ライフサイエンスコーパス: chlorine

1 s (i.e., reactions with chloramines and free chlorine).

2 reased tolerance toward disinfection by free chlorine.

3 catalyze the thiolytic removal of the first chlorine.

4 V) and then disinfected the leaves with free chlorine.

5 some but not all water systems that use free chlorine.

6 tivity and inactivation mechanisms with free chlorine.

7 ed the oxidation of Pb(II) carbonate by free chlorine.

8 the oxidation was performed with 1.5% active chlorine.

9 in seawater swimming pools disinfected with chlorine.

10 o remove cyanuric acid, a stabilizer for the chlorine.

11 as found to be very stable in the absence of chlorine.

12 elta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) with chlorine.

13 ntrations-from the reactions of phenols with chlorine.

14 y than Cr(III) in the formation of Cr(VI) by chlorine.

15 and configuration of the CFC structure with chlorine.

16 eeds to PCDD/F congeners with less than four chlorines.

17 (SRHA) at pH 5.1 +/- 0.2 using low doses of chlorine (0.1 to 0.50 mg free Cl2/L), with half-lives ca

18 pound, the two most abundant ions containing chlorine (202/200 for atrazine, 225/223 for acetochlor,

19 the halogen-induced ozone loss (bromine 40%, chlorine 28%), due primarily to previously unconsidered

20 In this study, the reaction of BMAA with chlorine, a common drinking-water oxidant/disinfectant,

21 es upon dissociative adsorption of molecular chlorine, a result validated by experiments.

22 h on reactive oxidant generation even though chlorine absorbs light within the solar spectrum.

23 hlorine damaged viral capsids, allowing free chlorine access to viral RNA to damage viral genomes.

24 n converting from the UV/H2O2 to the UV/free chlorine advanced oxidation process (AOP).

25 bined ultraviolet (UV) and free chlorine (UV-chlorine) advanced oxidation process that produces highl

26 ta set of PCDD/F congeners with four or more chlorines along with all 209 polychlorinated biphenyl (P

27 Chlorine, an extremely hydrophilic volatile element, pro

28 t compounds to contain Xe-Br bonds and their chlorine analogues are described in the present work.

29 entially alter the reaction pathways between chlorine and amino acids, resulting in the formation of

30 n based on modeling the reaction kinetics of chlorine and amino acids.

31 3), H, F, CH(3), and OCH(3)), with elemental chlorine and bromine.

32 tion and dehydrogenation reactions involving chlorine and carboxylic acids, respectively, thus amplif

33 The origin of the minimal formation of free chlorine and chlorinated compounds in photocatalytic deg

34 Together with an excess of chlorine and depletion of lead in the mantle sources of

35 iguously that a methyl appears bigger than a chlorine and gave the following order in size: CN > OMe

36 X and Y denoting the halogen atoms fluorine, chlorine and iodine.

37 y plays a central role in controlling indoor chlorine and reactive nitrogen chemistry during these pe

38 s shown that the matrix composition, such as chlorine and silicon, plays a key role in the evaporatio

39 A versatile, rapid and safe green method for chlorine and sulfur determination using ion chromatograp

40 maceutically active natural products contain chlorine and thus, an understanding of the mechanism of

41 sessed via traditional microbial indicators, chlorine, and arsenic.

42 minutes of the reaction of Mn(II) with free chlorine, and delta-MnO(2) catalyzed the oxidation of Pb

43 water with Pb(II) carbonate solids and free chlorine, and it may help explain why PbO(2) is observed

44 on of two handwashing stations, liquid soap, chlorine, and play space plus hygiene counselling; 53 cl

45 water, that is, direct oxidation of Cr(0) by chlorine, and suggest new strategies to control Cr(VI) i

46 ructure shows short HaBs between bromine, or chlorine, and the phosphoryl oxygen.

47 ents and compounds, such as zinc, potassium, chlorine, and water, provide key evidence for how Earth

48 om lowers the crystal symmetry such that the chlorine- and bromine-substituted structures are non-cen

49 er that of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN-FP) in chlorine- and UV-disinfected secondary effluents.

50 ratio was approximately 20% for the UV/free chlorine AOP and approximately 35% for the UV/chloramine

51 At pH 7.0-8.3, the UV/free chlorine AOP was less efficient.

52 Carbon and chlorine apparent kinetic isotope effects (AKIEs) were i

53 f ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate during free chlorine application, and nitrification activity gradual

54 decomposition product in systems using free chlorine as a residual disinfectant.

55 A major drawback associated with the use of chlorine as disinfectant is its potential to react with

56 Flushing rapidly restored the total chlorine (as chloramine) residual and decreased bacteria

57 Specifically, chlorine assimilation provides key evidence of recycling

58 we report, following the crystallization of chlorine at 1.15(30) GPa into an ordered orthorhombic st

59 Exposure to free chlorine at 1.7 ppm over 1 min caused VP8* of RV OSU to

60 to its receptor only after exposure to free chlorine at 29 ppm over 1 min.

61 se results are comparable to the efficacy of chlorine at approximately 50-200ppm.

62 ) and reactive chlorine species, such as the chlorine atom (Cl(*)) and chlorine dimer (Cl(2)(*-)), we

63 , ozone (O(3)), nitrate radical (NO(3)), and chlorine atom (Cl) reactivities for each location follow

64 trate that [Ni(IMes)(2)] undergoes very fast chlorine atom abstraction from aryl chlorides to give [N

65 organosilane reagent that can participate in chlorine atom abstraction under mild photocatalytic cond

66 Using the C2-chlorine atom as a key stereocontrol element and a furan

67 ance of a halogen bond interaction between a chlorine atom of the new class of 5-HT6 receptor antagon

68 dical aroyl chlorination of alkenes by a 1,3-chlorine atom shift to form beta-chloroketones as masked

69 chloro-alpha-hydroxy benzyl radical, and 1,3-chlorine atom shift.

70 ) carbon chain lengths, substituted with 3-7 chlorine atoms and 1-3 bromine atoms on an alkane chain.

71 While fluorine and chlorine atoms are often added to enhance physicochemica

72 lic acid is highly selective, and up to four chlorine atoms can be introduced relatively easily witho

73 The substitution of paramagnetic chlorine atoms for IAEs proves the magnetic nature of qu

74 The introduction of chlorine atoms on the indole ring of malbrancheamide dif

75 positions, and thereafter, the remaining two chlorine atoms were substituted to obtain tetraphenoxy-P

76 ck, controlling the face selectivity of both chlorine attack and lactone closure.

77 vestigation of the mechanism and kinetics of chlorine attack using electrochemical impedance spectros

78 less genotoxic than the samples treated with chlorine-based disinfectants and was not significantly d

79 (254nm) was evaluated as an alternative to a chlorine-based disinfection strategy.

80 cs with lower genotoxicity to CHO cells than chlorine-based disinfection.

81 quenching over time attributed to bleaching chlorine-based species.

82 on of C45, a potent congener with two A-ring chlorine-bearing stereogenic centers with 'unnatural' co

83 Washing with chlorine bleach leads to high mixing ratios of gas-phase

84 Application of chlorine bleach solution (major component sodium hypochl

85 Cleavage of aromatic carbon-chlorine bonds is critical for the degradation of toxic

86 library of 36 peptoids containing fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms, which vary by length

87 eciated total organic halogen (total organic chlorine, bromine, and iodine).

88 undances of mixtures of compounds containing chlorine, bromine, and sulfur heteroatoms are easily det

89 vskite top cells using triple-halide alloys (chlorine, bromine, iodine) to tailor the band gap and st

90 ones, aromatic residues containing fluorine, chlorine, bromine, NO(2), methyl, dimethyl, and methoxy,

91 cetylene, (ii) halo-desilylation introducing chlorine, bromine, or iodine substituents, and (iii) deh

92 at resulted from enhancing the solubility of chlorine by replacing some of the iodine with bromine to

93 scavenging of radicals participating in free chlorine chain decomposition and even free chlorine refo

94 These connections between NO(x) and chlorine chemistry, and the role of snowpack recycling,

95 In addition to this NO(x)-enhanced chlorine chemistry, Cl(2) and BrCl were observed under c

96 coupled mechanism linking NO(x) with Arctic chlorine chemistry.

97 Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), chlorine (Cl(2)), and nitryl chloride (ClNO(2)) reached

98 sion of gaseous hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and chlorine (Cl(2)), both of which are strong oxidants.

99 Atomic chlorine (Cl) is a strong atmospheric oxidant that short

100 We predict hydroxyl (OH) and chlorine (Cl) radical production during these periods (1

101 The heavy halogens-chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br) and iodine (I)-are key trace

102 CH(3)Cl degradation by hydroxyl ((.)OH) and chlorine ((.)Cl) radicals in the troposphere and by refe

103 When most reactive sites were consumed by chlorine, Cl-substituted functional groups (Cl-DOM) are

104 HOCl + Br- -> kHOClHOBr + Cl-) and molecular chlorine (Cl2 + Br- + H2O -> kCl2HOBr + 2Cl- + H+) were

105 loss actually decreased with increasing free chlorine concentration, suggesting scavenging of radical

106 l(-)] is essential for determination of free chlorine concentration.

107 values, focusing on its early stages and low chlorine concentrations (15-197 ppm).

108 Free chlorine consumption profiles for Pb(II) carbonate with

109 X-ray diffraction and free chlorine consumption profiles indicated that delta-MnO(2

110 Meanwhile, chlorine consumption was mainly attributed to the oxidat

111 trochemical ractions of silver electrodes in chlorine containing medium; pH measurements of the mediu

112 been few reports about the determination of chlorine-containing analytes by high-performance liquid

113 It is well established that anthropogenic chlorine-containing chemicals contribute to ozone layer

114 not show the formation of free chlorine, nor chlorine-containing intermediates, and resulted in bette

115 Consistent with this structure, chlorine-containing ion markers were ubiquitous in BioSS

116 se in carbon chain length and an increase in chlorine content (% w/w) of the CP technical substances

117 High available chlorine content (ACC) and long treatment time of EO wat

118 DX analysis showed that ACFL550 had half the chlorine content (Cl%) relative to AC550, which makes AC

119 The use of the 3D system to quantify the chlorine content of swimming pool water samples for sens

120 All mixtures except the LCCPs with high chlorine content transferred into the eggs, with accumul

121 ratios increasing with the chain length and chlorine content.

122 or long-chain CPs and featuring low or high chlorine contents, at concentrations of 200 ng/g each.

123 -specific working standards are required for chlorine CSIA but are not available for most organic sub

124 lues offers a much-needed basis for accurate chlorine CSIA.

125 We also found that free chlorine damaged viral capsids, allowing free chlorine a

126 (tpy) ligands modified by fluorine (dftpy), chlorine (dctpy), or bromine (dbtpy) substitution at the

127 The different dual carbon-chlorine (Deltadelta(13)C vs Deltadelta(37)Cl) isotope p

128 asured reaction rate constants, kexp, for 22 chlorine-derived inorganic radical reactions in the UV-c

129 This is the first comprehensive study on chlorine-derived radical reactions, and it provides mech

130 genated radicals, the reaction mechanisms of chlorine-derived radicals have not been elucidated due t

131 ecies, such as the chlorine atom (Cl(*)) and chlorine dimer (Cl(2)(*-)), were the major reactive spec

132 erated echovirus 11 (E11) with resistance to chlorine dioxide (ClO2) by experimental evolution, and w

133 -income countries and more closely resembled chlorine-disinfected wastewater effluents.

134 The implementation of chlorine disinfection in low-income countries reduces th

135 xcess cyanuric acid is necessary to maintain chlorine disinfection in the waters.

136 A comparison to qPCR results across the chlorine disinfection step saw no significant change in

137 diversity was significantly impacted by free chlorine disinfection.

138 n of reactive and toxic electrophiles during chlorine disinfection.

139 he postflush stagnation period, the residual chlorine dissipated within a few days and bacteria rebou

140 Temporal monochloramine, free chlorine, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, ammonium, nitrite,

141 to investigate the influence of fluorine and chlorine doping on the electronic properties of TiO(2).

142 a figure-of-merit (ZT) of 0.14 +/- 0.01 when chlorine-doping and degree of the oxidation are optimise

143 at the point of collection by a solid tablet chlorine doser (intervention group) or to be treated by

144 enabled the development of automated in-line chlorine dosers that can disinfect drinking water withou

145 e-averaged Cl uptakes are achieved at higher chlorine doses and at acidic pH; (ii) chlorination is mo

146 ring cleavage products, especially at higher chlorine doses.

147 his complex undergoes a clean photoreductive chlorine elimination reaction which produces [Cl2Sb(IV)P

148 altitude-dependent distribution of inorganic chlorine established in the same coordinate system as th

149 lle coupling followed by copper-mediated tin/chlorine exchange.

150 diates were found to further react with free chlorine, exhibiting a second-order rate constant k3 = 1

151 of how the polyamide monomer degrades during chlorine exposure and guidance on how chlorine-resistant

152 ive DOM sites are in excess and a sufficient chlorine exposure is achieved.

153 sures were evaluated 24 hours after the last chlorine exposure.

154 can degrade and eventually fail during free chlorine exposure.

155 ghly reactive constituents of free available chlorine (FAC), robust rate constants for Cl(2) and Cl(2

156 sh water as an alternative indicator of free chlorine (FC) levels, and develop a model to predict FC

157 The influence of pressure, pH, and chlorine feed concentration on the volume-averaged Cl up

158 ofactor, indicating that an oxidative carbon-chlorine/fluorine bond scission has occurred during the

159 exposed to monochloramine for 4 months, free chlorine for 2 months, and monochloramine for 2 months.

160 impacts on THMs formation in DWTPs that use chlorine for disinfection.

161 Marcus analysis afforded an estimate of the chlorine formal reduction potential E degrees (Cl(*/-))

162 Microbial processes in the deeper, chlorine-free regions of the GAC filter have been found

163 Herein, chlorine-functionalized graphdiyne (GCl) is successfully

164 njury, we exposed mice to repeated nose-only chlorine gas exposures. Outcome measures were evaluated

165 thway involving electrochemical evolution of chlorine gas followed by Cl2-mediated electrophilic dich

166 a the activation of alkynes by electrophilic chlorine, generated in situ from N-chlorosuccinimide (NC

167 ECD approach, significant quantities of free chlorine (hypochlorite, Cl(2)) and chlorinated hydrocarb

168 ies on photolytic cleavage of free available chlorine (i.e., hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite) to g

169 The lack of chlorine in hydrofluorocarbons minimizes the lasting env

170 ively little is known about the chemistry of chlorine in seaweeds.

171 one-electron transfer reactions initiated by chlorine in the production of dicarbonyl ring cleavage p

172 omethane (CH(3)Cl) is an important source of chlorine in the stratosphere, but detailed knowledge of

173 The amount of chlorine in water needs to be strictly controlled to ens

174 recommendation of a 15 min exposure to 0.5% chlorine, independently of chlorine type, surface, pre-c

175 trine, 2 hand-washing stations, liquid soap, chlorine, infant play space, and hygiene counseling (53

176 d the penetration of monochloramine and free chlorine into a 2 cm (20000 mum) deep drinking water sto

177 fill the knowledge gap on how effective free chlorine is against viral-contaminated produce, we inocu

178 The onset of dissociation of chlorine is identified by the observation of the incomme

179 orresponding dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) when chlorine is present, although those acidic conditions th

180 The remaining chlorine is then removed hydrolytically by a dehalogenas

181 sitions are the most toxic, removal of these chlorines is advantageous, but previous studies have onl

182 eveloped and validated for compound-specific chlorine isotope analysis (Cl-CSIA) of three chlorinated

183 Increasing applications of compound-specific chlorine isotope analysis (CSIA) emphasize the need for

184 Stable chlorine isotope analysis is increasingly used to charac

185 Compound-specific chlorine isotope analysis of tetrachloromethane (CCl4) a

186 The magnitude of carbon relative to chlorine isotope effects (as expressed by Lambda(C/Cl),

187 ain CF revealed pronounced normal carbon and chlorine isotope effects (epsilon(13)C(CF) = -27.9 +/- 1

188 usand to -11.9 per thousand), but negligible chlorine isotope effects (epsilonCl = -0.12 per thousand

189 icant rates causing large primary carbon and chlorine isotope effects and a secondary inverse hydroge

190 rast, small carbon and unprecedented inverse chlorine isotope effects were observed for strain UNSWDH

191 Greater chlorine isotope effects were observed in CHCl3 (epsilon

192 Here, we measured the stable chlorine isotope fractionation (epsilon(Cl)) associated

193 th (.)OH and (.)Cl radicals, whereas a large chlorine isotope fractionation (epsilon(Cl)) of -10.9 +/

194 le after 98% degradation, demonstrating that chlorine isotope fractionation could be a sensitive indi

195 The method was applied to investigate chlorine isotope fractionation during alkaline hydrolysi

196 estigated for the first time both carbon and chlorine isotope fractionation for three different engin

197 The large difference in chlorine isotope fractionation observed between troposph

198 these factors to the magnitude of carbon and chlorine isotope fractionation of Desulfitobacterium str

199 Carbon and chlorine isotope fractionation values were -8 +/- 1 per

200 No chlorine isotope fractionation was detected for reaction

201 The possibility to generate chlorine isotope in-house standards with pronounced shif

202 ception (USGS38), however, all international chlorine isotope reference materials (chloride and perch

203 otope analysis (CSIA) emphasize the need for chlorine isotope standards that bracket a wider range of

204 A wider use of chlorine isotopes in environmental studies is still inhi

205 ,1,2-trichlorethane (K0 = 2.31 cm(2)/(V s)), chlorine (K0 = 2.24 cm(2)/(V s)), and nitrogen dioxide (

206 to Br-Cl-DOM and by bromine substitution of chlorine leading to Br-DOM.

207 As a consequence, stratospheric chlorine levels are declining and ozone is projected to

208 igh calcium levels of hard water and/or high chlorine levels, is a compelling mechanism for this incr

209 improved pit latrine, handwashing stations, chlorine, liquid soap, and play yard), and WASH + IYCF.

210 The observed quantum yield for free chlorine loss actually decreased with increasing free ch

211 netic model generally predicts the trends in chlorine loss and oxidant concentrations, but a comparis

212 loramine decay and approximately 80% of free chlorine loss or reformation.

213 2)O(2) and C(12)H(9)ClO(3), resulting from a chlorine loss or replacement by a OH group.

214 Observed chlorine loss rate constants increase with pH during irr

215 ious models, were critical for modeling free chlorine loss.

216 with a fixed chain length (n) and number of chlorines (m) are referred to as a "congener group" CnCl

217 In the chlorine mediated ECD approach, significant quantities o

218 ssion from a tertiary radical generated upon chlorine-mediated hydrogen atom transfer.

219 ding amide side groups in imide position and chlorine, methoxy, or methylthio substituents in 1,7 bay

220 ding between the amino group and coordinated chlorine molecules.

221 water samples for sensitive and quantitative chlorine monitoring was demonstrated.

222 gradation did not show the formation of free chlorine, nor chlorine-containing intermediates, and res

223 ntaining a safe water supply, but the use of chlorine or chloramine leads to exposure to disinfection

224 fection byproducts (DBPs) after treatment by chlorine or chloramines weighted by metrics of toxic pot

225 geneous-atom-incorporated InP MSCs that have chlorine or zinc atoms.

226 showed that complete monochloramine or free chlorine penetration was not observed.

227 es the formation of reactive oxidants during chlorine photolysis as a function of pH (6-10) and irrad

228 e multiple reactive oxidants produced during chlorine photolysis effectively degrade organic contamin

229 Chlorine photolysis is an advanced oxidation process whi

230 The impact of chlorine photolysis on dissolved organic matter (DOM) co

231 Chlorine photolysis transforms DOM through multiple mech

232 as trihalomethane formation decreases during chlorine photolysis.

233 s to enhanced formation of novel DBPs during chlorine photolysis.

234 ine, two hand-washing stations, liquid soap, chlorine, play space, and hygiene counselling; 53 cluste

235 erived inorganic radical reactions in the UV-chlorine process.

236 state concentrations of hydroxyl radical and chlorine radical decrease by 38-100% in drinking water c

237 Hydroxyl radical and chlorine radical steady-state concentrations are greates

238 electivity is a result of the formation of a chlorine radical-boron 'ate' complex that selectively cl

239 ighly reactive hydroxyl radicals (HO(*)) and chlorine radicals (Cl(*)) is an attractive alternative t

240 de-containing aerosol, photolyzes to produce chlorine radicals that facilitate the formation of tropo

241 Cl is the largest contributor of atmospheric chlorine, recent studies have shown that growth in emiss

242 e chlorine chain decomposition and even free chlorine reformation.

243 he corrosion scales by residual disinfectant chlorine released Cr(VI) and exhibited a three-phase kin

244 Targeting a low chlorine residual (<0.5 ppm) in treated water can increa

245 Free chlorine residual (FCR) declined through the water chain

246 ection at treatment taps had detectable free chlorine residual 83% (mean 0.37 ppm) of the time compar

247 ing water, but PbO(2) can dissolve if a free chlorine residual is not maintained.

248 antaneous N-chlorination of DCAM even at low chlorine residuals.

249 The chlorine resistance of nanofiltration and reverse osmosi

250 ination performance and aggressive shear and chlorine resistance of these scalable graphene-based mem

251 ovel hybrid-layered membranes exhibit better chlorine resistance than pure graphene oxide membranes.

252 materials that may assist in developing new chlorine-resistant membranes.

253 during chlorine exposure and guidance on how chlorine-resistant polyamide membranes should be designe

254 We show that this arises due to a chlorine-rich surface layer that acts simultaneously as

255 Ps) is among the main concerns in the use of chlorine sanitizers for washing fresh and fresh-cut prod

256 thesis of MXenes with oxygen, imido, sulfur, chlorine, selenium, bromine, and tellurium surface termi

257 key step in the reaction mechanism is a 1,3-chlorine shift to a cationic center, leading selectively

258 , the latter can rearrange by an unusual 1,3-chlorine shift, resulting in the highly stereoselective

259 found in unwashed produce, and washing with chlorine significantly promoted DBPs' formation and conc

260 We compared the efficacy of four chlorine solutions (sodium hypochlorite, sodium dichloro

261 able trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) as the chlorine source.

262 dichlorination of alkenes with MgCl2 as the chlorine source.

263 y-state concentrations of HO(*) and reactive chlorine species (e.g., Cl(2)(*-), ClO(*), and Cl(*)) th

264 nching experiments demonstrate that reactive chlorine species are partially responsible for the forma

265 + H2O -> kCl2HOBr + 2Cl- + H+) were the free chlorine species relevant to Br(-) oxidation, and Cl(2)

266 TCCA is shown to release active chlorine species upon milling with Lewis acids such as a

267 Hydroxyl radical (HO(*)) and reactive chlorine species, such as the chlorine atom (Cl(*)) and

268 indicate a large contribution of particulate chlorine species.

269 provide a data set of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine stable isotope ratios (delta(13)C, delta(2)H, d

270 The position of the chlorine substituent in the trans state breaks the symme

271 Electron-withdrawing chlorine substituents ensure response in the most releva

272 re synthesized to investigate the impact the chlorine substituents have on the photodegradation rate

273 can be enhanced by decreasing the number of chlorine substituents in the AQ molecules because that i

274 tion of PhOBtz electrophilicity by attaching chlorine substituents to the phenolate caused the thiola

275 r, with about 10% of the AOBr formed through chlorine substitution by bromine.

276 eaf surfaces), TV was more resistant to free chlorine than RV OSU.

277 understood drawback is its low tolerance to chlorine, the most efficient in-line disinfectant.

278 e volume-averaged Cl uptake, the location of chlorine throughout the membrane, and the z-gradient in

279 king water disinfection, switching from free chlorine to alternative chemical disinfectants such as m

280 s or organic dichloramines, depending on the chlorine to amino acid ratio (Cl:AA).

281 triple-element isotopic approaches including chlorine to carbon and hydrogen analysis for the assessm

282 which a change in the disinfectant from free chlorine to chloramine caused an increase in lead corros

283 ice lines (LSLs) and can be oxidized by free chlorine to form Pb(IV) oxide (PbO(2)).

284 released bromide is reoxidized (recycled) by chlorine to HOBr, leading to further electrophilic subst

285 hange in the residual disinfectant from free chlorine to monochloramine can destabilize the PbO(2(s))

286 studied their response to a change from free chlorine to monochloramine.

287 e, we quantify the contributions of reactive chlorine trace gases and present the first observations,

288 Chlorine treatment increases the surface hydrophobicity

289 exposure to 0.5% chlorine, independently of chlorine type, surface, pre-cleaning practices, and orga

290 The combined ultraviolet (UV) and free chlorine (UV-chlorine) advanced oxidation process that p

291 After all free chlorine was consumed, the chlorinated intermediates aut

292 at the oxidation of Pb(II) carbonate by free chlorine was faster with manganese (Mn).

293 At Cl:AA = 2.8, the chlorine was found to first react quickly with valine (5

294 A clear effect of chlorine was not observed.

295 Maximum yields of BDA were observed when chlorine was present in large excess (HOCl/phenol ratios

296 A 15 min exposure to 0.5% chlorine was sufficient to ensure <8 Phi6 plaque-forming

297 lyamide monomer (benzanilide (BA)) with free chlorine was tested under varying pH and chloride (Cl(-)

298 orinated intermediates, each with one or two chlorines, were identified.

299 lters DOM such that it is more reactive with chlorine, which also contributes to enhanced formation o

300 regates were composed of Pb, phosphorus, and chlorine, which are consistent with pyromorphite, Pb(5)(