ライフサイエンスコーパス: balancing selection

1 exual selection that we could not test (e.g. balancing selection).

2 of loci exhibiting significant signatures of balancing selection.

3 f climate-related signals of directional and balancing selection.

4 mutation rate, and other tests also suggest balancing selection.

5 e to cold and pain stimuli, show evidence of balancing selection.

6 mography and positive or frequency-dependent balancing selection.

7 At LSI 2 loci were identified, both showing balancing selection.

8 sis, or be due to loci linked to genes under balancing selection.

9 ned at intermediate frequencies by long-term balancing selection.

10 s molecular population genetic signatures of balancing selection.

11 ukaryotic gene coding regions undergo strong balancing selection.

12 tly invisible to current scans for long-term balancing selection.

13 social polymorphism presumably maintained by balancing selection.

14 of the joint effects of gene conversion and balancing selection.

15 es, and the chimeric gene Crg1 is subject to balancing selection.

16 for effective recognition, is maintained by balancing selection.

17 nce of partial selective sweeps or transient balancing selection.

18 geny in natural populations is likely due to balancing selection.

19 etic polymorphism that are sustained through balancing selection.

20 the PAIs, rather than as a single unit under balancing selection.

21 individuals, possibly indicating a source of balancing selection.

22 positive selective sweep with no evidence of balancing selection.

23 ion are consistent with a model of long-term balancing selection.

24 aintained in this species under some form of balancing selection.

25 tion, seven genes show weaker indications of balancing selection.

26 bserved variation results from long-standing balancing selection.

27 only associated with the long-term action of balancing selection.

28 e primate TRIM5alpha locus has evolved under balancing selection.

29 show that several HLA loci have experienced balancing selection.

30 nvolved in incompatibility and are not under balancing selection.

31 es mediates positive selective sweeps and/or balancing selection.

32 nes with ancient polymorphisms maintained by balancing selection.

33 ximately 25 to 30% divergence that are under balancing selection.

34 hat directional selection does not overwhelm balancing selection.

35 populations suggest that this locus is under balancing selection.

36 regions tightly linked to targets of strong balancing selection.

37 tic variation for life span is maintained by balancing selection.

38 es of polymorphisms apparently maintained by balancing selection.

39 or different groups of orthologs, suggesting balancing selection.

40 wo haplotype classes have been maintained by balancing selection.

41 -frequency variants, which is a signature of balancing selection.

42 est that the polymorphisms are maintained by balancing selection.

43 eotide sequence polymorphism consistent with balancing selection.

44 n immune-related genes, reflecting long-term balancing selection.

45 gnificant and is, or has been, maintained by balancing selection.

46 results of a test of neutrality in favor of balancing selection.

47 ith their maintenance in populations through balancing selection.

48 ty types and are thus potentially subject to balancing selection.

49 as used to directly estimate the strength of balancing selection.

50 01, indicative of functional interaction and balancing selection.

51 ng that PGI may be subject to trans-specific balancing selection.

52 xample of extreme polymorphism maintained by balancing selection.

53 Both genes were under balancing selection.

54 een maintained in the species, likely due to balancing selection.

55 a group of genes known to be under long-term balancing selection.

56 are maintained at equilibrium frequencies by balancing selection.

57 rrelated across populations, consistent with balancing selection.

58 polymorphism is most probably maintained by balancing selection.

59 ymorphisms, particularly those maintained by balancing selection.

60 y in the UGP1 promoter is maintained through balancing selection.

61 ying selection across the genome, but little balancing selection.

62 iversity at these loci implies the action of balancing selection.

63 s rejected in three populations in favour of balancing selection.

64 ons, and has genetic signatures of long-term balancing selection.

65 gnature among genes reported to evolve under balancing selection.

66 h time as well as for signals of positive or balancing selection.

67 pathogen interaction, a well-known target of balancing selection.

68 ection on standing variation (soft sweep) or balancing selection.

69 segregating under drift or by the action of balancing selection.

70 ance genes, expected to be under positive or balancing selection.

71 nt functional properties that underlie their balancing selection.

72 t trans-specific polymorphism, a hallmark of balancing selection.

73 es, and these are the sites with evidence of balancing selection, (2) linkage disequilibrium is high

74 action of adaptive natural selection [2, 3], balancing selection [4], or compensatory evolution [5, 6

75 s are associated with multiple signatures of balancing selection across the D. melanogaster distribut

76 esults provide a definitive demonstration of balancing selection acting at the honey bee csd gene, of

77 ep branches, features that are suggestive of balancing selection acting in this region.

78 cific and appears to have been maintained by balancing selection acting on chemotype differences that

79 ound striking differences in the strength of balancing selection acting on MHC class I versus class I

80 se regions of incompatibility loci is due to balancing selection acting on sites within or near these

81 Est-6 may be shaped by: (1) directional and balancing selection acting on the promoter and the codin

82 We found signs of an ancient balancing selection acting on this gene but no post Out-

83 This in turn may help explain the apparent balancing selection acting on this locus.

84 Taken together, our results suggest that balancing selection acts on cytoplasmic male-sterility f

85 xons over evolutionary time, suggesting that balancing selection acts to maintain diversity in the la

86 genetic methods that test for signatures of balancing selection, allowing genes encoding important t

87 We conclude that balancing selection alone cannot account for extreme pop

88 nance, we conclude that it is a rare mode of balancing selection among ancient deletions.

89 We found evidence of widespread positive and balancing selection among worldwide human populations, i

90 ions could not be ruled out, the presence of balancing selection and a high density of SNPs in non-co

91 a broadly applicable approach for detecting balancing selection and apply it to the b1 mating type g

92 result that applies to alleles maintained by balancing selection and by recurrent mutation.

93 However, evidence for balancing selection and extended residence times has alm

94 real time, as well as identify regions under balancing selection and informative markers to different

95 ations in the frequency spectrum, suggesting balancing selection and positive selection occurring in

96 cus: linkage to a second locus that is under balancing selection and that modulates the fitness effec

97 as shown to be under positive directional or balancing selection and, therefore, molecular variation

98 g antimicrobial peptides might be subject to balancing selection and/or an enhanced mutation rate, bu

99 To test for balancing selection and/or the repeated introduction of

100 Overall, the combination of strong positive (balancing) selection and frequent gene conversion has ma

101 suggest that hypervariable regions are under balancing selection, and are not merely regions of relax

102 o other genes, even those not evolving under balancing selection, and argue that the phenomenon is wi

103 a mutation-selection balance, as opposed to balancing selection, and have direct relevance to the st

104 polymorphism is expected to be maintained by balancing selection, and in extreme cases may give rise

105 a model with polymorphic Y chromosomes under balancing selection, and the invasion of a neo-Y chromos

106 nding variation, and other processes such as balancing selection appear to make a large contribution

107 mples associated with ancient trans-specific balancing selection are also discovered.

108 tide polymorphisms bearing the signatures of balancing selection are enriched in active cis-regulator

109 t the following: (1) models that incorporate balancing selection are more consistent with observation

110 Several models of strong balancing selection are used as examples, and the effect

111 The locus shows several footprints of balancing selection around the fast/slow site: an enrich

112 These results support the importance of balancing selection as a mechanism to maintain variation

113 Our data point to long-term balancing selection as an important factor shaping the g

114 Our results also raise the possibility that balancing selection, as a natural consequence of frequen

115 2 loci under positive selection and 3 under balancing selection at LCI.

116 Balancing selection at one locus can increase the amount

117 st that the haplotypes are maintained due to balancing selection at or near this locus.

118 uter-surface protein C (ospC) suggested that balancing selection at ospC is a dominant force maintain

119 level all three loci show strong evidence of balancing selection at some sites.

120 We find a striking signal of ancient balancing selection at the 'male-specific enhancer' of t

121 (ST) region may be a signal of long-standing balancing selection at the ABO locus, caused by multiple

122 tween populations is higher, consistent with balancing selection at the Aly13 locus.

123 Our findings indicate that balancing selection at the MHC occurs at the level of po

124 These results suggest multiple niches create balancing selection at the ospC locus.

125 olinense appears to have interacted with the balancing selection at the S locus to result in fewer S

126 These results suggest that balancing selection at the srx-43 locus generates altern

127 regions yet described; however, evidence for balancing selection at these sites is notably lacking--i

128 oding allele frequencies suggest that strong balancing selection at this locus occurred during the ev

129 phism, they represent only a fraction of the balancing selection at work in plants.

130 ks of high variation, possibly maintained by balancing selection, at genomic regions significantly en

131 ange of parameters than previous analyses of balancing selection based on diffusion approximations to

132 Models of balancing selection based on these findings indicate tha

133 minated not by adaptive protein evolution or balancing selection, but by extensive hitchhiking of lin

134 gh female frequencies are not expected under balancing selection, but could be explained by the repea

135 conducted a genome-wide scan for long-lived balancing selection by looking for combinations of SNPs

136 ent speciation, and loci that are subject to balancing selection can be used to evaluate the frequenc

137 at, whereas human 5'CCR5 has been subject to balancing selection, chimpanzee 5'CCR5 has been influenc

138 volutionarily related as a result of ancient balancing selection combined with independent origins of

139 Evidence for balancing selection comes from a spatially variable rati

140 uman disease susceptibility locus, a form of balancing selection compatible with typical transmission

141 ws trans-species polymorphisms indicative of balancing selection, consistent with the role of het loc

142 er these selective forces, together known as balancing selection, csd is expected to exhibit a high d

143 specially European ones (possibly because of balancing selection derived from dual roles of LOX-1).

144 inversions showing signatures of positive or balancing selection, diverse functional effects, such as

145 In multiple-niche polymorphism, a type of balancing selection, diversity within a population can b

146 However, for more than two alleles, balancing selection does occur and the model approaches

147 hese results provide strong evidence against balancing selection driven by a stability/activity trade

148 loci involved in autoimmunity may be under a balancing selection due to antagonistic pleiotropic effe

149 ction only at loci for which the strength of balancing selection exceeds the effective strength of st

150 vide a strong contrast to the high levels of balancing selection exhibited by genes at the upstream p

151 and 144.75 expected), consistent with strong balancing selection favoring heterozygotes.

152 s selfish genetic element is counteracted by balancing selection for allorecognition polymorphism.

153 peciation events and have been maintained by balancing selection for millions of years.

154 des has been studied as a candidate gene for balancing selection for more than two decades.

155 antly related species and has remained under balancing selection for tens of millions of years-to dat

156 Such large effects are predicted under balancing selection from either sexually antagonistic or

157 es that are consistently under the strongest balancing selection from naturally acquired immune respo

158 to maintain polygenic variation: pleiotropic balancing selection, G x E interactions (with spatial or

159 ecies appeared consistent with the symmetric balancing selection generated by self-incompatibility.

160 Balancing selection has been shown to act on several gen

161 Balancing selection has been shown to be common in plant

162 Empirical data show that strong balancing selection has indeed occurred at the b1 locus.

163 Balancing selection has maintained human leukocyte antig

164 humans ~150 000 years ago and indicate that balancing selection has maintained the beneficial allele

165 a deletion allele of srg-37, suggesting that balancing selection has maintained the recent variation

166 Balancing selection has maintained these three lineages

167 n the human prion protein gene suggests that balancing selection has operated on an amino acid sequen

168 re has been much speculation as to what role balancing selection has played in evolution.

169 These findings indicate that ancient balancing selection has shaped human variation and point

170 These results are strong evidence that balancing selection has shaped the pattern of variation

171 A novel formulation of the balancing selection hypothesis was proposed as an explan

172 st defenses are more likely to be subject to balancing selection, i.e., evolve in a manner consistent

173 the evidence indicates both directional and balancing selection impacting separately the promoter an

174 of extensive polymorphism through multilocus balancing selection in a heterogeneous environment.

175 Balancing selection in a panmictic population is theoret

176 s by two different methods, with evidence of balancing selection in Europe.

177 , and now classic, example of the effects of balancing selection in great apes.

178 In conclusion, sequence data suggest that balancing selection in HLA is asymmetric (some heterozyg

179 Our results highlight the role of balancing selection in maintaining the inbred load and l

180 hemoglobin polymorphism may be maintained by balancing selection in natural populations of house mice

181 the hypothesis that HLA is under asymmetric balancing selection in populations by estimating allelic

182 there are few, if any, examples of long-term balancing selection in primates.

183 atistical evidence for a candidate target of balancing selection in S. epidermidis.

184 sts, we document genes under directional and balancing selection in S. mansoni that may facilitate ad

185 s also highlighted the role of purifying and balancing selection in shaping EA genome structure.

186 the roles of mutation-selection balance and balancing selection in shaping genetic variation at vari

187 We also show that previous results on balancing selection in single-locus systems do not exten

188 and kin recognition and may be under intense balancing selection in some populations.

189 tion genomic dataset reveals no signature of balancing selection in the Adh gene.

190 tral sequence evolution, suggests a role for balancing selection in the evolution of DQA1 transcripti

191 ptation, we detected signatures of long-term balancing selection in the heat-shock co-chaperone sacsi

192 parallel evolution in the invaded range and balancing selection in the native range supports the hyp

193 ci were enriched for signatures of long-term balancing selection in the native ranges, with 15-47% of

194 the existence of polymorphisms maintained by balancing selection in this genome region, since molecul

195 First, we found strong evidence of balancing selection in this region, as determined by a T

196 variation and multiple strong signatures of balancing selection in this region.

197 A recent study investigated the extent of balancing selection in two Brassicaceae species and high

198 yet to be purified from the population, (2). balancing selection, in which a selective advantage accr

199 Balancing selection increases mean coalescence times, bu

200 underlying Markov model incorporates strong balancing selection into a two-locus coalescent.

201 t (i) because it is rarely stable, long-term balancing selection is an evolutionary oddity, and (ii)

202 Balancing selection is frequently invoked as a mechanism

203 ll characterized for Solanaceae and although balancing selection is hypothesized to be responsible fo

204 This traditional example of balancing selection is known as the 'malaria hypothesis'

205 th outgroup and McDonald's test suggest that balancing selection is modulating the evolution of the I

206 g the genetic variation in metabolic traits, balancing selection is more likely to shape the variatio

207 Some form of balancing selection is necessary to account for the extr

208 with alleles at the MHC loci that are under balancing selection is proposed as a possible explanatio

209 Our models suggest that balancing selection is sufficient to explain the observe

210 reme diversity, but the precise mechanism of balancing selection is unknown.

211 Balancing selection is weak and confined to D0, KIR3DS1

212 maintained either by local adaptation or by balancing selection, is derived, and the expected coales

213 SH2B3 improves the sepsis response and that balancing selection likely contributed to the relative f

214 Moreover, we found that balancing selection likely contributes more to maintaini

215 Balancing selection likely reflects response to diverse

216 ymorphism has been shown to be maintained by balancing selection, little is known about the molecular

217 yses of Catsup sequences are consistent with balancing selection maintaining multiple functional poly

218 re necessary, illustrating the importance of balancing selection maintaining variation over speciatio

219 istence of these polymorphisms suggests that balancing selection maintains color vision variation, po

220 To test the hypothesis that balancing selection maintains diversity at behavioral lo

221 Our results suggest that balancing selection maintains established CMS types acro

222 otype association studies that proposed that balancing selection maintains G6PD deficiencies within h

223 If balancing selection maintains these factors, then neutra

224 Balancing selection maintains variation for evolution.

225 A-E allelic polymorphism have indicated that balancing selection may be acting to maintain two major

226 Instead, some other form of balancing selection may be maintaining uninfected female

227 Balancing selection may have maintained haplotypes at th

228 distribution of polymorphisms suggests that balancing selection may maintain diverse PKDREJ alleles

229 o arise suggest that it is prudent to assume balancing selection may prevent fixation of the 132L all

230 ical management and prevention, and suggests balancing selection mechanisms involved in PCOS risk.

231 bitats can promote invasive success and that balancing selection might serve as a widespread and impo

232 aintain genetic variation in populations, or balancing selection, might counteract this process.

233 lection (more commonly homozygous) and under balancing selection (more commonly heterozygous), might

234 e loci are consistent with a simple model of balancing selection; more complicated selective alternat

235 analytic theory incorporating the effects of balancing selection, mutation, recombination, and geneti

236 owever, despite this suggestive evidence for balancing selection, O(2)-equilibrium curves revealed no

237 Interestingly, we find that soft sweeps and balancing selection occur more frequently closer to the

238 esults highlight the diversity and long-term balancing selection of regulatory factors that modulate

239 ties likely contributed to the gene flow and balancing selection of srg-37 variation through facilita

240 Through balancing selection on a few divergent haplotypes the Yu

241 We highlight examples of balancing selection on a variety of discrete traits.

242 The result is a form of balancing selection on all loci affecting an individual'

243 bining purifying selection on haplotypes and balancing selection on alleles has been proposed.

244 is likely attributable to both homoplasy and balancing selection on ancestral polymorphism.

245 Based on this work, we expect that balancing selection on antagonistically pleiotropic trai

246 enetics analysis provided strong evidence of balancing selection on at least one case (Crab-eating mo

247 ted high genetic diversity and signatures of balancing selection on both linear and 3D structures.

248 We extend coalescent theory to investigate balancing selection on combinations of linked genes.

249 Our results suggest that long-term balancing selection on disease resistance genes may have

250 uld promote successful invasions by imposing balancing selection on key traits and maintaining the ge

251 ick vector are likely consequences of strong balancing selection on local Borrelia clones.

252 We studied the effect of multilocus balancing selection on neutral nucleotide variability at

253 arum isolates yield significant evidence for balancing selection on polymorphisms within the disulfid

254 of neutral rearrangement polymorphism due to balancing selection on sexes and mating types.

255 Kuru imposed strong balancing selection on the Fore, essentially eliminating

256 stral polymorphism is low or absent and that balancing selection on the time-scale of chimpanzee-huma

257 n earlier epidemic of prion diseases exerted balancing selection on the two alleles, and we have prev

258 Variation is maintained under pleiotropic balancing selection only at loci for which the strength

259 Instead, the data are consistent with balancing selection operating on an emergent property of

260 s, indicating weak negative selection and/or balancing selection operating on mutations at these loci

261 species over long evolutionary timescales by balancing selection or are continually arising and being

262 niously explained by models that incorporate balancing selection or assume variants affecting bristle

263 The data are not consistent with balancing selection or interspecific hybridization, but

264 key component of the molecular signature for balancing selection or local adaptation, high-diversity

265 fferent processes, for example, divergent or balancing selection, or a mix of multiple processes.

266 sistent with the action of selective sweeps, balancing selection, or population differentiation.

267 ted, suggesting they have been maintained by balancing selection over long evolutionary times.

268 sm (P < 10(-4)), DRB1 shows some evidence of balancing selection (P < 0.06), and while there is overa

269 encies, there is a trend in the direction of balancing selection (P < 0.08).

270 , because genetic polymorphism maintained by balancing selection permits inferences about population

271 nce in isolation, (ii) can be tolerated when balancing selection prevents random loss of variation at

272 lecular population genetic data suggest that balancing selection prevents the fixation or loss of D a

273 Balancing selection refers to a variety of selective reg

274 bservations is not expected under relaxed or balancing selection, selective sweeps, or increased muta

275 reviously shown to have strong signatures of balancing selection, seven genes show weaker indications

276 varying levels of recombination to show that balancing selection should operate at each sublocus.

277 l immune system components subject to strong balancing selection, shows how modern humans acquired th

278 ogroups, and show evolutionary signatures of balancing selection, similar to allorecognition loci acr

279 vely maintained across Hydrophis species via balancing selection, similarly to the LWS polymorphism t

280 theoretical models of biological systems of balancing selection such as plant gametophytic self-inco

281 versity in HLA is argued to be maintained by balancing selection, such as negative frequency-dependen

282 perhaps substance abuse, may be preserved by balancing selection, suggesting the involvement of commo

283 stent with trade-offs, we find signatures of balancing selection surrounding LGS1 and other candidate

284 outcrossing in P. taeda L. appears to have a balancing selection system due to either pseudo-overdomi

285 is pattern may be explained by long-standing balancing selection that maintains multiple selected all

286 lar sample sizes and is more consistent with balancing selection that with neutrality.

287 rsity can be maintained at a locus by direct balancing selection, there is no evidence for such selec

288 ltivated rice genomes that shows evidence of balancing selection, thereby suggesting that there might

289 alleles at self-recognition genes are under balancing selection, they exhibit extended residence tim

290 Dantu does not appear to be under balancing selection through an increased risk of bacteri

291 at the alternative alleles are maintained by balancing selection through context-dependent or fluctua

292 allelic lineages that have been preserved by balancing selection throughout human evolution.

293 ed the conditions necessary for antagonistic balancing selection to operate, we currently know little

294 The balancing selection trade-off hypothesis posits that Fas

295 Interestingly, the power to detect balancing selection using deviations from a neutral dist

296 The strongest evidence for asymmetrical balancing selection was observed for HLA-DRB1, HLA-B and

297 articular on the statistical power to detect balancing selection when it is present.

298 ations and a few polymorphisms maintained by balancing selection, which together contribute to standi

299 The interplay of balancing selection within a species and rapid gene evol

300 lymorphisms at many codons show evidence for balancing selection, yet data consistent with directiona