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1 ing ChR2 together with ReaChR, a red-shifted channelrhodopsin.
2 light negatively regulates activation of the channelrhodopsin.
3 acteriorhodopsin (BR), than to earlier known channelrhodopsins.
4 and compatibility with blue-light-excitable channelrhodopsins.
5 kinetic modeling of four candidate stoplight channelrhodopsins.
6 of the Schiff-base proton in low-efficiency channelrhodopsins.
7 e photoreceptor genes COP1/2, COP3 (encoding channelrhodopsin 1 [ChR1]), COP4 (encoding ChR2), COP5,
10 widely used, red-activatable Volvox carteri channelrhodopsin-1 derivate ReaChR that energy storage a
13 we explored an optogenetic approach based on channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR-2), a direct light-activated non
17 n of ch-BF neurons genetically targeted with channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2) was sufficient to induce an im
18 ers on dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) expressing channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2), we identified conditions that
19 SST-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and SST-channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2)-YFP mice, we quantified the im
22 nterneurons, through selective expression of channelrhodopsin 2 after viral-mediated transfection of
23 to selectively activate neurons that express channelrhodopsin 2 and demonstrated that selective neuro
25 addition to VGluT3(-/-) mice, we used VGluT3-channelrhodopsin 2 mice to selectively stimulate VGluT3(
26 Using viral-mediated in vivo expression of channelrhodopsin 2, the present study dissected fast exc
29 esicular gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter-channelrhodopsin 2-enhanced yellow fluorescence protein
30 ools were used to restrict the expression of channelrhodopsin 2-enhanced yellow fluorescent protein t
32 and HIPP-BC synapses appears weak and slow, channelrhodopsin 2-mediated excitation of SOM terminals
33 The two-cycle model of this high efficiency channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR) opens new perspectives in under
37 gadolinium-enhanced MRI scans, we simulated channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) expression via gene delivery.
38 cle, we constructed AAV vectors carrying the channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) gene under the control of a 1
41 to modulate light-evoked ionic current from Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in brain tissue, and consequen
43 erhopsin-3 (Arch), halorhodopsin (eNpHR), or channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in Choline acetyltransferase n
44 knock-in line with conditional expression of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in GABAergic interneurons.
45 nduced whisker map plasticity, by expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in L2/3 pyramidal cells and me
46 optical stimulation in the BF by expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in PV+ neurons of 5xFAD mice.
49 riving the expression of the light-sensitive channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in type I GAD65(+) TBCs of mal
56 uditory midbrain neurons that either express channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) or Chronos, a channelrhodopsin
58 ion potentials with concurrent activation of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) or halorhodopsin (eNpHR3.0), v
59 ociated viral vectors (AAV5) carrying either channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) or halorhodopsin (NpHR), under
60 chromosome (BAC) transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) protein under the control of t
63 We demonstrated pharmacologically that PV-channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) stimulation evoked activation
65 rterioles on motor function in Thy-1 line 18 channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) transgenic mice within the fir
67 oactivation of VTA VGluT2 neurons expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) under the VGluT2 promoter caus
77 ocycle kinetics of Platymonas subcordiformis channelrhodopsin-2 (PsChR2), among the most highly effic
78 hototaxis receptor Platymonas subcordiformis channelrhodopsin-2 (PsChR2), are light-gated cation chan
80 ed to selectively transduce BFc neurons with channelrhodopsin-2 and a reporter through the injection
81 act brain of anesthetized mice co-expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 and Archaerhodopsin in pyramidal cell
82 we injected a Cre-dependent virus coding for channelrhodopsin-2 and enhanced yellow fluorescent prote
83 used Cre recombinase-mediated expression of channelrhodopsin-2 and halorhodopsin to activate dMHb ne
84 gic neurons with the light-sensitive protein channelrhodopsin-2 and identified them based on their re
86 o-associated virus carrying fusion genes for channelrhodopsin-2 and YFP, in either the rostral or cau
88 Glutamatergic Mthal neurons, transduced with channelrhodopsin-2 by injection of lentiviral vector (Le
90 uclear polarization applied to (15)N-labeled channelrhodopsin-2 carrying 14,15-(13)C2 retinal reconst
91 drive behavior were low (at low intensities, channelrhodopsin-2 conductance varies linearly with inte
93 ormed optogenetic mapping of motor cortex in channelrhodopsin-2 expressing mice to assess the capacit
94 ndividual CA1 pyramidal neurons that express channelrhodopsin-2 for 48 h leads to an outward shift of
96 s compared with the more extensively studied channelrhodopsin-2 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrChR
99 tus, we virally transfected VTA neurons with channelrhodopsin-2 fused to enhanced yellow fluorescent
100 ate successful targeting of the heterologous channelrhodopsin-2 fusion protein to the inner mitochond
101 o-associated viral (AAV) vector carrying the channelrhodopsin-2 gene under the control of a Dlx5/6 en
104 arison of the light-induced FT-IR spectra of channelrhodopsin-2 in H2O and D2O at 80 K enabled us to
105 yers and cell types in the MEC, we expressed channelrhodopsin-2 in mouse MS neurons and used patch-cl
106 elective photostimulation of astrocytes with channelrhodopsin-2 in primary visual cortex enhances bot
108 lective stimulation of astrocytes expressing channelrhodopsin-2 in the CA1 area specifically increase
109 rents following viral-mediated expression of channelrhodopsin-2 in the mThal, prefrontal cortex (PFC)
111 ms were as competent as the blue light-gated channelrhodopsin-2 in triggering motor output in respons
113 olonged lifetimes of the conducting state of channelrhodopsin-2 may be achieved by mutations of cruci
115 etermined interneuron populations expressing channelrhodopsin-2 provides an unprecedented opportunity
116 s in mouse islets expressing the light-gated channelrhodopsin-2 resulted in stimulation of electrical
117 d optogenetics in transgenic mice expressing ChannelRhodopsin-2 selectively in either cardiomyocytes
118 evice and illuminated for photoactivation of channelrhodopsin-2 to induce contractions in body wall m
120 on glutamate uncaging and photoactivation of channelrhodopsin-2 were used to probe the local and long
121 ptogenetic stimulation (using the excitatory channelrhodopsin-2) of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in aw
126 gene for the light-sensitive cation channel, channelrhodopsin-2, was inserted into the MCH neurons of
127 xpress optogenetic light-sensitive channels, channelrhodopsin-2, we found that modulation of PC firin
128 scopy and genetically targeted expression of Channelrhodopsin-2, we mapped connections in a cell-type
129 logy, and genetically targeted expression of Channelrhodopsin-2, we mapped the functional connectivit
130 We used the light-activated ion channel, channelrhodopsin-2, which is expressed by genetic manipu
131 d-shifted absorption spectrum as compared to Channelrhodopsin-2, which is highly beneficial for optog
132 that express the light-sensitive ion channel channelrhodopsin-2, which we then engrafted into partial
133 white light as compared to narrow-band opsin channelrhodopsin-2, while maintaining the ms-channel kin
134 to PV neurons we have performed subcellular Channelrhodopsin-2-assisted circuit mapping in slices of
138 hese projections in learning, we developed a channelrhodopsin-2-based assay to probe selectively for
139 With a single light source, we stimulated channelrhodopsin-2-expressing long-range posteromedial (
141 ceived direct and large thalamic inputs from channelrhodopsin-2-labeled thalamocortical fibers, where
151 e the fate of cells expressing mitochondrial channelrhodopsin-2; whereas sustained moderate light ill
155 iscovered over the past two years: (a) anion channelrhodopsins (ACRs) from cryptophyte algae, which e
156 recently discovered family of natural anion channelrhodopsins (ACRs) have the highest conductance am
158 ort two previously unknown families of anion channelrhodopsins (ACRs), one from the heterotrophic pro
160 o POMC neurons, although when activated with channelrhodopsin AgRP neurons inhibit POMC neurons throu
161 express halorhodopsin to allow activation of channelrhodopsin and halorhodopsin, individually or simu
162 be used to express optogenetic tools such as channelrhodopsin and protein sensors such as GCaMP.
163 fects, we photostimulated mitral cells using channelrhodopsin and recorded centrally maintained persi
164 eveals remarkable differences from the known channelrhodopsins and a unique ion-conducting pathway.
165 is red shifted by 45 nm relative to previous channelrhodopsins and can enable experiments in which re
166 ns (ACRs) have the highest conductance among channelrhodopsins and exhibit exclusive anion selectivit
168 emistry, optogenetic (GCaMP calcium imaging, channelrhodopsin), and colon motility studies in mice an
170 ressing melanopsin and to neurons-expressing channelrhodopsin are quantified and imaged with the BRET
178 of performing neurotransmitter uncaging and channelrhodopsin-assisted circuit mapping, with the aim
181 consistent with channel function evolving in channelrhodopsins at the expense of their capacity for a
183 ts that can be realized with next-generation channelrhodopsins, but also highlight the challenge of i
184 we targeted expression of a Ca(2+)-permeable channelrhodopsin (CatCh) specifically to tanycytes.
185 ngineered Cl(-)-conducting mutants of cation channelrhodopsins (CCRs) showed radical differences in t
186 elatively well studied conductance by cation channelrhodopsins (CCRs), not attributable to simply a m
187 c neural suppression; (b) cryptophyte cation channelrhodopsins (CCRs), structurally distinct from the
189 bioactivity of the non-invasively introduced channelrhodopsin channels by performing stimulation in f
193 The discovery of the light-gated ion channel channelrhodopsin (ChR) set the stage for the novel field
195 s, the photoreceptors for phototaxis are the channelrhodopsins (ChR)1 and ChR2; these light-gated cat
198 rgic BF-lHb terminals of non-aggressors with channelrhodopsin (ChR2) decreases lHb neuronal firing an
199 etic facilitation of neuronal responses with channelrhodopsin (ChR2) enhances approaches to small obj
201 e evoked startle responses via activation of Channelrhodopsin (ChR2) expressed in ear and lateral lin
202 strains of transgenic mice - the Chat, with channelrhodopsin (ChR2) expressed in motoneurons, and th
203 expression and function of virally expressed Channelrhodopsin (ChR2) in CST cell bodies and in axon t
206 rine line, the ArcCreER(T2) mice, to express channelrhodopsin (ChR2) in neurons active during the soc
207 In the present experiments we expressed channelrhodopsin (ChR2) in the ARN kisspeptin population
209 ed in laboratory rats by pairing optogenetic channelrhodopsin (ChR2) stimulation of central nucleus o
210 anatomic tracing, in situ hybridization and channelrhodopsin (ChR2)-assisted circuit mapping in both
212 tion strategy to identify minimal subsets of channelrhodopsin (ChR2)-expressing neurons that are suff
213 g male and female transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin-(ChR2)-EYFP in vesicular GABA transport
215 ng visual discrimination using a red-shifted channelrhodopsin (ChRmine, discovered through structure-
223 nation intensity (0.3 mW.mm(-2)) to activate channelrhodopsins (ChRs) in vivo was reliably achieved a
225 t the rare sequences in a diverse library of channelrhodopsins (ChRs) that express and localize to th
227 have been engineered from cation conducting channelrhodopsins (ChRs), and later identified in a cryp
229 to the recently discovered high-photocurrent channelrhodopsin CoChR restricted expression of this ops
230 l properties, by solving the high-resolution channelrhodopsin crystal structure, and by structural mo
231 outcome--reduced dendritic arbors following channelrhodopsin depolarization and expanded arbors foll
232 this population of TRP-expressing cells with channelrhodopsin dramatically exacerbates airway hyperre
234 retardation 1 (dfmr1), as well as following channelrhodopsin-driven depolarization during critical p
235 N GABAergic neurons via light stimulation of channelrhodopsin elicited physical withdrawal symptoms i
237 havior in this task by optically stimulating channelrhodopsin-expressing perirhinal neurons at variou
239 we present a resource for cell-type-specific channelrhodopsin expression in Rhesus monkeys and apply
240 n be used in conjunction with a blue-shifted channelrhodopsin for all-optical electrophysiology, alth
241 ransfection of hippocampal interneurons with channelrhodopsin for the optogenetic manipulation of hip
245 (BA) neurons in brain slices from mice with channelrhodopsin genetically targeted to 5-HT neurons.
247 The first generation of chloride-conducting channelrhodopsins, guided in part by development of a st
249 ness of evoked photocurrents in conventional channelrhodopsins has hampered the development of optopr
250 ructure-guided design of chloride-conducting channelrhodopsins has illuminated mechanisms underlying
252 activity in V1 of transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin in SOM(+) neurons or PV(+) neurons.
254 estigated their in vivo impact by expressing channelrhodopsin in three main sources of feedback to ra
256 The recently discovered cation-conducting channelrhodopsins in cryptophyte algae are far more homo
257 c to express the photosensitive ion channel, channelrhodopsin, in neurons of the cortical amygdala ac
258 express CsChrimson, a red-shifted variant of channelrhodopsin, in specific chemosensory neurons and e
259 neurons expressing either archaerhodopsin or channelrhodopsin into the visual cortex of both male and
261 the two mechanisms, we crossed mice in which channelrhodopsin is endogenously expressed in cholinergi
262 ing channel and, in contrast to known cation channelrhodopsins, it is impermeable to Ca(2+) ions.
263 axima at 590 to 610 nm, the most red-shifted channelrhodopsins known, long-sought for optogenetics, a
265 of axons in freely moving mice that express channelrhodopsin only in nociceptors resulted in behavio
266 ystem that, in contrast to cation-conducting channelrhodopsins, opening of the channel occurs prior t
267 bility testing after activation of MLIs with channelrhodopsin or electrical stimulation in the molecu
269 ptogenetic approach to either activate (with channelrhodopsin) or silence (with halorhodopsin) glutam
270 ng, we designed and characterized a class of channelrhodopsins (originally cation-conducting) convert
271 he validation and further development of the channelrhodopsin pore model via crystal structure-guided
272 of these next-generation chloride-conducting channelrhodopsins provide both chronic and acute timesca
273 ow that a recently described red activatable channelrhodopsin (ReaChR) permits control of complex beh
274 modified Volvox carteri ChR1 red-activatable channelrhodopsin ("ReaChR," lambdamax = 527 nm), are of
275 ed variant (eTsChR) of the most blue-shifted channelrhodopsin reported to-date with a nuclear-localiz
280 e, we show that the step-function inhibitory channelrhodopsin, SwiChR, can be used to persistently in
281 annels, these proteins are cation-conducting channelrhodopsins that carry out light-gated passive tra
284 the temporal focusing method and restricting channelrhodopsin to the soma and proximal dendrites, we
286 ic tagging system to selectively express the channelrhodopsin variant, ChEF, and optogenetically reac
287 from the retinylidene Schiff base in several channelrhodopsin variants expressed in HEK293 cells.
288 ht" technique described in this article uses channelrhodopsin variants that are opened by blue light
291 ed cation channels and the most blue-shifted channelrhodopsin, was studied by time-resolved absorptio
293 ight-gated ion channel (Ca(2+)-translocating channelrhodopsin) were subjected to patterned illuminati
294 expressing the light-sensitive ion channel, channelrhodopsin, were isolated from the fetal or postna
295 e acetyltransferase expressing neurons using channelrhodopsin while recording post-synaptic currents
297 s of magnitude, by discovering and designing channelrhodopsins with altered spectral properties, by s
298 c constructs based on selective targeting of channelrhodopsins with distinct functional properties to
299 on channels have been elucidated by creating channelrhodopsins with kinetics that are accelerated or
300 Chronos has faster kinetics than previous channelrhodopsins yet is effectively more light sensitiv