ライフサイエンスコーパス: chlorination

1 r (HAT) processes to guide gamma-C(sp(3) )-H chlorination.

2 the N-chlorinated dipeptides are produced by chlorination.

3 mended as a climate adaptation strategy over chlorination.

4 ucts demonstrate the versatility of meta-C-H chlorination.

5 ant chloropicrin precursors during ozonation/chlorination.

6 ely, was selectively removed from spectra by chlorination.

7 predict the formation of specific N-DBPs in chlorination.

8 at HPC does not offer a clear advantage over chlorination.

9 ating compositional changes to NOM caused by chlorination.

10 converted to bromine and chloramines during chlorination.

11 drinking water distribution biofilm despite chlorination.

12 , can form dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm) during chlorination.

13 oro-HAMs), may form during the course of HAN chlorination.

14 ch free AAs was unable to form TCAcAm during chlorination.

15 determine the byproducts generated following chlorination.

16 olved thoroughly in water in order to induce chlorination.

17 ty indices (AI(mod)) in the subsequent 3-day chlorination.

18 ntinuous water treatment and disinfection by chlorination.

19 neutralize delta(37)Cl shifts caused by CPO chlorination.

20 roup undergoes directed C-H methoxylation or chlorination.

21 s, the quinoline group undergoes nondirected chlorination.

22 ons typical of drinking water and wastewater chlorination.

23 nation and UV254 exposure, with/without post-chlorination.

24 ary wastewater treatment effluent treated by chlorination.

25 in (AZI) and ciprofloxacin (CFC) after water chlorination.

26 n and Cl(2) > HOCl > OCl(-) for anilide ring chlorination.

27 ominated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) upon chlorination.

28 tered radicals in unactivated, aliphatic C-H chlorinations.

29 the more carcinogenic haloacetonitrile after chlorination (244%-of-control) and N-nitrosodimethylamin

30 The chlorination activity of purified MPO was inhibited by 5

31 However, for some waters, chlorination actually increased NDMA formation at lower

32 Benzylic C-H chlorination affords moderate to good yields for arenes

33 human colon cell (NCM460) assay, compared to chlorination alone when toxicity is expressed on the bas

34 stance compared with surface modification or chlorination alone, and can reduce freshwater production

35 Chlorination also altered N-CNT surface chemistry, with

36 e, comprehensive studies on the nucleophilic chlorination and bromination of readily available six-me

37 he same catalytic system can be used in both chlorination and bromination reactions of allyl amides w

38 that of WT Thal, but its regioselectivity of chlorination and bromination was almost completely switc

39 Contrary to C-H chlorination and bromination, the direct iodination of a

40 molecular formulas of chlorinated DBPs after chlorination and chloramination in four Swedish surface

41 d the impacts of two competing mechanisms: N-chlorination and chlorination-promoted hydrolysis.

42 reactive site such that OCl(-) > HOCl for N-chlorination and Cl(2) > HOCl > OCl(-) for anilide ring

43 ting step; (ii) under alkaline conditions, N-chlorination and dechlorination of N-chlorinated amide l

44 roduct formation was similar during chemical chlorination and electrolysis of wastewater, suggesting

45 explained by possible effects of direct ring chlorination and finite polymer relaxation rates.

46 Herein, we report selective C-H chlorination and fluorination reactions promoted by an e

47 on exposure conditions, which implied that N-chlorination and hydrolysis may be competing processes.

48 e of HCl from this salt can be manifested in chlorination and hydrolytic reactions occurring during t

49 The side reactions-chlorination and hydroxylation of the 1,3-dicarbonyl par

50 ffects were assessed on MPO-mediated taurine chlorination and low-density lipoprotein oxidation as we

51 suggesting that MPO is the major pathway for chlorination and nitration of HDL in human atherosclerot

52 under neutral pH conditions, the rates of N-chlorination and Orton rearrangement are comparable.

53 s direct ring chlorination, in addition to N-chlorination and Orton rearrangement; and (c) the ultima

54 is shown to be an effective catalyst in the chlorination and oxidation of C-H bonds with sodium hypo

55 from heterogeneous glycosylation, oxidation, chlorination and polypeptide truncation variants and a p

56 Combined with subsequent Reissert-Henze chlorination and SNAr amination, the decarboxylative ary

57 midway through the treatment train after the chlorination and storage steps.

58 results highlight cause-effect links between chlorination and the studied environmental variables in

59 or, stepwise experiments were conducted with chlorination and UV254 exposure, with/without post-chlor

60 Herein, a conventional (chlorination) and an advanced oxidation process (heterog

61 Organocatalytic fluorination, chlorination, and amination of the homo-Roche building b

62 cedures can be used for remote fluorination, chlorination, and azidation, and were applied to the mod

63 etoacetate via imination, hydride reduction, chlorination, and base-induced ring closure.

64 ng stations, liquid soap, point-of-use water chlorination, and clean play space) did not prevent ente

65 ,alpha-trifluoroketones via imination, alpha-chlorination, and hydride-induced ring closure.

66 Chlorination appeared to both increase and decrease memb

67 cally dictated site selectivities of the C-H chlorination are among the most selective alkane functio

68 hand, tetraalkylammonium chloride-catalyzed chlorinations are moderately para selective.

69 s with more lipid moieties, suggesting lipid chlorination as a possible formation pathway.

70 t is the dominant Cl uptake mechanism with N-chlorination as the rate-limiting step; (ii) under alkal

71 c contributes significantly to the extent of chlorination at alpha-Tyr-24 in nonsmokers.

72 After excluding the factor of smoking, chlorination at alpha-Tyr-24, nitration at alpha-Tyr-42,

73 from blood samples shows that the extents of chlorination at alpha-Tyr-24, nitration at alpha-Tyr-42,

74 These results suggest the potential of using chlorination at alpha-Tyr-24-containing peptide to evalu

75 rectly probes changes in ion permeation upon chlorination at different pH values, focusing on its ear

76 and nitrogen disinfection byproducts during chlorination at downstream drinking water treatment plan

77 and sewage authority established to improve chlorination at processing plants and operationalize fec

78 Passive chlorination at the point of collection could be an effe

79 ication, we first characterized the sites of chlorination at tyrosine in hypochlorous acid-treated he

80 absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy and chlorination-based DBP formation potential tests.

81 absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy and chlorination-based DBP-FP experiments.

82 the halogenated carbon, with electrochemical chlorination being milder, thus producing less damage to

83 of two nitrifying facilities with breakpoint chlorination (BPC) temporarily suppressed nitrification

84 action after ammonium was removed (i.e., the chlorination breakpoint) was a promising method to minim

85 tions can also be extended to stereospecific chlorination, bromination, and iodination reactions.

86 APO-34 catalyst via an in situ halogenation (chlorination/bromination) protocol.

87 c acids (HAAs), formed during drinking water chlorination, but much of it remains molecularly unchara

88 numbers of intI1 in the irrigated soil than chlorination, but the opposite was true for bla(OXA-10).

89 s been associated with ozonation followed by chlorination, but the reaction pathway and precursors ha

90 pathways for enzymatic natural halogenation: chlorination by chloroperoxidase (CPO) and flavin-depend

91 Chlorination byproducts (CBPs) are harmful to human heal

92 mation of chlorate, perchlorate, and organic chlorination byproducts (OCBPs) during galvanostatic (10

93 (DART-MS)-we present the first study of the chlorination chemistry that occurs when gaseous HOCl rea

94 e formation and speciation of DBPs following chlorination, chloramination, and ozonation treatments o

95 absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy and chlorination/chloramination-based DBP formation experime

96 s and haloacetamides, during chlorination or chlorination/chloramination.

97 These mild chlorination conditions are high yielding, stereospecifi

98 Subsequent chlorination converted nitromethane to chloropicrin.

99 Subsequent chlorination converts nitromethane to chloropicrin at ap

100 fficient for GR activity photolysis, whereas chlorination could not appreciably attenuate the observe

101 Due to their high degree of chlorination, CPs have highly complex isotopic mass patt

102 The DNA chlorination damage product, 5-chloro-2'-deoxycytidine,

103 The average chlorination degree found in dough samples fell within a

104 Meanwhile, a slight decrease of CP chlorination degree was observed for oven-baked products

105 between calculated and manufacturer-reported chlorination degrees were -0.9 to 1.0%Cl for SCCP mixtur

106 luate the effect of installing novel passive chlorination devices at shared water points on child dia

107 During chlorination, dilutions as low as 0.01% HFW altered the

108 Exposure to chlorination disinfection byproducts (DBPs) is potential

109 treatment was evaluated at three full-scale chlorination drinking water treatment plants over differ

110 nd shows a dramatic increase with successive chlorination, due to nonbonded Cl-Cl repulsions.

111 This makes chlorination effectively competitive with hydroxylation.

112 Furthermore, laboratory-controlled chlorination experiments were conducted in seawater spik

113 rganic content of water on BP-3 degradation, chlorination experiments with different added concentrat

114 ecrease membrane hydrophobicity depending on chlorination exposure conditions, which implied that N-c

115 Chlorination followed by chloramination can be used to m

116 roacetamide and trichloroacetaldehyde during chlorination followed by chloramination was similar to t

117 R)-diastereomeric phosphine oxide 19 through chlorination followed by crystallization makes this chem

118 ished two-stage mechanism that proceeds as N-chlorination followed by either C-chlorination in acidic

119 support that (i) under acidic conditions, N-chlorination followed by Orton rearrangement is the domi

120 ese results suggested a mechanism of rapid N-chlorination, followed by cleavage of NH3 by UV254 irrad

121 is an attractive alternative to UV alone or chlorination for disinfection because of the destruction

122 Upon chlorination, four chlorinated intermediates, each with

123 brane polarity and ion permeability, while C-chlorination has an opposite effect; (b) chlorination in

124 Chlorination has long been used for disinfection of muni

125 e C-chlorination has an opposite effect; (b) chlorination in acidic conditions must involve other rea

126 ceeds as N-chlorination followed by either C-chlorination in acidic conditions or amide bond scission

127 subjected to a Wittig-Horner reaction after chlorination in alpha-position.

128 ework for the soil chlorine cycling and that chlorination in more organic soils over time leads to a

129 s and their removal by each treatment before chlorination in nine DWTPs.

130 ed addition-elimination mechanism of anisole chlorination in nonpolar media.

131 -based treatment is commonly used to augment chlorination in swimming pools.

132 g Copasi to estimate BP-3 degradation during chlorination in the presence of bromide and ammonia.

133 s study, the transformation of iodine during chlorination in the presence of CuO was investigated.

134 involve other reactions, such as direct ring chlorination, in addition to N-chlorination and Orton re

135 he percentage of unknown TOX (22-38%) during chlorination indicated that the majority of DBPs were id

136 Here, we show that N-chlorination, induced by HOCl concentrations encountered

137 ing combined with exposure to by-products of chlorination induces airway epithelial damage in competi

138 sequent reactive bromine species formed upon chlorination, into account to assess Mn(II) removal duri

139 n of dissolved manganese(II) (Mn(II)) during chlorination is a relatively slow process which may lead

140 Whilst enzyme-catalyzed chlorination is accomplished with ease, it remains a dif

141 Free radical alkane chlorination is an important industrial process for the

142 urface modification and drinking-water-level chlorination is enabled by the films' unique resistance

143 dy demonstrates that Mn(II) oxidation during chlorination is enhanced in bromide-containing waters by

144 In particular, a site-selective naphthol chlorination is followed by an oxidative dearomatization

145 roxylation is thermodynamically favored, but chlorination is intrinsically more reactive due to the e

146 higher chlorine doses and at acidic pH; (ii) chlorination is mostly restricted to the top layer; (iii

147 l hydrogenation and electrochemical/chemical chlorination is reported.

148 such as detention in basins prior to use or chlorination is required.

149 Ortho-selective chlorination is successful even with electron deficient

150 as reaction intermediates, where the initial chlorination is the rate-determining step in the overall

151 Yet, the environmental control of chlorination is unclear.

152 which catalyze an efficient atroposelective chlorination, is reported for the first time.

153 ve alkene, Cl(2) and Cl(2)O can dominate the chlorination kinetics of the less reactive alkenes at hi

154 In this work, we explored the chlorination kinetics of three structurally related alke

155 ide can generate sufficient Cl2 to influence chlorination kinetics, highlighting the role of chloride

156 During the treatment of drinking water, chlorination leads to the formation of chlorinated deriv

157 In an O3-containing atmosphere, low chlorination level PCDD/Fs congeners were removed well o

158 ved well over VOX-MnOX/TiO2-CNTs, while high chlorination level PCDD/Fs congeners were removed well o

159 th a single carbon chain length and variable chlorination level.

160 nated alkanes with variable chain length and chlorination level; congeners with a fixed chain length

161 Conclusions on the chlorination mechanisms could also be deduced.

162 isotopic effect to the distinctly different chlorination mechanisms employed by the two enzymes.

163 simultaneous quantification of the extent of chlorination, nitration, and oxidation in human hemoglob

164 The extents of chlorination, nitration, and oxidation of a total of 12

165 The aqueous chlorination of (chloro)phenols is one of the best-studi

166 orine species, Cl2 and Cl2O, may play in the chlorination of (chloro)phenols.

167 We report the first direct side-chain chlorination of 3-methylbenzoate affording methyl 3-(chl

168 eveal the transformation pathways during the chlorination of 4-amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid and phenyla

169 on of N-chlorosuccinimide and the subsequent chlorination of a wide range of anisole, aniline, acetan

170 la), and found that HAcAm formation from the chlorination of AAs in combined forms (oligopeptides) si

171 A general and regioselective method for the chlorination of activated arenes has been developed.

172 A catalytic system for the chlorination of alcohols under Appel conditions was deve

173 en found to perform efficiently in the alpha-chlorination of aldehydes, including its catalytic asymm

174 Herein, we report a site-selective chlorination of aliphatic C-H bonds using readily availa

175 is a photocatalytic non-chain-radical aroyl chlorination of alkenes by a 1,3-chlorine atom shift to

176 Chlorination of amino acids can result in the formation

177 Pd-catalyzed meta-C-H chlorination of anilines and phenols is developed using

178 Chlorination of anthracimycin gives a dichloro derivativ

179 that electrochemical and potentially direct chlorination of ballast water in estuarine and marine sy

180 Furthermore, reversible N-chlorination of basic amino acid side chains is the majo

181 ) as the mediator, arylation, amination, and chlorination of benzylamines are realized.

182 ort an enantioselective phase transfer alpha-chlorination of beta-keto esters catalyzed by hybrid ami

183 Radical chlorination of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1,3-dicarboxylic a

184 ated biphenyls (PCBs) was carried out by the chlorination of biphenyl with isotopically enriched chlo

185 During chlorination of bromide-containing waters, a significant

186 l-BDA formation was also observed during the chlorination of brominated phenols.

187 inhibited BDA and Cl-BDA formation, but the chlorination of cresols and 2,3-dimethylphenol yielded m

188 studies that indicate almost instantaneous N-chlorination of DCAM even at low chlorine residuals.

189 Instead, chlorination of DCAM will lead to the formation of an eq

190 Community awareness was raised regarding chlorination of drinking water and sanitation measures i

191 Chlorination of drinking water protects humans from wate

192 ular focus on intermediate formation via the chlorination of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine enantiomer

193 Tryptophan 7-halogenase catalyzes chlorination of free tryptophan to 7-chlorotryptophan, w

194 Extensive chlorination of gamma-Al2O3 results in the formation of

195 Sodium chloride has been shown to promote chlorination of glycerol during thermal processing.

196 Complementary protocols for the selective chlorination of imidazo[4,5-c]pyridines at the C2 and C7

197 Chlorination of iopamidol followed a second order reacti

198 ell chronic cytotoxicity tests indicate that chlorination of iopamidol generates a toxic mixture of h

199 O2) is the product of a four-step synthesis: chlorination of isobutyraldehyde; cyclotrimerization of

200 2(s)) is a corrosion product formed from the chlorination of lead-containing plumbing materials.

201 r, the formation of organic chloramines from chlorination of lysine, tyrosine and valine were investi

202 location of chlorine substitution during the chlorination of model organic compounds.

203 Trihalomethanes are formed upon chlorination of natural organic matter found in many dri

204 O/C than the CHO formulas we concluded that chlorination of NOM during disinfection is selective tow

205 oposed most significant reaction pathway for chlorination of NOM, results in carbon oxidation and dec

206 Natural chlorination of organic matter is common in soils.

207 chloro-2-butene-1,4-dial (Cl-BDA), after the chlorination of phenol, para- and ortho-substituted chlo

208 ghly efficient ortho-selective electrophilic chlorination of phenols utilizing a Lewis basic selenoet

209 hysilane is described for the chemoselective chlorination of polyprenoids.

210 sm differs from that of Hsp33 and requires N-chlorination of positively charged amino acids during HO

211 s new precursor enables the fluorination and chlorination of remote C-H bonds under exceptionally mil

212 ures a high yielding, gram-scale radical C-H chlorination of sclareolide and a three-step/two-pot pro

213 redominant HAA species, were delineated upon chlorination of seventeen model DOM precursors and sixty

214 nes, THMs and haloacetic acids, HAAs) during chlorination of six dissolved organic matter (DOM) isola

215 These results indicate that chlorination of skin oil, which contains substantial car

216 oride, and labile organic carbon, influenced chlorination of SOM from a boreal forest.

217 The isotope analyses have shown that the chlorination of the humic substances (HS) in the presenc

218 Ozonation followed by chlorination of the primary amine side chain of lysine d

219 IV networks, are modified via oxidation and chlorination of tryptophan and bromination of tyrosine r

220 Chlorination of tyrosine and lysine demonstrated that th

221 port rate constants for all reactions in the chlorination of valine, for the first time, using experi

222 Chlorination of wastewaters produced CHO cell genotoxici

223 etramethylpiperidine (TMP)-catalyzed (1-10%) chlorinations of phenols by SO2Cl2 in aromatic solvents

224 im of this study was to assess the impact of chlorination on the degradation of one of the most commo

225 nfluences of treatment processes, especially chlorination, on bacterial community structure and prote

226 (c) the ultimate chemical transformations (C-chlorination or amide bond scission) result in an irreve

227 Distinctions between DM iodination versus chlorination or bromination include a more pronounced ro

228 mes (EBCT; 15-60 min) on the formation after chlorination or chloramination of 35 regulated and unreg

229 ocused on their potential formation from the chlorination or chloramination of aliphatic compounds, p

230 ), and nitrosamines) was examined during the chlorination or chloramination of intracellular organic

231 haloacetaldehydes and haloacetamides, during chlorination or chlorination/chloramination.

232 The chlorination pathway of electrophilic substitution of Cl

233 o the additional involvement of either other chlorination pathways, or that dechlorination of natural

234 d a mechanism for the reaction of tryptophan chlorination, performed by tryptophan 7-halogenase, by c

235 d chlorine atoms taken up increased with the chlorination pH and reached a maximum of approximately 2

236 shape of this gradient is influenced by the chlorination pH and the applied pressure.

237 Chlorination procedures are commonly applied in swimming

238 vity, appearance, and removal of BMAA in the chlorination process of a drinking-water system.

239 The chlorination process proceeds with proper quantitative y

240 results may be explained by different water chlorination processes in France and Germany, resulting

241 s HCl as a by-product is often produced from chlorination processes using Cl2 gas.

242 dentification of N-chlorinated dipeptides as chlorination products in drinking water using complement

243 These reactions proceeded rapidly to afford chlorination products in excellent yields and with prefe

244 eloped in this study can be used to identify chlorination products of other peptides in drinking wate

245 two competing mechanisms: N-chlorination and chlorination-promoted hydrolysis.

246 oting the formation of dichloroacetamide and chlorination promoting the formation of trichloroacetald

247 nspired by the enzyme reactivity, a chemical chlorination protocol paralleling the biocatalytic proce

248 h hydrodechlorination with TMS(3)SiH, direct chlorination provides access to five of the 15 possible

249 ace chemistry on carbon with electrochemical chlorination providing an improved performance, producin

250 FT calculations to compare fluorination with chlorination, proving a larger thermodynamic driving for

251 may contribute more than 80% to the overall chlorination rate depending on the (chloro)phenol identi

252 ameter optimization led to a maximum methane chlorination rate of 0.8 mumol(CH(4,conv)) (g(catalyst)

253 Our findings indicate that chlorination rates at pH < 6 increase substantially when

254 There are still few measurements of chlorination rates in soils, even though formation of Cl

255 abile organic matter strongly stimulated the chlorination rates was confirmed by a second independent

256 perimental NMR investigations of the anisole chlorination reaction course at various temperatures rev

257 A mild chlorination reaction of alcohols was developed using th

258 Extracts of chlorination reaction samples were analyzed using high-r

259 catalyst based on a Cinchona core allows the chlorination reaction to be conducted in a highly enanti

260 is crucial for the success of this meta-C-H chlorination reaction.

261 an oxidative rearrangement and an anchimeric chlorination reaction.

262 the direct involvement of 3 in the oxidation/chlorination reactions observed in the 1/ClO(-)/AcOH cat

263 Chlorination reactions showed that only octocrylene was

264 Hydrolytic and chlorination reactions were demonstrated through monitor

265 predicted to have at best a minor impact on chlorination reactions, whereas Cl2 may contribute more

266 ghting the role of chloride as a catalyst in chlorination reactions.

267 Chlorination reduced the capability of free flour lipids

268 The findings indicate that (a) N-chlorination reduces membrane polarity and ion permeabil

269 highly stereoselective organocatalytic alpha-chlorination-reduction protocol.

270 p arrangement of hatJ-C18 oxygenation and C2 chlorination-resisted our efforts at synthesis until we

271 ors and 36 in vitro phenotypes revealed that chlorination status and metabolite class are strong pred

272 re detected in the low mug/L range after the chlorination step during drinking water production, all

273 H of plant origin and catalyzes the terminal chlorination step in the biosynthesis of (-)-acutumine.

274 to the heterocyclic compounds formed during chlorination, such as the highly mutagenic MX (3-chloro-

275 ven successive Cl[+1] transfers, faster with chlorination than chloramination, can form 2,3,5,5,6-pen

276 For chlorination, the highest sorption tendency to the hydro

277 During chlorination, the released bromide is reoxidized (recycl

278 The elucidation of enigmatic enzymatic chlorination timing in ambiguine indole alkaloid biogene

279 ome the limitations of carbofluoresceins via chlorination to lower the p K(a) by 2 units to 5.2 and s

280 to synthetic rutile, high-temperature carbo-chlorination to produce TiCl4, and batch reduction of Ti

281 onventional coagulation, filtration, UV, and chlorination treatment plant.

282 orous amine with tosyl chloride, followed by chlorination using aqueous sodium hypochlorite.

283 ere examined for CNCl formation potential in chlorination/UV experiments.

284 differential contribution of the two FMOs to chlorination versus hydroxylation selectivity in SyrB2 i

285 Chlorination versus hydroxylation selectivity is then de

286 ontal lineO intermediate in SyrB2 to perform chlorination versus hydroxylation was computationally ev

287 ter, we synthesized dfdc azobenzene by ortho-chlorination via 2-fold C-H activation and experimentall

288 N-Cl-DCAM can be produced directly from DCAN chlorination via nucleophilic addition of hypochlorite o

289 ertiary alkyl radicals, although significant chlorination was also observed with unstrained tertiary

290 was observed at Cl/P = 1.0 and 2.0 when post-chlorination was applied to UV254-irradiated samples.

291 embrane surface became more hydrophobic when chlorination was dominant, which in turn caused the wate

292 sed reaction pathways were proposed where BA chlorination was driven by two independent pathways invo

293 Total chlorination was hampered by addition of nitrate or by n

294 one DWTP with high ammonia where breakpoint chlorination was not achieved.

295 The greatest chlorination was observed after 15 days when nitrate and

296 Both bromination and chlorination were highly efficient for primary, secondar

297 , even though changes in the H content after chlorination were observed.

298 ds in raw sewage and in plant effluent after chlorination were statistically indistinguishable (p = 0

299 -1v via reaction with hydrazine, followed by chlorination with POCl(3).

300 nd selective beta-halogenation (bromination, chlorination) with N-bromosuccinimide and Palau'chlor (2