ライフサイエンスコーパス: carbon flux

1 and an approximately 35% increase in sinking carbon flux.

2 map was used for the regional assessment of carbon flux.

3 oth leaf area and canopy phenology on tundra carbon flux.

4 are the major drivers to the IAV of net land carbon flux.

5 that potentially represents a ~70-Gt organic carbon flux.

6 lmost completely explained this reduction in carbon flux.

7 which implicates these structures in marine carbon flux.

8 rpreting their global-scale implications for carbon flux.

9 ich can facilitate aggregation and stimulate carbon flux.

10 tmosphere, is the second-largest terrestrial carbon flux.

11 homeostasis in the face of large changes in carbon flux.

12 directly affect sugar signaling relative to carbon flux.

13 r contributor to cellular reducing power and carbon flux.

14 ts to regional-scale models for inland water-carbon fluxes.

15 re combined with simple models for ecosystem carbon fluxes.

16 orest management policies on regional forest carbon fluxes.

17 re responses is crucial to predicting global carbon fluxes.

18 hed new light on mountain streams for global carbon fluxes.

19 ck of widespread trends in spring and autumn carbon fluxes.

20 s, typically regarded as hotspots of aquatic carbon fluxes.

21 ibuting uncertainty to projections of global carbon fluxes.

22 I over ketogenesis, CO2 production and total carbon flux (0.51 +/- 0.03; -1.30 +/- 0.26; 0.55 +/- 0.0

23 which has led to suggestions of compensatory carbon fluxes(11-13) in order to preserve mass balance i

24 rlooked difference between how net and gross carbon fluxes affect the long-term carbon isotope mass b

25 echocystis endowing a non-native pathway for carbon flux amplification to isopentenyl-diphosphate (IP

26 ratio of photorespiratory to photosynthetic carbon flux and in turn adjusts stomatal conductance, ph

27 tigraphy, sediment burial rates, and organic carbon flux and preservation on deep continental margins

28 ways and the Calvin Benson cycle to increase carbon flux and redirect it towards carbon fixation.

29 pheric CO(2); hence, accurate assessments of carbon flux and storage in forests in a globally changin

30 of Ecology to examine the relative roles of carbon flux and temperature in influencing metabolic rat

31 s work demonstrates the power of redirecting carbon flux and the role of transporters to decrease int

32 to an earlier phase shift in land-atmosphere carbon fluxes and an increase in their amplitude.

33 cal vulnerability or (ii) external water and carbon fluxes and atmospheric feedbacks.

34 e sparse, resulting in high uncertainties in carbon fluxes and fluxes.

35 ical both for accurately quantifying surface carbon fluxes and for verifying the effectiveness of emi

36 ocesses impact future ecosystem dynamics and carbon fluxes and may reduce the number of poorly constr

37 measurements of passive and active cellular carbon fluxes and model simulations of these fluxes to b

38 in the process influencing atmosphere-ocean carbon fluxes and our global climate.

39 del's ability to capture seasonal changes in carbon fluxes and outperforms acclimation of other singl

40 nces in techniques for mapping intracellular carbon fluxes and profiling global changes in enzyme exp

41 from a recently assembled global database of carbon fluxes and show that the classical view of the me

42 netics of seafloor weathering to investigate carbon fluxes and the evolution of atmospheric CO2 and o

43 ther historical reconstructions of ecosystem carbon fluxes and to a detailed carbon budget for the 19

44 l palm plantation development on land cover, carbon flux, and agrarian community lands in West Kalima

45 on the seawater carbonate system, the global carbon flux, and local ocean acidification.

46 henylalanine, leucine nitrogen flux, leucine carbon flux, and urea kinetics were quantified during a

47 Although lateral carbon fluxes are locally dominated by the imprint of me

48 During the PE phase, these carbon fluxes are reduced, and glucose also serves as an

49 tly more pronounced for boreal forests where carbon fluxes are smaller.

50 s the mechanism involved in the partition of carbon flux at the level of HS-CoA in central metabolism

51 is a homeostatic steady state for ecosystem carbon fluxes at a large scale.

52 has impacted the accuracy of predictions of carbon fluxes at larger scales since > 40% of Earth Syst

53 igh phytoplanktonic productivity and organic carbon fluxes at the seafloor resulting in low biogenic

54 ant implications (e.g., for global models of carbon fluxes based on relationships between leaf N and

55 equire a novel form of regulation to control carbon flux between amino acid and FA biosynthesis.

56 ses are proportional to the partition of the carbon flux between glycolysis and the pentose phosphate

57 has implications for its role in regulating carbon flux between primary and secondary metabolism.

58 es show that, at a regional scale, simulated carbon flux between the atmosphere and vegetation can dr

59 d the basin net biome exchange (that is, the carbon flux between the non-burned forest and the atmosp

60 Current estimates of the carbon flux between the surface and mantle are highly va

61 Thus, ICL2 plays a pivotal role regulating carbon flux between the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle,

62 ent agree that climate warming will increase carbon fluxes between terrestrial ecosystems and the atm

63 ospheric CO(2) that should reflect the gross carbon fluxes between the atmosphere and terrestrial bio

64 hat post-transcriptionally regulates central carbon flux, biofilm formation and motility in E. coli.

65 tions likely interact to influence ecosystem carbon fluxes but experimental evidence is scarce.

66 em respiration to IAV of the global net land carbon flux, but large uncertainties remain on the contr

67 is significant regional variation in aquatic carbon flux, but verify that emission across stream and

68 We propose that global regulation of central carbon flux by CsrA is an extremely important feature of

69 ake a significant contribution to the global carbon flux by sinking from the euphotic zone, impacting

70 lakes are biogeochemical hotspots that alter carbon fluxes by sequestering particulate organic carbon

71 implied that the magnitude and direction of carbon flux changes in response to climate extremes are

72 periment where the world ideally prices land carbon fluxes combined with biofuels (Energy+Land policy

73 d its production required severalfold higher carbon fluxes compared with NE leaves with almost zero i

74 I assembly factor candidates, and inorganic carbon flux components.

75 In total, hydrologic carbon fluxes contributed ~23 +/- 13 g C m(-2) yr(-1) to

76 e of the skeletal muscle MPC as a whole-body carbon flux control point.

77 The carbon flux delivered from the malic enzymes and PpsA in

78 Our ability to model global carbon fluxes depends on understanding how terrestrial c

79 This carbon supply is comparable to high carbon fluxes described for other Earth system processes

80 How carbon flux differentially occurs in vascular plants fol

81 tate node that is a central switch point for carbon flux distribution.

82 Our model proposes that MtdA regulates carbon flux due to differences in its kinetic properties

83 ndicate a role for CfrA in the adaptation of carbon flux during acclimation to nitrogen deficiency.

84 In this report, we probed carbon flux during autotrophic and mixotrophic growth of

85 flux during interglacials and a low organic carbon flux during glacial stages.

86 clic sediment deposition with a high organic carbon flux during interglacials and a low organic carbo

87 s for 65% of the increase in the global land carbon flux during that period.

88 ear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to study carbon fluxes during spore germination and the metabolic

89 New calculations of carbon fluxes during the Phanerozoic eon (the past 550 m

90 did not significantly contribute to changing carbon fluxes during the studied period.

91 n leaf and wood, dominated equatorial Amazon carbon flux dynamics and were deficient or absent from c

92 s have a role as gatekeepers for terrestrial carbon fluxes, either causing its release to the atmosph

93 Such plasticity in the parasite's carbon flux enables a growth-and-survival trade-off in a

94 Accurate carbon flux estimates are essential to inform climate po

95 e uncertainty of tropical and temperate zone carbon flux estimates.

96 be resolved to have confidence in ecosystem carbon flux estimates.

97 rticulating the scales may cause substantial carbon flux estimation errors.

98 on glucose as the sole carbon source or when carbon flux exceeds the capacity of the central metaboli

99 36-110) TgCy(-1) or 65% of the total aquatic carbon flux for the conterminous United States.

100 el includes a biochemical description of the carbon fluxes for growth and polymer production, and it

101 assessment, to our knowledge, of freshwater carbon fluxes for the conterminous United States, where

102 that include both methane (CH4 ) and lateral carbon fluxes for these ecosystems are rarely available.

103 lications for future deforestation dynamics, carbon fluxes, forest fragmentation, and other ecosystem

104 We measured ecosystem carbon flux from 2014 to 2018 and plant biomass and spec

105 an half of the entire annual fluvial organic carbon flux from all European peatlands.

106 However, estimates of net carbon flux from biomass changes require accurate estima

107 This process could channel carbon flux from both intracellular TAGs and extracellul

108 ng cost) can only be achieved by redirecting carbon flux from central metabolism to the product-formi

109 We find that the total fluvial organic carbon flux from disturbed peat swamp forest is about 50

110 step of flavonoid biosynthesis by directing carbon flux from general phenylpropanoid metabolism to f

111 As a result, carbon flux from glucose and lactate to major metabolic

112 We attributed a decreased carbon flux from glucose to acetyl-CoA in the TAZ-KO cel

113 Analysis of radioisotope-labeled carbon flux from glucose to CO(2) indicates that the HMS

114 We found previously that increased carbon flux from glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) through the p

115 model system, we measured CPT I activity and carbon flux from palmitate to ketone bodies and to CO2 i

116 A major component of carbon flux from plants to soil occurs through networks

117 in a 32 per cent increase in fluvial organic carbon flux from southeast Asia--an increase that is mor

118 The net carbon flux from the atmosphere to the land was higher,

119 ood for soil CO(2) efflux, J(CO2), a primary carbon flux from the biosphere to the atmosphere.

120 nhibitor, CP12, whose host homologue directs carbon flux from the Calvin cycle to the pentose phospha

121 acco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants by diverting carbon flux from the cytosolic mevalonate pathway or the

122 s include increased upwelling and associated carbon flux from the deep ocean to the atmosphere, a pos

123 llets, represent primary vehicles of organic carbon flux from the surface to the deep sea.

124 oring the role of AOM in governing inorganic carbon flux from these sediments.

125 We find that carbon fluxes from a highly productive, naturally iron-f

126 Ocean are two to three times larger than the carbon fluxes from an adjacent high-nutrient, low-chloro

127 the potential effects of climate changes on carbon fluxes from carbonate-rich hardwater and saline l

128 organic carbon is responsible for the large carbon fluxes from land to water to atmosphere in the hu

129 were also sensitive to nutrient and organic carbon fluxes from lateral boundaries.

130 nin content of the fruits was not related to carbon fluxes from leaves.

131 spectively), and can be utilized to estimate carbon fluxes from remote at temperate bog ecosystems.

132 Using normalized daily carbon fluxes from the FLUXNET Network for 34 forest sit

133 However, spatial variability in carbon fluxes from these features remains grossly unders

134 Carbon fluxes from tropical deforestation and regrowth a

135 We estimate net mean annual carbon fluxes from tropical deforestation and regrowth t

136 ospheric CO2 concentrations will affect tree carbon fluxes, generating potential feedbacks between fo

137 imary productivity (GPP)-is the largest land carbon flux globally.

138 t approximately 100 million years, these two carbon fluxes have been modulated by the relative abunda

139 tation growth the total residual terrestrial carbon flux (i.e., the net land flux minus LUC flux) wou

140 This study proposes that carbon fluxes identified as being from land use and land

141 h AOM contributes to net dissolved inorganic carbon flux, (ii) AOM and sulfate reduction (SR) rates a

142 We conclude that central carbon flux imbalance, inhibition of amino acid uptake,

143 patiotemporal characteristics of terrestrial carbon fluxes, improve verification of land models, and

144 provide kinetic driving forces that promote carbon flux in a desirable direction.

145 knowledge about the proteome utilization and carbon flux in acetogens.

146 ct modern patterns of forest composition and carbon flux in Amazonian forests.

147 will be used for analysis of sucrose-derived carbon flux in bacterial, fungal, plant, and animal cell

148 o the circadian regulation of photosynthetic carbon flux in CAM plants.

149 le of throttling and selectively redirecting carbon flux in Escherichia coli We anticipate this strat

150 view focuses on the current understanding of carbon flux in gluconeogenesis, including substrate cont

151 Carbon catabolite control, which modulates carbon flux in response to environmental nutritional lev

152 t in controlling biological productivity and carbon flux in the oceans.

153 asive metabolic-imaging modality that probes carbon flux in tissues and infers the state of metabolic

154 aired eddy-covariance (EC) system to measure carbon fluxes in adjacent fenced (FM) and grazed (GM) me

155 To explore grazing effects on carbon fluxes in alpine meadow ecosystems, we used a pai

156 n regulating DOM composition, reactivity and carbon fluxes in Arctic river watersheds.

157 t stand age plays a major role in regulating carbon fluxes in boreal and temperate ecosystems.

158 is information is relevant for understanding carbon fluxes in cold coastal environments and provides

159 INST-MFA) has been previously applied to map carbon fluxes in photoautotrophic bacteria, which involv

160 Earth System Models used to forecast future carbon fluxes in recent climate assessments.

161 What is the future trajectory of tundra carbon fluxes in response to climate change?

162 ounded effects of anthropogenic stressors on carbon fluxes in soft benthic systems remain largely unk

163 Carbon fluxes in subduction zones can be better constrai

164 l respiration (R(S) ), is one of the largest carbon fluxes in the Earth system.

165 Nitrogen, sulfur and carbon fluxes in the terrestrial subsurface are determin

166 Efforts to model climate change impacts on carbon fluxes in tropical forests have not reached a con

167 locked together the regulation of water and carbon fluxes in vascular plants, finally examining spec

168 mportant role in documenting changes in land carbon flux, including those related to widespread droug

169 ions in the northern North Atlantic we found carbon flux increased along the northwestern boundary of

170 C, surface productivity and benthic organic carbon flux increased, and benthic oxygenation decreased

171 tmosphere and provide constraints on the net carbon flux independent from national inventories derive

172 itrogen flux substantially more than leucine carbon flux, indicating increased leucine transamination

173 Overall, carbon fluxes integrated over latitudinal zones are stro

174 n of IDH1 and, in cells with oncogenic IDH1, carbon flux into 2-HG.

175 hat HMGR and SMT1 work in concert to control carbon flux into end-product sterols and that the sterol

176 CTIs) and alpha-CT, which in turn attenuates carbon flux into FAS.

177 t3456 knock-out additionally greatly reduced carbon flux into fiber cells.

178 kton to extract iron from seawater constrain carbon flux into higher trophic levels and sequestration

179 ep can thus profoundly differentially affect carbon flux into lignins in distinct anatomical regions

180 cing power in the form of NAPDH or directing carbon flux into lipid precursors.

181 One-carbon flux into methionine and S-adenosylmethionine (Ad

182 ted wheat germ extract (FWGE), increases the carbon flux into the mitochondria, the expression of key

183 odulation of the transcriptome, with reduced carbon flux into the shikimate pathway propagating down

184 e energy status of the cells and by reducing carbon flux into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and

185 n indicated that ADT5 preferentially affects carbon flux into the vascular bundles, whereas the adt34

186 hese changes were attributed to differential carbon flux into vascular bundles versus that into fiber

187 e atmosphere (NBE), which represents nonfire carbon fluxes into and out of biomass and soils.

188 , most often assess POC (particulate organic carbon) flux into the ocean interior at a fixed referenc

189 the level of IDH activity determines whether carbon flux is directed through the glyoxylate bypass (f

190 Only one-third of this carbon flux is fixed photosynthetically, and the rest is

191 The change in carbon fluxes is another important contributing factor u

192 ic sites, model agreement for both water and carbon fluxes is typically higher on fine (daily-monthly

193 We measured N-fixation rates, carbon fluxes, leaf N and phosphorus contents and leaf d

194 The carbon flux legacy of 2000-2009 outbreaks will continue

195 over ketogenesis specifically and over total carbon flux (< 0.6) are not consistent with the enzyme b

196 the interannual variability (IAV) of global carbon fluxes may be dominated by semi-arid ecosystems,

197 in conjunction with the long-term record of carbon fluxes measured at Harvard Forest.

198 e the ability of a spatially explicit canopy carbon flux model, MAESTRA, to predict eddy covariance d

199 ge new approaches for interpreting ecosystem carbon flux observations in complex terrain to quantify

200 primary production (GPP) by applying in situ carbon flux observations.

201 arding the size and distribution of regional carbon fluxes obtained using this approach, partly owing

202 y estimates, the seasonal changes in the net carbon flux of a tropical rainforest which experiences a

203 estimated contribution to the total aquatic carbon flux of between 8 and 48%, evasion estimates had

204 Changes in plant phenology affect the carbon flux of terrestrial forest ecosystems due to the

205 m respiration to seasonal changes in the net carbon flux of tropical forests remains poorly quantifie

206 Ecosystem Demography model (ED2) to predict carbon fluxes of a Puerto Rican tropical forest under re

207 although climate change has an impact on the carbon fluxes of these ecosystems, the direct anthropoge

208 ught to be the result of fluctuations in the carbon fluxes of tropical land areas.

209 ed leading to estimates of land cover change carbon fluxes of unknown precision which may undermine e

210 The influence of terrestrial carbon flux on atmospheric CO(2) concentrations (DeltaCO

211 er the impact of respiratory and/or membrane carbon flux on sugar signaling.

212 dification, and changing particulate organic carbon flux (one metric of altered food supply), is proj

213 We report annual particulate carbon fluxes out of the surface layer, at three kilomet

214 t follows the sudden reversal in the central carbon flux owing to the imposed nutrient shifts.

215 Ecosystem carbon flux partitioning is strongly influenced by poorl

216 Recently, a novel pathway concept termed carbon flux paths (CFPs) was introduced and benchmarked

217 ns of relevant biogeochemical variables like carbon fluxes, pH, or marine primary productivity remain

218 raft in orbit allowed an estimation of gross carbon fluxes, photosynthesis, biomass burning, evapotra

219 een groups can substantially improve organic carbon flux predictions.

220 This perspective leads us to propose carbon flux, rather than soil organic carbon content as

221 Photorespiratory carbon flux reaches up to a third of photosynthetic flux

222 ins, the role of mountain streams for global carbon fluxes remains elusive.

223 e source contributions to total inland water carbon fluxes remains unknown.

224 Archaean and Proterozoic lithosphere on deep-carbon fluxes remains untested.

225 A model describing carbon flux rerouting was formulated that (i) provides a

226 est that the extent to which fungal-mediated carbon fluxes respond to environmental change may be inf

227 ortant to understand and quantify how forest carbon fluxes respond to heat and drought stress.

228 In addition, different carbon fluxes responded unequally to climate variability

229 obal GPP operationally using the Southampton CARbon Flux (SCARF) model at high spatial resolution.

230 exchange diagnostic model [i.e. Southampton CARbon Flux (SCARF) model] for estimating daily gross pr

231 c respiration to accurately simulate the net carbon flux seasonal tropical forest.

232 the spatial distribution of in situ data for carbon fluxes, stocks and plant traits globally and also

233 larger than the increase in the global land carbon flux, suggesting a coincident decrease of carbon

234 s and modeled respiration; total belowground carbon fluxes (TBCF) were estimated by subtracting above

235 DOC represented the largest aquatic carbon flux term (19.3 +/- 4.59 g C m(-2) yr(-1) ), foll

236 phate-dependent acetylation is a response to carbon flux that could regulate central metabolism.

237 -to-serine pathway and enhanced reversed one-carbon fluxes that attenuate exogenous serine incorporat

238 ll bottom-up accounting of NEE (the vertical carbon flux) that is suitable for integration with atmos

239 bal regulatory circuits that control central carbon flux, the production of extracellular products, c

240 lic block at the pyruvate node, and enhanced carbon flux through both glycolysis and the tricarboxyli

241 the intracellular redox state by decreasing carbon flux through central metabolic pathways.

242 rometry proteomics measurements suggest high carbon flux through Geobacter respiratory pathways, and

243 Our objective was to trace carbon flux through pathways of oxidation and glucose me

244 Annual carbon flux through soil respiration is ten times greate

245 signal in a regulatory network that adjusts carbon flux through the Calvin-Benson cycle in response

246 xcess glycine is efficiently used to provide carbon flux through the citric acid cycle and maintain a

247 Inhibitors of both lactate formation and carbon flux through the Embden-Meyerhof pathway signific

248 ethylobacterium extorquens AM1 involves high carbon flux through the ethylmalonyl coenzyme A (ethylma

249 phate, a potent effector of the direction of carbon flux through the gluconeogenic and glycolytic pat

250 tructures carbohydrate metabolism by driving carbon flux through the glyoxylate shunt and gluconeogen

251 id levels, and presumably similar changes in carbon flux through the pathway.

252 ave been proposed to be key steps regulating carbon flux through the sterol biosynthesis pathway.

253 The current work explores carbon flux through these pathways, focusing primarily o

254 Therefore, the TCA cycle involves numerous carbon fluxes through central metabolism to produce redu

255 ing patterns are consistent with significant carbon fluxes through gluconeogenesis, the glyoxylate cy

256 th of upwelling may alter basic nutrient and carbon fluxes through marine food webs.

257 epod community structure and demonstrate how carbon fluxes through plankton communities can be mechan

258 tope 13C-labeling technique, we analyzed the carbon fluxes through the MEP pathway and into the major

259 the phenylpropanoid pathway, which controls carbon flux to a variety of bioactive small-molecule aro

260 ith blockages in the pathway simply redirect carbon flux to atypical HCEs.

261 As a single-copy gene in plants, all fixed carbon flux to indole and Trp for protein synthesis, spe

262 mbinations thereof) differentially modulated carbon flux to lignins, proteins, etc.

263 r gene, barley SUSIBA2, conferred a shift of carbon flux to SUSIBA2 rice, favouring the allocation of

264 Plant respiration constitutes a massive carbon flux to the atmosphere, and a major control on th

265 urface ocean represents 20% of total organic carbon flux to the deep ocean, which constitutes a prima

266 rtilization that results in enhanced organic carbon flux to the deep ocean.

267 Estimates of carbon flux to the deep oceans are essential for our und

268 is highly sensitive to variations in organic carbon flux to the surface shelf sediments that may lead

269 lyltransferase (CPCT) has a major control in carbon flux to this lipid.

270 Despite evidence that warming enhances carbon fluxes to and from the soil, the net global balan

271 tically depends on the nonlinear response of carbon fluxes to soil moisture and on land-atmosphere in

272 in regulating biological dissolved inorganic carbon fluxes to the deep ocean from the organic-poor, m

273 Possibly related to this shift in one-carbon fluxes, total folate levels are doubled in yeast

274 enhancing biomass production, and rerouting carbon flux toward desirable end products.

275 tion of malonyl-CoA and efficiently redirect carbon flux toward FA biosynthesis.

276 e strong metabolic driving force to maximize carbon flux toward glutarate biosynthesis by replenishin

277 at ADT1 suppression led to downregulation of carbon flux toward shikimic acid.

278 t NRF2 regulates miR-1 and miR-206 to direct carbon flux toward the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) a

279 the shikimate pathway, and a redirection of carbon flux toward the shikimate-derived aromatic amino

280 ffects of CidBC by redirecting intracellular carbon flux towards acetoin formation.

281 orismate mutase is responsible for directing carbon flux towards cytosolic phenylalanine production v

282 In these cells, carbon flux towards nucleotide synthesis decreases, and

283 regulation could partly explain an increased carbon flux towards starch accumulation and reduced cyan

284 difficult to distinguish between air-to-sea carbon flux trends that are due to anthropogenic climate

285 impact of soil-moisture availability on past carbon-flux variability(3,7,8).

286 en and plant starch synthesis as it controls carbon flux via its allosteric regulatory behavior.

287 distribution of periplasmic and cytoplasmic carbon fluxes was studied in glucose cultures of this ba

288 al complexation alter amino acid and organic carbon fluxes we experimented with (13)C-labelled amino

289 climate conditions to assess how growth and carbon fluxes were altered by high CO(2) and warming.

290 tion and soil carbon storage and global land carbon fluxes were compared to independent empirical dat

291 Also, grassland carbon fluxes were more variable due to occasional flood

292 eservoir is modern and supported by a 1 Pg/y carbon flux, which is 10 times higher than inferred from

293 Predictions of future tropical carbon fluxes will need to account for the changing comp

294 soil and accurately predict how terrestrial carbon fluxes will respond to changing climatic conditio

295 constraints to our understanding of regional carbon fluxes will therefore require improvements in tra

296 mechanistically influences plant growth and carbon flux within and across diverse ecosystems.

297 n, NE leaves drastically reduced the overall carbon flux within the MEP pathway.

298 would reduce the effect of including aquatic carbon fluxes within calculations of terrestrial NEP.

299 required to orchestrate the diel pattern of carbon fluxes within mesophyll layers.

300 Currently existing uncertainties regarding carbon fluxes within terrestrial systems can be addresse