIS), and modulation of AIS size b
101 focal activation of 5-HT1A receptors at the axon initial segment (AIS), but not on other motoneurona
102 diffusion barrier (TDB), located within the axon initial segment (AIS), controls retrograde (axon-to
103 ll "pinceau," encapsulates the Purkinje cell axon initial segment (AIS), exerting final inhibitory co
104 ular compartment of these cells, namely, the axon initial segment (AIS), has remained unexplored to d
105 ed at presynaptic terminals, but also in the axon initial segment (AIS), suggesting a potentially imp
106 innervate pyramidal neurons (PyNs) at their axon initial segment (AIS), the site of action potential
107 pecifically associates and overlaps with the axon initial segment (AIS), the site where action potent
108 rons (CPNs) and selectively localized to the axon initial segment (AIS), the subcellular compartment
109 on potentials are typically generated in the axon initial segment (AIS), the timing and pattern of ac
110 tamatergic projection neurons (PNs) at their axon initial segment (AIS), thus may exert decisive cont
111 molecular similarities between nodes and the axon initial segment (AIS), TRAAK and TREK-1 are reporte
112 for the case of distal AP initiation in the axon initial segment (AIS), typical for cortical neurons
113 ) are usually assumed to be generated in the axon initial segment (AIS), we analyzed anatomical data
114 93, but not other MAGUKs, is enriched at the axon initial segment (AIS), where it colocalizes with Kv
115 s, elicit homeostatic plastic changes in the axon initial segment (AIS), which is pivotal for spike g
117 e, we show that NaV1.1 is concentrated in an axon initial segment (AIS)-like region of magnocellular
118 ce assay to identify patients with identical axon initial segment (AIS)-specific staining pattern.
134 rsed maladaptive shortening in the length of axon initial segments (AIS) in the mPFC of PNI mice.
137 uron type that specializes in inhibiting the axon-initial segment (AIS) of pyramidal neurons, establi
138 bcellular domains (i.e., dendrite, soma, and axon initial segment-AIS), thereby differentially regula
139 t colocalizes with and binds to ankyrin-G at axon initial segments (AISs) and nodes of Ranvier (NR).
143 se spectrins also participate in assembly of axon initial segments (AISs) and nodes of Ranvier, it is
144 Na(v)1.2 and Na(v)1.6 are highly enriched at axon initial segments (AISs) and nodes of Ranvier, where
147 n cortical regions selectively innervate the axon initial segments (AISs) of principal cells (PCs), w
148 rinG (ankG) is highly enriched in neurons at axon initial segments (AISs) where it clusters Na(+) and
149 nt ankyrin-G (gAnkG) coordinates assembly of axon initial segments (AISs), which are sites of action
151 s previously established in erythrocytes and axon initial segments also occurs in neonatal cardiomyoc
153 f Na(v)1.2 and Na(v)1.6 localizations in the axon initial segment and dendrites, clarifying the molec
154 voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) at the axon initial segment and for neurons to initiate action
155 firing emerges in the axons remote from the axon initial segment and markedly depends on hyperpolari
156 Although action potentials initiate in the axon initial segment and Na(V) channels are distributed
162 with the conclusions that in STN neurons the axon initial segment and soma express an excess of Na(v)
164 the regulation of GABAergic synapses on the axon initial segment and somatodendritic domain of pyram
165 ncreased within the distal two-thirds of the axon initial segment and was mirrored by the conductance
166 adhesion molecules, and beta IV spectrin to axon initial segments and are believed to couple the Na/
167 g the third FNIII domain was concentrated at axon initial segments and colocalized at nodes of Ranvie
168 ceptors at inhibitory synaptic sites on both axon initial segments and dendrites in a mechanism depen
169 ntial for clustering NaCh and neurofascin at axon initial segments and is required for physiological
170 was also seen within the cytoplasm of a few axon initial segments and many small unmyelinated axons.
171 sodium channels localize at high density in axon initial segments and nodes of Ranvier in myelinated
172 targets ion channels and adapter proteins to axon initial segments and nodes of Ranvier in neurons, a
173 acity to both remyelinate and reassemble the axon initial segments and nodes of Ranvier necessary for
174 The IQCJ-SCHIP1 isoform is a component of axon initial segments and nodes of Ranvier of mature axo
175 um contained autoantibodies directed against axon initial segments and nodes of Ranvier of myelinated
176 ocalizing sodium channels in high density at axon initial segments and nodes of Ranvier or in regulat
177 KCNQ2 channels are functional components of axon initial segments and nodes of Ranvier, colocalizing
178 -gated Na(+) channels that are restricted to axon initial segments and nodes of Ranvier, where they a
182 d sodium channel isoform expressed in mature axon initial segments and nodes, making it critical for
184 hin distal dendrites, most dendritic spines, axon initial segments, and axon terminals forming asymme
185 was then used to locate recorded cell somas, axon initial segments, and axon trajectories, and these
186 ility at juxtaparanodes of myelinated axons, axon initial segments, and cerebellar basket cell termin
187 rminals form symmetric synapses with somata, axon initial segments, and dendrites of granule and pyra
188 IT2 at sciatic nerve nodes of Ranvier and in axon initial segments, and form channel-transporter comp
189 axonic interneurons, innervating exclusively axon initial segments, and parvalbumin-expressing basket
190 roscopy that lipid-anchored molecules in the axon initial segment are confined to membrane domains se
191 The organization of inhibitory inputs to the axon initial segment are of particular interest because
192 For multipolar motor neurons, we show that axon initial segments are essential for axon regeneratio
194 orresponded most closely to the unmyelinated axon initial segment, as defined by Golgi and ankyrin G
195 educes Na(v) alpha subunit expression at the axon initial segment, attenuates Na(v) channel currents,
197 authors show that a diffusion barrier in the axon initial segment blocks the diffusion of lipids.
198 Ankyrin-G and betaIV spectrin appear at axon initial segments by postnatal day 2, whereas L1 CAM
200 the spike-generating output region (axon and axon initial segment) can enhance coincidence detection
201 s to specialized membrane domains, including axon initial segments, cardiomyocyte T-tubules, and epit
202 s of calpain activation were detected in the axon initial segment, changes in soma-dendritic compartm
204 been reported for the Na(+) currents of the axon initial segment compared with somatic Na(+) channel
206 anges in pyramidal cell dendritic spines and axon initial segments consistent with compensation for h
207 media, the proportion of cells with multiple axon initial segments decreased, while the amount of axo
208 the axon stopped at the proximal edge of the axon initial segment, defined by immunostaining for anky
209 oreactivity is lower, whereas the density of axon initial segments detectable by immunoreactivity for
211 yric acid (GABA)ergic "cartridge" endings on axon initial segments, few cholecystokinin (CCK)-positiv
212 t the initiation of action potentials in the axon initial segment followed by backpropagation of thes
213 trin dysfunction is linked to alterations in axon initial segment formation, cortical lamination, and
222 n a myelinating co-culture system and to the axon initial segment in primary hippocampal neurons, sug
224 neuronal cell bodies and is not detected at axon initial segments in the cortex or cerebellum or at
225 eir compartment-specific requirements in the axon initial segment, in the axon shaft, at synapses or
231 ecise arrangement of ion channels within the axon initial segment is likely an important determinant
233 e cells, and Nav channel localization to the axon initial segment is vital to action potential initia
234 ed sodium (Na(v)) channels accumulate at the axon initial segment (IS), where their high density supp
235 pe of the action potential (AP) onset at the axon initial segment; it is accelerated in neurons with
236 ed the densities and laminar distribution of axon initial segments labeled with an antibody against t
238 -type K(+) channel, are expressed at the AII axon initial segment-like process (AII-AIS) that also ex
239 nal amplitude depression was greatest at the axon initial segment < 150 microm from the soma, and ini
240 etics and the ability to traverse across the axon initial segment more efficiently than wild-type (WT
241 of the membrane-skeletal protein ankyrinG at axon initial segments, nodes of Ranvier, and postsynapti
242 n, C70A 270-kDa AnkG fails to cluster at the axon initial segment of AnkG-depleted cultured hippocamp
243 Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 subunits are targeted to the axon initial segment of hippocampal neurons by associati
247 ons form synapses on the dendrites, soma, or axon initial segment of pyramidal cells is determined by
249 ost distinct interneurons that innervate the axon initial segment of pyramidal neurons and control ac
250 n mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid at the axon initial segment of pyramidal neurons appears to be
251 axons of chandelier cells (ChCs) target the axon initial segment of pyramidal neurons, forming an ar
252 e how a cytoplasmic diffusion barrier in the axon initial segment of rat hippocampal neurons ensures
253 racts with AnkG and is absent from nodes and axon initial segments of betaIV-spectrin and AnkG mutant
254 terneurons, because they exclusively contact axon initial segments of cortical glutamatergic neurons.
255 utant mouse cerebella, NaCh were absent from axon initial segments of granule cell neurons, and Purki
257 a highly stereotyped IN type that innervates axon initial segments of PNs and thus serves as a good m
258 of GABAergic interneurons that innervate the axon initial segments of pyramidal cells and thus could
260 ier cells (ChCs) that specifically innervate axon initial segments of pyramidal neurons (PNs), and th
262 SOM axon terminals that were apposed to axon initial segments of pyramidal neurons lacked PV, wh
266 ate and invertebrate neurons, as well as the axon initial segments of vertebrate motor- and interneur
267 gths or numbers of myelin-positive segments, axon initial segments, or accumulations of phosphorylate
268 a3a leads to dysregulated alpha-motor neuron axon initial segment orientation, markedly abnormal syna
269 el pore, the optically resolved I(Ca) in the axon initial segment overlapped with the activation kine
270 gths, together with longer ion-channel dense axon initial segments, particularly towards the latter s
271 e site of action potential initiation in the axon initial segment play a pivotal role in spontaneous
272 elopmental stage marked by the relocation of axon initial segment proteins and increased microtubule
273 ross talk between the dendritic tree and the axon initial segment, providing new understanding of neu
275 These cells target their axons either to the axon initial segment, somata, or proximal and distal den
276 trkB-IR was found in occasional interneuron axon initial segments, some axon terminals forming inhib
277 verse specialized membrane domains including axon initial segments, specialized sites at the transver
279 eficit of action potential initiation at the axon initial segment that was identified by analyzing ac
280 itiate action potentials, most likely in the axon initial segment, that then backpropagate with high
282 llular redistribution of inhibition from the axon initial segment to other pyramidal cell domains, is
283 the neuronal "M-current" and cluster in the axon initial segment to regulate the firing of action po
288 f ankyrinG in directing NaCh localization to axon initial segments was evaluated by region-specific k
289 Because ankyrin G mainly resides at the axon initial segment, we propose that it may function as
290 ns with axons truncated within or beyond the axon initial segment were not significantly different.
293 t sodium channels cluster at high density at axon initial segments, where propagating action potentia
294 00 detergent extraction from the hippocampal axon initial segment, whereas mutant beta2 subunits, whi
296 Consistent with the observed changes in the axon initial segment which would be expected to decrease
297 ted CaV3.2 calcium channels localized to the axon initial segment, which suppressed action potential
298 yubiquitination, and decreased levels in the axon initial segment, while structured illumination micr
299 The densities and laminar distribution of axon initial segments with 5-HT(1A)-like immunoreactivit
300 t practically all ChC axon terminals contact axon initial segments, with an average of three to five