ライフサイエンスコーパス: bipolar cell

1 ized the temporal coding in each type of OFF bipolar cell.

2 suggesting more rods provide input to a rod bipolar cell.

3 s, primarily conferring light sensitivity to bipolar cells.

4 , and the b-wave is the depolarization of ON-bipolar cells.

5 ry glutamatergic input exclusively from S-ON bipolar cells.

6 bipolar cells and type 5-2, XBC, 6, and 7 ON bipolar cells.

7 ways, are thought to be initiated in retinal bipolar cells.

8 uller glia, rod and cone photoreceptors, and bipolar cells.

9 NMDA receptor-mediated input arising from ON bipolar cells.

10 transmission between the photoreceptors and bipolar cells.

11 amine modulates visual signaling pathways in bipolar cells.

12 tter correlations than those which activated bipolar cells.

13 gy of the axon terminal system of individual bipolar cells.

14 ed receptor localized to the dendrites of ON-bipolar cells.

15 nsmitted to various types of ON and OFF cone bipolar cells.

16 ntly in rod bipolar cells but not in ON cone bipolar cells.

17 (CD15) as reliable markers for certain cone bipolar cells.

18 ections onto the presynaptic terminals of ON bipolar cells.

19 lutamatergic input from both OFF and ON cone bipolar cells.

20 s on the axon and dendrites of mouse retinal bipolar cells.

21 and increased release of glutamate from rod bipolar cells.

22 provide GABAergic feedback inhibition to rod bipolar cells.

23 ections with different classes of downstream bipolar cells.

24 mGluR6, the postsynaptic receptor on rod ON-bipolar cells.

25 production of the correct ratio of rods and bipolar cells.

26 ing preferred direction motion from SACs and bipolar cells.

27 ions of neurons including photoreceptors and bipolar cells.

28 iency of synaptic transmission from cones to bipolar cells.

29 m MG; Ascl1-expressing MG primarily generate bipolar cells.

30 onlinearities at a larger spatial scale than bipolar cells.

31 dritic tips and transduction proteins in rod bipolar cells.

32 esting that they receive synaptic input from bipolar cells.

33 responses at the level of photoreceptors or bipolar cells.

34 multiple rods is pooled into individual rod bipolar cells.

35 timulus waveforms to target OFF- and ON-cone bipolar cells, a current major problem of retinal neurop

36 e night-vision pathway, independent from OFF bipolar cell activity.

37 with an expected increase in information in bipolar cells after a global image shift.

38 The new findings that cones and rod bipolar cells also undergo degeneration, and that retina

39 they have been identified in photoreceptors, bipolar cells, amacrine cells and ganglion cells, but ha

40 n retinal neurons, including photoreceptors, bipolar cells, amacrine cells and ganglion cells, but th

41 Rods, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, displaced amacrine cells,

42 receptors, cone photoreceptors, Muller glia, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, retinal ganglion cells, h

43 in dysfunction of cone photoreceptors and ON-bipolar cells and a naturally occurring chicken mutation

44 es forward their signals to ON- and OFF-cone bipolar cells and A17 amacrines provide GABAergic feedba

45 he synaptic transmission between retinal rod bipolar cells and AII amacrine cells.

46 fying melanopsin cells, ribbon synapses from bipolar cells and conventional synapses from amacrine ce

47 is accompanied by reduced light responses of bipolar cells and deficits in visual behaviors.

48 The connectivity of A8 cells to bipolar cells and ganglion cells was studied by double a

49 Excitation from ON bipolar cells and inhibition arising from the OFF pathwa

50 the brain, and receive excitatory input from bipolar cells and inhibitory input from amacrine cells (

51 n the excitatory synaptic inputs from midget bipolar cells and is mediated by presynaptic disinhibiti

52 ell types, including ganglion, amacrine, and bipolar cells and photoreceptors, but not horizontal cel

53 essing Muller glia give rise to amacrine and bipolar cells and photoreceptors.

54 changes in a microcircuit consisting of rod bipolar cells and their dyad postsynaptic targets, AII a

55 e receptor (GlyR) subunit alpha1 to OFF cone bipolar cells and to ON A-type ganglion cells.

56 layer and localized to type 1, 3b, and 4 OFF bipolar cells and type 5-2, XBC, 6, and 7 ON bipolar cel

57 ogenesis and synaptic transmission to rod ON-bipolar cells, and disrupts postsynaptic mGluR6 clusteri

58 ement and release at ribbon sites in retinal bipolar cells, and find that, although ribbon synapses d

59 stinguished by enrichment of E-box motifs in bipolar cells, and Q50 homeodomain motifs in photorecept

60 ng in rod bipolar cells more than in ON cone bipolar cells, and that this contribution includes both

61 Ellis et al. show that retinal ON and OFF bipolar cells, and the novel metabotropic glutamate rece

62 s that lack the dendrites characteristic for bipolar cells, and therefore resemble amacrine cells, ex

63 al synapses spread signals laterally between bipolar cells, and this lateral spread contributed to a

64 d the releasable vesicle pool of the retinal bipolar cell are situated at the ribbon-style active zon

65 Cone bipolar cells are interneurons that receive synaptic inp

66 Retinal bipolar cells are polarized glutamatergic neurons receiv

67 ne-to-one connections of cones to OFF-midget bipolar cells are present to at least 10-mm (35 degrees

68 retina, axon terminals of glutamatergic rod bipolar cells are presynaptic to AII and A17 amacrine ce

69 that cone photoreceptors and P-type pathway bipolar cells are tightly connected throughout the retin

70 The second-order retinal neurons, the bipolar cells, are thought to initiate multiple neural s

71 kes very similar synaptic contacts with cone bipolar cells as the rod pathway-specific AII amacrine c

72 tal cells, while NFIA identifies a subset of bipolar cells as well as Muller glia and astrocytes.

73 in the number of the late-born type II cone bipolar cells as well as the Muller glia.

74 omplete picture of the response diversity of bipolar cells at a "single glance".

75 d that P-type bipolar cells outnumber M-type bipolar cells at all eccentricities.

76 The higher SNR of ON bipolar cells at the beginning of the ON pathway compens

77 iven glutamate release from more than 13,000 bipolar cell axon terminals in the intact retina, we sho

78 nes were the sites of input from DB6 diffuse bipolar cell axon terminals to the inner stratifying typ

79 is subserved by GABAC receptors, probably on bipolar cell axon terminals.

80 , which stimulate the GABAC receptors at rod bipolar cell axons.

81 s, may receive ectopic input from passing ON bipolar cells axons in the OFF sublayer.

82 cell (AII AC) provides inhibition onto cone bipolar cell (BC) axons and retinal ganglion cell (RGC)

83 etinal connectome RC1, we show that all cone bipolar cell (BC) classes inhibit rod BCs via amacrine c

84 ere we map the distribution of all known OFF bipolar cell (BC) populations and horizontal cells.

85 tracked the input connectivity of identified bipolar cell (BC) types across stages of retinal develop

86 types of photoreceptors provide input to 14 bipolar cell (BC) types.

87 mouse retina, the cone photoreceptor type 4 bipolar cell (BC4) synapse, and show that its developmen

88 fluorescently-tagged ribbons in retinal cone bipolar cells (BCs) and postsynaptic densities (PSD95-FP

89 nctional nyctalopin protein (NYX, nyx) in ON bipolar cells (BCs) at their synapse with photoreceptors

90 ation to multiple differentiation events for bipolar cells (BCs) in the zebrafish retina using in viv

91 ng direction selectivity (DS): glutamatergic bipolar cells (BCs) provide excitatory input to directio

92 naptic connections with different classes of bipolar cells (BCs) to propagate light signals.

93 ues to analyze light responses of individual bipolar cells (BCs), AII amacrine cells (AIIACs), and ON

94 were previously shown to be enriched in rod bipolar cells (BCs), secondary neurons of the retina tha

95 with gene replacement, an inherent defect in bipolar cells (BCs), the excitatory interneurons of the

96 roretinogram recordings suggest that retinal bipolar cells (BCs), which filter and transmit photorece

97 eterogeneous class of neurons, mouse retinal bipolar cells (BCs).

98 Synapses of bipolar cells become tuned to orientation through presyn

99 signed stimuli, we concluded that ON and OFF bipolar cells both contributed to the reversal response,

100 ve selective UV-opsin drive from Type 9 cone bipolar cells but also mixed cone signals from bipolar T

101 AP and Gbeta5 decreased significantly in rod bipolar cells but not in ON cone bipolar cells.

102 P and mglur6b mRNA are not only expressed in bipolar cells, but also in a subset of ganglion and amac

103 of vision, which consists of sensitizing rod bipolar cells by a sustained GABAergic input originating

104 eceptors form selective contacts with rod ON-bipolar cells by aligning the presynaptic voltage-gated

105 We investigated this question in mouse rod bipolar cells by dialyzing reagents that modify the acti

106 Furthermore, A8 cells are coupled to ON cone bipolar cells by gap junctions, and provide inhibitory i

107 s and to the center-surround organization of bipolar cells by providing feedback and feedforward sign

108 in AIIs but present in both ON and OFF cone bipolar cells, caused a dramatic loss of spatial coheren

109 nctions within the Aii amacrine cell-ON cone bipolar cell (CBC) network are essential for night visio

110 r mGluR6 is disrupted, and the post-synaptic bipolar cell components mGluR6 and GPR179 become dissoci

111 g beginning early in fetal life, with midget bipolar cells contacting a single cone by mid-gestation

112 hich rewiring of second-order neurons (i.e., bipolar cells) could preserve function.

113 For normal function, ON or depolarizing bipolar cells (DBCs) require the G-protein-coupled recep

114 We conclude that parasol and midget pathway bipolar cells deliver high-acuity spatial signals to the

115 These finding suggest that (a) rod bipolar cell dendrites elaborate without pruning during

116 Wayward bipolar cell dendrites establish contact with rods to su

117 amine D1 receptors located on ON-center cone bipolar cell dendrites increases the expression and acti

118 e homeostatic increase in GABAA receptors on bipolar cell dendrites is pathway-specific: Cone but not

119 drites is pathway-specific: Cone but not rod bipolar cell dendrites maintain an up-regulation of rece

120 different when wild-type and mutant type 3b bipolar cell dendrites were compared.

121 tions of mGluR6 besides sign inversion at ON bipolar cell dendrites, opening up the possibility that

122 novel metabotropic glutamate receptors of ON bipolar-cell dendrites, are both present in lamprey.

123 Despite bipolar cell dendritic retraction and moderate loss of h

124 The rod bipolar cell density fell from 8,640 cells/mm(2) at 1 mm

125 Repetitive bipolar cell depolarizations, designed to maintain the s

126 How the dendrites of rod bipolar cells develop and contact the appropriate number

127 Secretagogin-positive cone bipolar cells did not exhibit such obvious dendritic res

128 In contrast, type 2, 3a, 5-1, 9, and rod bipolar cells did not express Drd1a-tdTomato.

129 ate, synaptic structures between rod and rod bipolar cells disappear and the rod bipolar cells extend

130 entrioles in the centrosome mediate accurate bipolar cell division, spindle orientation, and primary

131 jured hWtEPOR mice compared with WT, and rod bipolar cell ectopic neurites were increased in both gen

132 LRRTM4 is expressed specifically by rod bipolar cells; eliminating it in mouse retina perturbs t

133 demonstrate that ribbon synapses of retinal bipolar cells encode contrast through changes in both th

134 Taken together, we found that the OFF bipolar cells encode diverse temporal image signals in a

135 We investigated whether OFF bipolar cells encode visual signals in a type-dependent

136 erage, they received 21% of their input from bipolar cells, excitatory local circuit neurons receivin

137 During recovery, rod and cone bipolar cells exhibit markedly different responses to de

138 in the adult retina, interneurons, including bipolar cells, exhibit a plastic response leading to the

139 or ablation have shown adaptive responses in bipolar cells expected to support normal vision.

140 and rod bipolar cells disappear and the rod bipolar cells extend their dendrites and occasionally ma

141 Rod bipolar cells extend their dendrites to form new synapse

142 Rod bipolar cells extend their dendrites to form new synapse

143 t PRDM1 promotes photoreceptor fate and VSX2 bipolar cell fate.

144 The density of flat midget bipolar cells fell from 15,746 cells/mm(2) at 1 mm (8 de

145 actor OTX2 is required for photoreceptor and bipolar cell formation in the retina.

146 present in a narrow temporal window to drive bipolar cell formation.

147 f a photoreceptor and an OFF- and an ON-cone bipolar cell from the mouse retina based on two-photon i

148 terminals in the intact retina, we show that bipolar cell functional diversity is generated by the in

149 In cone photoreceptors, similar to bipolar cells, fusion of the initial ribbon-associated s

150 Furthermore, the bipolar cell GABAA receptor alterations are a consequenc

151 ontacting a single cone by mid-gestation and bipolar cell-ganglion cell connectivity undergoing a mor

152 Expressed in cone photoreceptors and ON-bipolar cells, Gbeta3 is essential in phototransduction

153 generate the negative-going a-wave, while ON-bipolar cells generate positive-going b-waves.

154 contrast, two crucial components for cone to bipolar cell glutamatergic transmission, the metabotropi

155 that does not require iGluRs: cone->ON cone bipolar cell->AII amacrine cell->RGC.

156 ceptors and a specialized circuit: rods->rod bipolar cells->AII amacrine cell.

157 that does not require iGluRs: cone-->ON cone bipolar cell-->AII amacrine cell-->RGC.

158 eptors and a specialized circuit: rods-->rod bipolar cells-->AII amacrine cell.

159 files, we found that while photoreceptor and bipolar cells have divergent transcriptomes, they share

160 Nalpha-RGCs adjusted connectivity with other bipolar cells in a cell-type-specific manner.

161 of the synapse between photoreceptors and ON-bipolar cells in a retinoschisin-deficient mouse model.

162 ne D1 receptor (D1R) is expressed in retinal bipolar cells in a type-dependent manner.

163 t parallel visual encoding starts at the OFF bipolar cells in a type-specific manner.

164 IIB mice showed a major loss of rods and rod bipolar cells in both central and peripheral regions and

165 Transmission from photoreceptors to ON bipolar cells in mammalian retina is mediated by a sign-

166 Here, we report that OFF-type retinal bipolar cells in mice are an exception to this rule, as

167 r this question we visualized individual rod bipolar cells in mouse retina during postnatal developme

168 We show that deafferented bipolar cells in the adult mammalian retina can reconnec

169 ormation of synapses between rods and rod ON-bipolar cells in the primary rod pathway.

170 ctions of recoverin- or CD15-prelabeled cone bipolar cells in vertical slices revealed the morphology

171 onal description of a subset of sustained ON bipolar cells in which synaptic activity was suppressed

172 how that the number of dendritic tips in rod bipolar cells increases monotonically during development

173 ent manner, confirming that each type of OFF bipolar cell initiates diverse temporal visual processin

174 drive from classical photoreceptors through bipolar-cell input.

175 ered distribution of sustained and transient bipolar cell inputs along the dendrites is proposed to g

176 ven cell type and at a given age, ON and OFF bipolar cell inputs evoked similar NMDAR-mediated respon

177 ordered arrangement of kinetically distinct bipolar cell inputs to ON- and OFF-type SBACs could prod

178 ordered arrangement of kinetically distinct bipolar cell inputs.

179 pact regions, likely representing aggregated bipolar cell inputs.

180 4, are not detected until fetal week 22 when bipolar cell invagination is present in the cone pedicle

181 ion sent from photoreceptors to second-order bipolar cells is intercepted by laterally interacting ho

182 vidence suggests that glutamate release from bipolar cells is not directional, and directional excita

183 ied and discussed in detail were the Retzius bipolar cells, lamellate cells, Joseph cells, various ty

184 tor ribbon synapse deficiency and subsequent bipolar cell loss.

185 ) the convergence ratio between rods and rod bipolar cells may be higher than previously reported, an

186 ing structures (i.e., cone synapses and cone bipolar cells) may be maintained for multichannel rod-ba

187 diated a-wave, but not in restoration of the bipolar cell-mediated b-wave.

188 These findings support the idea that bipolar cells might be able to synapse with reintroduced

189 ntibodies specific for cones photoreceptors, bipolar cells, mitochondria, Muller cells, and retinal p

190 ma13 contributes to mGluR6 signalling in rod bipolar cells more than in ON cone bipolar cells, and th

191 infrequently and is strongly associated with bipolar cell morphology.

192 Cell targets were ganglion cells, bipolar cells, Muller cells, and photoreceptors.

193 rientation and the morphological change into bipolar cells necessary to enter the cortical plate.

194 tion-mediated electrical coupling within the bipolar cell network of the mouse retina.

195 We studied the retinal cone bipolar cells of Carollia perspicillata, a microchiropte

196 age synaptic vesicles and ribbons in retinal bipolar cells of goldfish (Carassius auratus) of both se

197 e distribution and density of mixed-input ON bipolar cells (ON mBCs) in 57 goldfish of various sizes

198 nsmitted to the second-order neurons, the ON-bipolar cells (ON-BC), and this communication is indispe

199 mplete form, is caused by dysfunctions in ON-bipolar cells (ON-BCs) which are secondary neurons of th

200 our distinct types of tubulin-immunoreactive bipolar cells (one likely also tyrosine hydroxylase immu

201 d make almost as many synapses as type 2 OFF bipolar cells onto OFF-sustained A-type (AOFF-S) retinal

202 We found that release of glutamate from bipolar cells onto retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was str

203 We find that P-type bipolar cells outnumber M-type bipolar cells at all ecce

204 ell receptive fields interact to decorrelate bipolar cell output in the spatial and temporal domains.

205 ad contributed to a nonlinear enhancement of bipolar cell output to visual stimuli presented closely

206 Cone photoreceptors, OFF-midget bipolar cells (P pathway), OFF-diffuse bipolar (DB) type

207 dim backgrounds and a rod --> cone --> cone bipolar cell pathway that operates at brighter backgroun

208 ON and OFF bipolar cell pathways become tuned through specific conn

209 Our results indicate that dopamine sculpts bipolar cell performance in a type-dependent manner to f

210 pathology at the photoreceptor-depolarizing bipolar cell (photoreceptor-DBC) synapse and restores fu

211 We show that initial Myosin II bipolar cell polarization gives way to unipolar enrichme

212 we further demonstrate that Bax acts via the bipolar cell population, rather than cell-intrinsically,

213 However, GluMIs and type 2 OFF bipolar cells possess functionally distinct light-driven

214 hat orientation tuning is present also among bipolar cell presynaptic terminals.

215 e, visual stimulation strongly modulates the bipolar cell projective field, in opposite direction for

216 scopy, transmission electron microscopy, and bipolar cell (protein kinase C-alpha [PKC-alpha] and rec

217 The long-held view that bipolar cells provide the exclusive excitatory drive to

218 e of ribbon-type synapses formed between rod bipolar cells (RBCs) and amacrine type-2 (AII) cells in

219 GABAergic synapses on axon terminals of rod bipolar cells (RBCs).

220 ght depends on synapses between rods and rod bipolar cells (RBCs).

221 lpha-dependent phosphoprotein in retinal rod bipolar cells (RBCs).

222 The wayward dendrites of rod bipolar cells re-establish contact with rods to support

223 resulting centre and surround components of bipolar cell receptive fields interact to decorrelate bi

224 its, similar in extent to the size of single bipolar cell receptive fields.

225 Bipolar cell-related dystrophies were associated with th

226 OFF midget ganglion cells through OFF midget bipolar cells remains ambiguous.

227 s, likely driven by type 1 and type 2/3a OFF bipolar cells, respectively.

228 nd feedforward signals to photoreceptors and bipolar cells, respectively.

229 egeneration with precise control and analyze bipolar cell responses and their effects on vision throu

230 While in bipolar cells S1R was detected only in the nuclear envel

231 Moreover, S-cone bipolar cells (SCBCs) are also skewed towards ventral re

232 Along with the bipolar cell-selective photoswitch DAD and second-genera

233 e GABAC receptor activation required for rod bipolar cell sensitization.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The ve

234 physiological recordings from Dscam(-/-) OFF bipolar cells showed enlarged visual receptive fields, d

235 Galphabetagamma) and is known to modulate ON bipolar cell signaling and cone transducin function in m

236 pmental state, and potentiation of rod - rod bipolar cell signaling following rod photoreceptor degen

237 ta3 is essential in phototransduction and ON-bipolar cell signaling.

238 psin, driven by either a non-selective or ON-bipolar cell-specific promoter, can function outside nat

239 Different types of bipolar cell split the photoreceptor input into parallel

240 Here, different types of bipolar cells stratifying at distinct depths relay the e

241 urites of the retinal ganglion, amacrine and bipolar cell subtypes that form synapses in the IPL are

242 monstrate that Sfxn3 is expressed in several bipolar cell subtypes, retinal ganglion cells, and some

243 cy of GABAergic postsynaptic currents in rod bipolar cells, suggesting that NMDA receptors can drive

244 tream of RGCs, DAA (amacrine cells) and DAD (bipolar cells) suppress the frequency of LFPs, while DAQ

245 In OFF bipolar cells, sustained transmission was found to depen

246 ture and function to the photoreceptor to ON-bipolar cell synapse in mouse models, even in adults at

247 However, mGluR6 at the photoreceptor-ON bipolar cell synapse mediates sign inversion through glu

248 postsynaptic partners at the cone-to-ON cone bipolar cell synapse reveals that early reaction to cone

249 rod pathway(s) (e.g., direct rod to OFF cone bipolar cell synapses and/or glycinergic synapses from A

250 approach reveals that synchronization of rod bipolar cell synapses is near perfect in the dark and de

251 he development and maintenance of functional bipolar cell synapses, and TPBG may play a similar role

252 delayed asynchronous release in retinal rod bipolar cell synapses, that its function can be blocked

253 Using paired patch-clamp recordings between bipolar cell terminals and amacrine cells, we have simul

254 ving electrical synapses to modulate ON cone bipolar cell terminals and sign-inverting chemical (glyc

255 where glutamate is released from ON and OFF bipolar cell terminals in separate inner (ON) and outer

256 emonstrate that synaptic organization at rod bipolar cell terminals is regulated by a leucine-rich re

257 pes, each of which synapses onto a subset of bipolar cell terminals, ganglion cell dendrites, and oth

258 chestrated by a diverse set of glutamatergic bipolar cells that drive DSGCs directly, as well as indi

259 In ON bipolar cells, the amplitude of low-frequency signals wa

260 RGCs precludes common excitatory inputs from bipolar cells, the mechanism underlying this long-range

261 ght sensitivity and operational range of rod bipolar cells, the retinal neurons operating immediately

262 Cone-selective connections to bipolar cells then set up color-opponent synaptic layers

263 s and dramatically reduced expression in rod bipolar cells, thereby overcoming embryonic lethality ca

264 lutamate receptor 6 (mGluR6) receptors in ON bipolar cells; this leads to activation of Go , closure

265 meable AMPA receptors mediate input from rod bipolar cells to both AII and A17 amacrines, diabetes ch

266 restoration, but the ability of deafferented bipolar cells to establish functional synapses with phot

267 ister cell types, retinal photoreceptors and bipolar cells, to identify the key cis-regulatory featur

268 ructural preservation of rods, cones, and ON bipolar cells together with correction of opsin mislocal

269 However, the functions of each bipolar cell type have not been fully understood.

270 uency signaling, we focused on an "Off" cone bipolar cell type in the ground squirrel, the cb2, whose

271 inate glutamate receptor composition in each bipolar cell type.

272 ells/mm(2) at 3 mm, but the ratio of the two bipolar cell types did not change with eccentricity.

273 Mouse bipolar cell types have been described at great anatomic

274 In young retinas, we find that three bipolar cell types precisely restore input synapse numbe

275 In mature retinas, only one of four bipolar cell types rewires homeostatically.

276 Of the three bipolar cell types that rewire, two contact new cones wi

277 n the microbat retina, more ON than OFF cone bipolar cell types were found, namely, four versus three

278 Seven distinct cone bipolar cell types were identified.

279 n cells (RGCs) receive convergent input from bipolar cell types with different contrast responses and

280 ide of photoreceptor reintroduction; various bipolar cell types, representing different visual pathwa

281 utative cone pedicles, and both rod and cone bipolar cell types.

282 Using electrical recording of bipolar cells under experimental conditions in which the

283 ing melanopsin type received inputs from DB6 bipolar cells via a sparse outer axonal arbor.

284 rom AII amacrine cells and directly from rod bipolar cells via ribbon synapses in the innermost ON la

285 We recorded the changes in the bipolar cell voltage in response to two input functions:

286 change of the morphology from multipolar to bipolar cells was also attenuated.

287 normal positioning of Muller cell bodies and bipolar cells was evident throughout the inner neuroblas

288 tory input to DACs from light-increment (ON) bipolar cells, we found that cones alternatively signal

289 Double-label experiments showed that these bipolar cells were choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immu

290 The light responses in the transient OFF bipolar cells were exclusively mediated by kainate recep

291 cells were in the centre, photoreceptors and bipolar cells were next most central and amacrine cells

292 Type 1 and 4 OFF bipolar cells were sustained cells and responded to sinu

293 h the kainate receptors in the transient OFF bipolar cells, whereas both kainate and AMPA receptors c

294 ynapses principally with a single OFF midget bipolar cell, which in turn forms a private-line connect

295 that WACs predominantly contact presynaptic bipolar cells, which drive direct excitation and feedfor

296 ores the function of both photoreceptors and bipolar cells, which is maintained for up to 13 months.

297 Q50 motifs represses reporter expression in bipolar cells, while photoreceptor expression is maintai

298 al cells and reduced numbers of amacrine and bipolar cells, while the number of Muller glia is increa

299 fore, the ordered arrangement of inputs from bipolar cells with different kinetic properties cannot b

300 of NuSAP and Kid depletion in monopolar and bipolar cells with or without kinetochore microtubule de