ライフサイエンスコーパス: biotrophic

1 enic) and pathogenic niche (necrotrophic vs. biotrophic).

2 Successive cell invasions were biotrophic, although each invaded cell appeared to have

3 The mechanisms by which biotrophic and hemi-biotrophic fungal pathogens simultan

4 n important regulator of plant resistance to biotrophic and hemi-biotrophic pathogens.

5 tion signatures specifically associated with biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungal infection.

6 NLRs) and confer strain-specific immunity to biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungal pathogens.

7 proteins and these effector candidates from biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungi indicates the conver

8 erged a unified model of the interactions of biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens, which posits th

9 lays a pivotal role in plant defense against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens.

10 a unique combination of disease responses to biotrophic and necrotrophic fungi in that it antagonizes

11 a melanized appressorium on the cuticle and biotrophic and necrotrophic hyphae in its host.

12 Biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens attack plants usin

13 in trade-offs between defence against (hemi)biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens has been widely de

14 agonistic effects of host resistance against biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens have been document

15 understanding of mechanisms of resistance to biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens is crucial for act

16 s defense responses to resistance to several biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens.

17 distinct or complex roles in defense against biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens.

18 standing mechanisms of plant defense against biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens.

19 pathways to optimise defences against (hemi)biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens.

20 1) subunits are required for defense against biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens; however, the upst

21 hose infection mechanism includes sequential biotrophic and necrotrophic stages.

22 nt H433 is stopped at the switch between the biotrophic and the necrotrophic phases.

23 graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), is an obligate biotrophic ascomycete fungal pathogen that can grow and

24 For the biotrophic ascomycete fungus Blumeria hordei (Bh) it has

25 t of their saprotrophy and the potential for biotrophic associations with plants.

26 generate an effective resistance against the biotrophic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC30

27 of XA21 mediated immunity X) produced by the biotrophic bacterial pathogen (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. or

28 accessions show increased resistance to the biotrophic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. t

29 hic foliar pathogen Botrytis cinerea and the biotrophic bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv.

30 OsEIL2) exhibited enhanced resistance to the biotrophic bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryz

31 ontribute to their increased resistance to a biotrophic bacterial pathogen.

32 on of survival following challenge by a hemi-biotrophic bacterium and a necrotrophic fungus, as well

33 Analysis of biotrophic blast invasion will significantly contribute

34 Rice1 (SLR1) in the resistance toward (hemi)biotrophic but not necrotrophic rice pathogens.

35 In order to determine the extent of biotrophic capacity in saprotrophic wood-decay fungi and

36 find that salicylate, a hormone involved in biotrophic defense that often acts antagonistically to j

37 ng C. graminicola infection, even during the biotrophic development of the pathogen.

38 c hyphae, its rigorous downregulation during biotrophic development represents a strategy for evading

39 can contents were drastically reduced during biotrophic development.

40 cretion of effector proteins at the onset of biotrophic development.

41 The biotrophic downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabid

42 Cereal cyst nematodes are sedentary biotrophic endoparasites that maintain a complex interac

43 eptibility of Arabidopsis to unrelated (hemi)biotrophic filamentous oomycete and fungal pathogens.

44 icular the hypothesis that much of the QR to biotrophic filamentous pathogens is basal resistance, i.

45 ails of the plant defense response involving biotrophic fungal and bacterial pathogens.

46 cript levels were highly up-regulated during biotrophic fungal growth in all infected plant tissues.

47 nce to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis), a biotrophic fungal leaf pathogen.

48 Powdery mildews, obligate biotrophic fungal parasites on a wide range of important

49 tant exhibits enhanced susceptibility to the biotrophic fungal pathogen Erysiphe cichoracearum but en

50 showed a normal susceptible phenotype to the biotrophic fungal pathogen Erysiphe cichoracearum.

51 phytopathogenic bacteria and to the obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen Erysiphe orontii, suggesting

52 mbia with a virulent isolate of the obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen Erysiphe orontii.

53 ticum aestivum) to infection by the obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen Puccinia striiformis f.

54 ple races of Colletotrichum trifolii, a hemi-biotrophic fungal pathogen that causes anthracnose disea

55 against powdery mildew disease caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen, Oidium neolycopersici.

56 the defense response that limit growth of a biotrophic fungal pathogen, we isolated Arabidopsis muta

57 ylic acid-dependent signaling pathway to the biotrophic fungal pathogens Golovinomyces spp. that caus

58 RFEL1-NPR3 module in engineering BSR against biotrophic fungal pathogens in wheat and other crops.

59 The mechanisms by which biotrophic and hemi-biotrophic fungal pathogens simultaneously subdue plant

60 nd leaf rust (LR) diseases elicited by three biotrophic fungal pathogens using a newly defined module

61 racearum), one of the most prolific obligate biotrophic fungal pathogens worldwide, infects its host

62 tify genes that confer nonhost resistance to biotrophic fungal pathogens, we did a forward-genetics s

63 ion with the investigated hemibiotrophic and biotrophic fungal pathogens.

64 Biotrophic fungal plant pathogens can balance their viru

65 Both necrotrophic and biotrophic fungi have larger genomes than non-pathogens,

66 he regulation of host resistance to obligate biotrophic fungi in cereals.

67 cally important diseases, caused by obligate biotrophic fungi of the Erysiphales.

68 ms of sugar translocation from host cells to biotrophic fungi such as powdery mildew across the plant

69 Powdery mildews are obligate biotrophic fungi that manipulate plant metabolism to sup

70 effector function, particularly for obligate biotrophic fungi, remain limited and challenging.

71 Fungal plant pathogens, like rust-causing biotrophic fungi, secrete hundreds of effectors into pla

72 s has resulted in purifying selection within biotrophic fungi.

73 what it is now-a well-established model for biotrophic fungi.

74 t up to 20% of photosynthate to the obligate biotrophic fungi.

75 s highly induced by attack from the obligate biotrophic fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh),

76 heat powdery mildew, a disease caused by the biotrophic fungus Blumeria graminis forma specialis trit

77 Ustilago maydis is a biotrophic fungus causing corn smut disease in maize.

78 wo membrane proteins from Ustilago maydis, a biotrophic fungus causing smut disease in corn, form a s

79 eractions between grapevine and the obligate biotrophic fungus Erysiphe necator are not understood in

80 ically important disease, caused by the semi-biotrophic fungus Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines, recen

81 ined growth and reproduction of the obligate biotrophic fungus Golovinomyces orontii on Arabidopsis t

82 at early stages of infection by the obligate biotrophic fungus Podosphaera pannosa, which causes powd

83 The biotrophic fungus Sporisorium reilianum causes head smut

84 The soil borne, obligate biotrophic fungus Synchytrium endobioticum causes tumor-

85 to Golovinomyces cichoracearum, an obligate biotrophic fungus that penetrates the cell wall for succ

86 The biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis causes smut disease in

87 th appressorium formation, host penetration, biotrophic growth and immune evasion.

88 rine/threonine protein kinase Rim15 promotes biotrophic growth by coordinating cycles of autophagy an

89 discovered it was essential for facilitating biotrophic growth by suppressing the host oxidative burs

90 defence suppression to facilitate extensive biotrophic growth in host cells before the onset of necr

91 ns did not affect appressorial function, but biotrophic growth in rice cells was attenuated.

92 ate supply by the host is dispensable during biotrophic growth of C. higginsianum, while carbon defic

93 the mesocotyl of seedlings where it arrested biotrophic growth of the endophytic S. reilianum.

94 on (ERC) effectors are secreted during early biotrophic growth on main and alternative plant hosts.

95 e mechanisms underpinning this intracellular biotrophic growth phase are poorly understood.

96 Biotrophic growth requires maintaining metabolic homeost

97 eos distinctly balances its virulence during biotrophic growth ultimately allowing for long-lived inf

98 lysis - to reactivate TOR signaling and fuel biotrophic growth while conserving glucose for antioxida

99 xpressed at the transcriptional level during biotrophic growth within the host plant tomato (Solanum

100 transporters, depending on interaction with biotrophic, hemibiotrophic or necrotrophic pathogens.

101 Molecular exchanges between plants and biotrophic, hemibiotrophic, and necrotrophic oomycetes a

102 nomically important crops that are caused by biotrophic, hemibiotrophic, and necrotrophic plant patho

103 ets of virulence factors from highly evolved biotrophic/hemibiotrophic pathogens.

104 Taken together, these data suggest that biotrophic host pathogens must either suppress or fail t

105 signalling protected Arabidopsis against two biotrophic host pathogens.

106 provides an agronomically important model of biotrophic host-pathogen interactions.

107 In all cases, specialized biotrophic hyphae function to hijack host cellular proce

108 While the shape of biotrophic hyphae was unaffected in RNAi strains, necrot

109 f GLS1 led to exposure of beta-1,3-glucan on biotrophic hyphae, massive induction of broad-spectrum d

110 th these organisms often involves an initial biotrophic infection phase, during which the pathogen sp

111 ppearance of senescence-like symptoms in the biotrophic interaction and cell death by necrosis that o

112 at suppresses Cys protease activity to allow biotrophic interaction of maize with the fungal pathogen

113 biotrophic plant pathogens first establish a biotrophic interaction with the host plant and later swi

114 acao and M. perniciosa during their peculiar biotrophic interaction.

115 system but more generally for systems where biotrophic interactions are established.

116 lset will enable researchers to easily study biotrophic interactions at the molecular level on both t

117 ing an unrecognized role for phagocytosis in biotrophic interactions.

118 e manipulation of host physiology typical of biotrophic interactions.

119 t MoSso1-MoSnc1 interaction is important for biotrophic interface complex development and cytoplasmic

120 s a glycoprotein specifically located at the biotrophic interface formed in the Colletotrichum lindem

121 e feeding site, promoting the demise of this biotrophic interface.

122 tes cytoplasmic effectors into a specialized biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC) before translocatio

123 elopment of the M. oryzae effector-secreting biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC) was misregulated in

124 identified a highly localized structure, the biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC), which accumulates

125 f a specialized plant structure known as the biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC), which appears to b

126 ates in the specialized structure called the biotrophic interfacial complex and is then translocated

127 geted to the cytoplasm of rice cells via the biotrophic interfacial complex and use a common unconven

128 We show that the biotrophic interfacial complex is associated with a nove

129 host cells, preferentially accumulate in the biotrophic interfacial complex, a novel plant membrane-r

130 Both nuclear effectors are secreted via the biotrophic interfacial complex, translocated into the nu

131 BAS2 proteins preferentially accumulated in biotrophic interfacial complexes along with known avirul

132 A possible analogy to the biotrophic interfacial membrane complex formed in rice i

133 anding fungal and rice genes contributing to biotrophic invasion has been difficult because so few pl

134 ected the vegetative growth, conidiation and biotrophic invasion of the fungus in susceptible rice ho

135 addition, the Mosyn8 mutant cannot elaborate biotrophic invasion of the susceptible rice host, or sec

136 Biotrophic invasive hyphae (IH) of the blast fungus Magn

137 ited the penetration success of the obligate biotrophic leaf pathogen Blumeria hordei.

138 s but their study is hampered because of the biotrophic life styles of rust fungi.

139 eflecting their redundancy in an exclusively biotrophic life-style.

140 o genetic manipulation due to their obligate biotrophic lifestyle and multinucleate, coenocytic cellu

141 ized barley roots coincided with an extended biotrophic lifestyle of P. indica upon silencing of PiAM

142 t nitrogen acquisition due to their obligate biotrophic lifestyle.

143 onsistent with E. muscae's species-specific, biotrophic lifestyle.

144 tations to the specific floret infection and biotrophic lifestyles.

145 potential within Morchellaceae and a lack of biotrophic markers, and contributes to our understanding

146 ent milestones in the establishment of a new biotrophic model pathosystem: Ustilago bromivora and Bra

147 Interestingly, M. perniciosa biotrophic mycelia develop as long-term parasites that o

148 idopsis, P. indica establishes and maintains biotrophic nutrition within living epidermal cells, wher

149 Here, we demonstrate that the biotrophic oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa)

150 -dependent expression of BABA-IR against the biotrophic oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis is as

151 acterium Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato, the biotrophic oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, and

152 d resistance toward a virulent strain of the biotrophic oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsi

153 resistance to five different isolates of the biotrophic oomycete, Peronospora parasitica (causal agen

154 ular bacterium, a necrotrophic fungus, and a biotrophic oomycete.

155 HF, and other gall midges, may be considered biotrophic, or hemibiotrophic, plant pathogens, and they

156 These biotrophic organisms include the most widespread and imp

157 Ustilago hordei is a biotrophic parasite of barley (Hordeum vulgare).

158 This biotrophic parasite secretes effectors from pharyngeal g

159 Albugo candida is an obligate biotrophic parasite that consists of many physiological

160 Data on phagocytosis in intracellular, biotrophic parasites are scant.

161 Phytomyxea are intracellular biotrophic parasites infecting plants and stramenopiles,

162 ysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei, is an obligate biotrophic pathogen and as such cannot complete its life

163 During biotrophic pathogen attack, SA pathway activates and sup

164 or of basal resistance in barley against the biotrophic pathogen Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Bgh)

165 Ustilago maydis is a biotrophic pathogen causing maize (Zea mays) smut diseas

166 mutants displayed enhanced resistance to the biotrophic pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa)

167 bal framework of host gene expression during biotrophic pathogen invasion, we analyzed in parallel th

168 wild-type plants to virulent strains of the biotrophic pathogen Peronospora parasitica and the bacte

169 previously shown to confer resistance to the biotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae.

170 m1) synergistically enhances resistance to a biotrophic pathogen under mild chemical priming.

171 on of how plants can mount defence against a biotrophic pathogen without becoming vulnerable to necro

172 The biotrophic pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo)

173 compatible interaction between a plant and a biotrophic pathogen.

174 ssion occurs upon infection by this obligate biotrophic pathogen.

175 of many pathogens, the coevolution of (hemi)biotrophic pathogens and their hosts has generated patho

176 Biotrophic pathogens are believed to strategically manip

177 While plant interactions with biotrophic pathogens are frequently controlled by the ac

178 Powdery mildews and other obligate biotrophic pathogens are highly adapted to their hosts a

179 Necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens are resisted by different plant def

180 to jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent resistance, biotrophic pathogens are resisted by salicylic acid (SA)

181 necrotrophs and comparison with responses to biotrophic pathogens are summarized, highlighting common

182 Studies of biotrophic pathogens have shown that they actively suppr

183 Comparative genomics of the first sequenced biotrophic pathogens highlight remarkable convergences,

184 e genes and were more resistant to the (hemi)biotrophic pathogens Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis and

185 The principal immune mechanism against biotrophic pathogens in plants is the resistance (R)-gen

186 Plant defense against biotrophic pathogens is associated with programmed cell

187 een suggested that effective defense against biotrophic pathogens is largely due to programmed cell d

188 it renders thermotolerance and resilience to biotrophic pathogens likely due to the augmented hyperse

189 cal races of the oomycete Albugo candida are biotrophic pathogens of diverse plant species, primarily

190 In the case of the biotrophic pathogens Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato and

191 Rhizogenic Agrobacterium strains comprise biotrophic pathogens that cause hairy root disease (HRD)

192 gi (Pucciniales, Basidiomycota) are obligate biotrophic pathogens that cause rust diseases in plants,

193 SA induces defense against biotrophic pathogens that feed and reproduce on live hos

194 m lycopersicum, plants, and necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens to show that a complex transcriptio

195 Biotrophic pathogens utilize distinct virulence strategi

196 ated silencing of corresponding genes inside biotrophic pathogens, a technique termed host-induced ge

197 (PCD), as a major defence mechanism against biotrophic pathogens, because ETI-associated PCD could l

198 h is the major plant defense hormone against biotrophic pathogens, inhibited HDAC activity and increa

199 TP1 negatively regulates plant resistance to biotrophic pathogens, possibly by regulating ROS product

200 contrast to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and biotrophic pathogens, promotes mutualism by blocking JA

201 n of growth and defense in response to (hemi)biotrophic pathogens, the mechanisms involved remain lar

202 en the biotrophic phase of hemibiotrophs and biotrophic pathogens, the two lifestyles are not analogo

203 SA), a hormone essential for defense against biotrophic pathogens, triggers increased susceptibility

204 es and marks contrasting immune responses to biotrophic pathogens.

205 which is important in plant defense against biotrophic pathogens.

206 r of plant resistance to biotrophic and hemi-biotrophic pathogens.

207 ant plant hormone regulating defense against biotrophic pathogens.

208 ical of genes conferring plant resistance to biotrophic pathogens.

209 a means to strengthen plant immunity against biotrophic pathogens.

210 ulate immunity pathways against host-adapted biotrophic pathogens.

211 ease resistance to avirulent isolates of the biotrophic Peronospora parasitica pathogen, but only phx

212 t surface, the fungus establishes an initial biotrophic phase in the penetrated epidermis cell, befor

213 Nutrient acquisition during this biotrophic phase is a dynamic process; the partitioning

214 hat while there are similarities between the biotrophic phase of hemibiotrophs and biotrophic pathoge

215 r required by the wild type during the early biotrophic phase of infection.

216 tially to prevent host cell death during the biotrophic phase of infection.

217 berate water and nutrients during the early, biotrophic phase of infection.

218 accumulation in leaves decreases during the biotrophic phase of the infection process.

219 ey do not suppress plant defenses during the biotrophic phase, indicating that while there are simila

220 t suppresses SA-regulated defense during its biotrophic phase.

221 defenses are critical strategies employed by biotrophic phytopathogens and hemibiotrophs whose infect

222 Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), a biotrophic plant pathogen, secretes numerous effectors t

223 Smut fungi are a large group of biotrophic plant pathogens that infect mostly monocot sp

224 Like other biotrophic plant pathogens, plant-parasitic nematodes se

225 lant salt and water balance and responses to biotrophic plant pathogens.

226 ngi as well as the pathogenic development of biotrophic plant pathogens.

227 n that highlights the complexity of obligate biotrophic plant-pathogen interactions, like those of cy

228 ur understanding of the development of (hemi)biotrophic plant-pathogen interactions.

229 nst infection by otherwise virulent obligate biotrophic powdery mildew fungi such as Golovinomyces or

230 ce locus A12-mediated resistance against the biotrophic powdery mildew fungus (Blumeria graminis f.sp

231 ys enhanced disease resistance (edr2) to the biotrophic powdery mildew pathogen Erysiphe cichoracearu

232 of Brassicaceae, is caused by the soilborne, biotrophic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae.

233 is cinerea and an increased tolerance to the biotrophic Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 bacteri

234 Here we show that infection with biotrophic Pseudomonas syringae, which induces SA-mediat

235 athway and plant tolerance to infection with biotrophic Pst DC3000.

236 e mechanisms used by a pathogen to sustain a biotrophic relationship with a plant.

237 a indicate that the capacity for facultative biotrophic relationships in free-living saprotrophic bas

238 hibit the capacity to enter into facultative biotrophic relationships with plant roots without causin

239 Poplar trees that were inoculated with the biotrophic rust fungus (Melampsora larici-populina) accu

240 y activated by both necrotrophic (ET/JA) and biotrophic (SA) pathogens supporting that S. sclerotioru

241 The biotrophic smut fungus Ustilago maydis infects all aeria

242 trophically early during infection, but this biotrophic stage is followed by a pronounced switch to c

243 o other hemibiotrophic interactions, the WBD biotrophic stage lasts for months and is responsible for

244 d how plants inhibit the transition from the biotrophic stage to the necrotrophic stage in disease sy

245 rocess and continue to accumulate during the biotrophic stage.

246 nt apoplast during an unusually long-lasting biotrophic stage.

247 n the host, which signals the end of the WBD biotrophic stage.

248 his pathway showed high up-regulation during biotrophic stages and down-regulation during necrotrophy

249 tant role in the establishment of an initial biotrophic state with the plant, which allows subsequent

250 LR-EER motifs, is secreted from P. infestans biotrophic structures called haustoria, demonstrating th

251 liana, activation of the ERF branch leads to biotrophic susceptibility.

252 ants simultaneously interact with a range of biotrophic symbionts, ranging from mutualists such as ar