ライフサイエンスコーパス: chromosomal DNA

1 transfer into another DNA duplex (target or chromosomal DNA).

2 hose length is ~1,100 times shorter than the chromosomal DNA.

3 us obstacles that naturally occur throughout chromosomal DNA.

4 o locate its transposon ends amidst a sea of chromosomal DNA.

5 d the MutM/Y system, which counteracts OG in chromosomal DNA.

6 EJ repair of DSBs in plasmid DNA, but not in chromosomal DNA.

7 to recognize linear dsDNA, DNA hairpins, and chromosomal DNA.

8 e cytotoxic and mutagenic DPC lesions within chromosomal DNA.

9 of transcription machinery or the access to chromosomal DNA.

10 , weak, and transitory interactions with the chromosomal DNA.

11 ed by integration of the processed ends into chromosomal DNA.

12 CM-2-7 and distribute licensed origins along chromosomal DNA.

13 e from archaeology, mitochondrial DNA, and Y-chromosomal DNA.

14 similar to those identified in Campylobacter chromosomal DNA.

15 locations using site-directed mutagenesis of chromosomal DNA.

16 e through its differential interactions with chromosomal DNA.

17 ted conjugative transfer of large regions of chromosomal DNA.

18 ces a type IV secretion system that secretes chromosomal DNA.

19 t a DNA replica of its genome into host cell chromosomal DNA.

20 cleoid by the introduction of sharp bends in chromosomal DNA.

21 cells, including those actively replicating chromosomal DNA.

22 constitute a heritable system independent of chromosomal DNA.

23 shown that noncoding RNA transcripts overlap chromosomal DNA.

24 er, using in vivo KMnO(4) mapping of RNAP on chromosomal DNA.

25 r association at gene promoters, and bind to chromosomal DNA.

26 s that mark the junctions between ICEBs1 and chromosomal DNA.

27 o through direct homologous interaction with chromosomal DNA.

28 mbination, resulting in their insertion into chromosomal DNA.

29 NAs (agRNAs) block gene expression and probe chromosomal DNA.

30 on of SB transposons into whole plasmids and chromosomal DNA.

31 a bacterial assay that measures mutations in chromosomal DNA.

32 ragment encoding KR1 domain of MerA from the chromosomal DNA.

33 esulting from architectural perturbations of chromosomal DNA.

34 ain, which can transfer extensive regions of chromosomal DNA.

35 ro and it doesn't directly produce breaks in chromosomal DNA.

36 lex that loads the replicative helicase onto chromosomal DNA.

37 icient for specific targeting of foreign and chromosomal DNA.

38 can capture, merge and relocate fragments of chromosomal DNA.

39 tly with the replication of both plasmid and chromosomal DNA.

40 fluence of new insertions toward neighboring chromosomal DNA.

41 active, kill bacteria and composed mainly of chromosomal DNA.

42 cellular components such as the membrane or chromosomal DNA.

43 bacteria, minus an excluded volume about the chromosomal DNA.

44 ucleosome and by nucleobase modifications on chromosomal DNA.

45 ransfer of the processed ends into host cell chromosomal DNA.

46 can associate together and spread along the chromosomal DNA.

47 omotes efficient and faithful replication of chromosomal DNA.

48 ansertion') exerts an expanding force on the chromosomal DNA.

49 earned if it were also possible to recognize chromosomal DNA?

50 In an in vitro adherence assay, added chromosomal DNA alone had a limited effect on S. mutans

51 tent for transformation and able to transfer chromosomal DNA among different isolates using a conjuga

52 ncovalent, electrostatic linkages within the chromosomal DNA and among 70S-polysomes.

53 tion, dying precipitously, completely losing chromosomal DNA and eventually lysing, even without chro

54 major nucleoid-associated protein, organizes chromosomal DNA and facilitates numerous DNA transaction

55 derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) binds both chromosomal DNA and HIV integrase, and might therefore d

56 ide the cytoplasm, H2A reorganizes bacterial chromosomal DNA and inhibits global transcription.

57 ryotic DNA polymerase (Pol) delta replicates chromosomal DNA and is also involved in DNA repair and g

58 troduce negative supercoils into plasmid and chromosomal DNA and is essential for DNA replication.

59 particles when mixed with isolated bacterial chromosomal DNA and its effects on growth were suppresse

60 f E. coli FtsZ, ftsZ(Bbu) was amplified from chromosomal DNA and placed under the control of the tetr

61 roteins play an important role in condensing chromosomal DNA and regulating gene expression.

62 A gyrase introduces negative supercoils into chromosomal DNA and relaxes positive supercoils introduc

63 e functions to generate interactions between chromosomal DNA and spindle microtubules [1].

64 omologous hybridization to G-rich targets in chromosomal DNA and suggest additional applications in a

65 he mechanism of LNAs involves recognition of chromosomal DNA and that LNAs are bona fide antigene mol

66 rrier preventing direct interactions between chromosomal DNA and the plasma membrane.

67 n, double-strand breaks (DSBs) are formed in chromosomal DNA and then repaired as either crossovers (

68 Pol B enzymes replicate eukaryotic chromosomal DNA, and as members of the Pol B family are

69 clue to how vector terminal repeats and host chromosomal DNA are joined in the integration process.

70 ures that form when transcripts hybridize to chromosomal DNA, are potent agents of genome instability

71 length (183 Kb total) spread along 976 Kb of chromosomal DNA around and between gyrA and parC loci.

72 work, we develop a model for segregation of chromosomal DNA as a Rouse polymer in a viscoelastic med

73 ParB binds to chromosomal DNA at specific parS sites as well as the ne

74 hromosome cassette mec (SCCmec) and adjacent chromosomal DNA at the SCCmec insertion site.

75 during vegetative growth for moving trapped chromosomal DNA away from division septa.

76 ch provides insights to H-NS organization of chromosomal DNA based on its two distinct DNA architectu

77 We determined that a chromosomal DNA-based platform stimulates CcrM degradati

78 -37 penetrates the cytoplasmic membrane, the chromosomal DNA becomes rigidified on a length scale of

79 This ability to transfer chromosomal DNA between strains may be an adaptation mec

80 Conjugal transfer of chromosomal DNA between strains of Mycobacterium smegmat

81 of the pXO2 plasmid and the entire 30 kb of chromosomal DNA between the mcrB and mrr genes, and in t

82 ds to repair-is the earliest known marker of chromosomal DNA breakage.

83 but not Fancg deficiency results in elevated chromosomal/DNA breakage and permanent genome rearrangem

84 ection, and in accumulation of unstable open chromosomal DNA breaks, predisposing to TCRalpha locus-a

85 nisms underlying the signaling and repair of chromosomal DNA breaks.

86 t SlmA DNA helps block Z-ring formation over chromosomal DNA by forming higher-order protein-nucleic

87 rting using flow cytometry and sequencing of chromosomal DNA by NGS technology.

88 The packaging of chromosomal DNA by nucleosomes condenses and organizes t

89 Furthermore, considering the coverage of chromosomal DNA by proteins in vivo, our theory shows th

90 nd involves separation of YAC DNA from yeast chromosomal DNA by pulsed field gel electrophoresis, con

91 fingerprinted by separating XbaI-restricted chromosomal DNA by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFG

92 as long suspected that cells replicate their chromosomal DNA by the semidiscontinuous mode observed i

93 at sequences located at the terminal ends of chromosomal DNA can fold in a sequence-dependent manner

94 In the model, the reported compaction of chromosomal DNA caused by SYCP3 would result from its ab

95 SAGA complex mediates the interaction of non-chromosomal DNA circles with nuclear pore complexes (NPC

96 A structural model for ParB spreading and chromosomal DNA condensation that lead to chromosome seg

97 chromosomes proteins onto the chromosome for chromosomal DNA condensation.

98 A as a competitor, either in a plasmid or in chromosomal DNA, containing the same binding site but wi

99 Chromosomal DNA contaminant can also be selectively dena

100 Chromosomal DNA contamination is significantly reduced b

101 ase cell size is for the cell to amplify its chromosomal DNA content through endoreduplication cycles

102 ; yet the contributions of NHEJ to repair of chromosomal DNA damage are unknown.

103 orrelates with delayed repair of MMC-induced chromosomal DNA damage monitored by pulsed-field gel ele

104 diated inflammation and associated oxidative chromosomal DNA damage probably play a role.

105 Chromosomal DNA damage seems to be the intrinsic signal

106 siological substrates and prevent gratuitous chromosomal DNA damage.

107 of HR and NHEJ in repairing diverse types of chromosomal DNA damage.

108 traverses to the nucleus and participates in chromosomal DNA degradation during apoptosis in yeast, w

109 Initiation of host chromosomal DNA degradation occurred within 5 min postin

110 /M system(s) resulted in either delayed host chromosomal DNA degradation or no detectable host chroma

111 ealed a novel phage resistance mechanism via chromosomal DNA deletion in P. aeruginosa.

112 nique is capable of detecting submicroscopic chromosomal DNA deletions.

113 sed-field gel electrophoresis, we determined chromosomal DNA double-strand break persistence and repa

114 ntify molecular roles for PARP-3 and APLF in chromosomal DNA double-strand break repair reactions.

115 the normal IR-induced signaling required for chromosomal DNA double-strand break repair, thus resulti

116 Repair of chromosomal DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recom

117 d joining (NHEJ) for the efficient repair of chromosomal DNA double-strand breaks.

118 P-ribose)-binding protein APLF to accelerate chromosomal DNA DSB repair.

119 ATM also functions directly in the repair of chromosomal DNA DSBs by maintaining DNA ends in repair c

120 Transfer of chromosomal DNA due to the presence of a plasmid in the

121 DCR-1 functions in fragmenting chromosomal DNA during apoptosis, in addition to process

122 s the enzyme active site and binds viral and chromosomal DNA during integration.

123 l nuclei where the protein co-localized with chromosomal DNA during mitosis/meiosis.

124 ely restricted both unmethylated plasmid and chromosomal DNA during natural transformation and was pr

125 ases, thought to separate the two strands of chromosomal DNA during replication.

126 Chromosomal DNA elements are organized into spatial doma

127 ction between STAT3 and c-Jun while bound to chromosomal DNA elements exists and is necessary for dri

128 Double-strand breaks (DSBs) in chromosomal DNA elicit a rapid signaling response throug

129 NA end structures (HCoDES), which elucidates chromosomal DNA end structures at single-nucleotide reso

130 ation in bacteria, measured as percentage of chromosomal DNA entering the gel.

131 these enzymes would be unable to function on chromosomal DNA even during times of DNA damage when pot

132 rences in compaction and torsional strain on chromosomal DNA explain a complex set of single-gene phe

133 strains of S. mutans were examined based on chromosomal DNA fingerprints (CDF), a hypervariable regi

134 ogy searches using sequence corresponding to chromosomal DNA flanking Tn551 mutant strains showed tha

135 ied to express the genes encoded in a 3.8-kb chromosomal DNA fragment from a metalloid-resistant ther

136 gh frequency (over 14%) of random plasmid or chromosomal DNA fragment insertion at the target sites i

137 go frequent spontaneous deletion of a 102-kb chromosomal DNA fragment, known as the pigmentation (pgm

138 e to easily knock out (KO) and pull out (PO) chromosomal DNA fragments from naturally transformable B

139 parallel sequencing, to identify B. subtilis chromosomal DNA fragments that bind CodY in vitro.

140 s raise the possibility that mobilization of chromosomal DNA from cyptic oriTs within genomic islands

141 volves binding to nucleosomes and protecting chromosomal DNA from hydroxyl radicals.

142 were the levels of abasic sites in isolated chromosomal DNA from mutant cells.

143 responsible for the transfer of plasmid and chromosomal DNA from one bacterium to another during con

144 ssay, we show that 3MST-derived H2S protects chromosomal DNA from oxidative damage.

145 To test this hypothesis, host chromosomal DNA from PBCV-1-infected cells was examined

146 c instructions for the preparation of intact chromosomal DNA from several types of organisms.

147 Chromosomal DNA from the biofilm-positive strain O46E wa

148 vision, co-ordinating division with clearing chromosomal DNA from the site of septation and also acts

149 Pack-TYPE transposons and the acquisition of chromosomal DNA has not been recorded in real time.

150 More recently, specific deletions of chromosomal DNA have been shown to define this group of

151 Chromosomal DNA immunoprecipitation assays revealed that

152 n IN dimers within the intasome accommodates chromosomal DNA in a severely bent conformation, allowin

153 son and Crick strands of the double-stranded chromosomal DNA in a single cell and to randomly partiti

154 The importance of the chromosomal DNA in cohesin cleavage is further demonstra

155 ha, delta, and epsilon replicate the bulk of chromosomal DNA in eukaryotic cells, Pol epsilon being t

156 super-resolve the nanoscale organization of chromosomal DNA in individual bacterial cells.

157 d gene modification within both episomal and chromosomal DNA in mammalian cells without detectable of

158 This is the first report of persistent Y chromosomal DNA in post-partum female dogs and these res

159 t sites where cells have divided and trapped chromosomal DNA in the membrane, which happens during sp

160 es are well suited for efficient scanning of chromosomal DNA in vivo.

161 t RNA mediates homologous recombination with chromosomal DNA in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

162 chromosomes (SMC)-kleisin complexes organize chromosomal DNAs in all domains of life, with key roles

163 The R1162-dependent transfer of chromosomal DNA, initiated from one such potential site

164 The copying of chromosomal DNA initiates from a single nucleoprotein as

165 for exploring the structure and function of chromosomal DNA inside cells.

166 anced affinity might allow LNAs to recognize chromosomal DNA inside human cells and inhibit gene expr

167 ts a connection between the viral capsid and chromosomal DNA integration.

168 Partitioning bacterial chromosomal DNA into many small volumes during dPCR enab

169 Gonococci secrete chromosomal DNA into the extracellular environment using

170 a type IV secretion system (T4SS) to secrete chromosomal DNA into the medium, and this DNA is effecti

171 a type IV secretion system (T4SS) to secrete chromosomal DNA into the surrounding milieu.

172 These data demonstrate that chromosomal DNA is accessible to agPNA-peptide conjugate

173 the single-stranded oligonucleotides to the chromosomal DNA is as expected, with 7-nt loops being re

174 Eukaryotic chromosomal DNA is assembled into regularly spaced nucle

175 Chromosomal DNA is associated with histones and differen

176 The motion of chromosomal DNA is essential to many biological processe

177 Eukaryotic chromosomal DNA is faithfully replicated in a complex se

178 HIV-1 proviral DNA integration into host chromosomal DNA is only partially completed by the viral

179 nce of HO-induced cell death, largely intact chromosomal DNA is released into the environment.

180 The accurate duplication of chromosomal DNA is required to maintain genomic integrit

181 us A3A by interferon, the MeC status of bulk chromosomal DNA is unaltered, whereas both MeC and C nuc

182 er pylori isolates contain a 40-kb region of chromosomal DNA known as the cag pathogenicity island (P

183 A region of chromosomal DNA known as the pigmentation (pgm) locus wa

184 le of RNA as a template in the repair of any chromosomal DNA lesions, including DNA double-strand bre

185 To efficiently repair chromosomal DNA lesions, the repair machinery must gain

186 rating, maintaining and regulating the intra-chromosomal DNA looping events that modulate 3D genome o

187 nded to evolve towards normal ploidy through chromosomal DNA loss and gene expression changes.

188 li is accompanied by blocked replication and chromosomal DNA loss and recent work identified activiti

189 rvation, while both the dramatic killing and chromosomal DNA loss in the ECA-deficient thyA mutants p

190 ps of Escherichia coli NuoH by utilizing the chromosomal DNA manipulation technique and investigated

191 e E. coli counterpart of ND6) by employing a chromosomal DNA manipulation technique.

192 for the presence or absence of a series of Y-chromosomal DNA markers, or sequence-tagged sites (STSs)

193 Here, we examined the chromosomal DNA methylation landscapes of male and femal

194 gesting that effects on the structure of the chromosomal DNA might be paramount.

195 has far less reliable repair mechanisms than chromosomal DNA, might produce neoantigens capable of el

196 d entanglement topology of long and flexible chromosomal DNA molecules.

197 on of fluorescent methylation profiles along chromosomal DNA molecules.

198 In all organisms, chromosomal DNA must be compacted nearly three orders of

199 nts generated by natural transformation with chromosomal DNA mutagenized heavily by in vitro transpos

200 The chromosomal DNA of bacteria is folded into a compact bod

201 ing the uvrB gene was PCR amplified from the chromosomal DNA of P. gingivalis W83.

202 s, single-strand gaps containing rNs, in the chromosomal DNA of the rnhAB mutant.

203 viral DNA and directs its insertion into the chromosomal DNA of the target cell.

204 The long chromosomal DNAs of cells are organized into loop domain

205 ating them before they are incorporated into chromosomal DNA or adversely affect metabolism.

206 thods, including different source materials (chromosomal DNA or expressed RNA).

207 ion, oligos stimulated excision of 2.1 kb of chromosomal DNA or insertion of 18 bp, and non-homologou

208 agments arising from shearing/degradation of chromosomal DNA or linearization of plasmid DNA itself.

209 leoid-associated protein that is involved in chromosomal DNA packaging and gene regulatory functions.

210 ParA is an ATPase that binds to chromosomal DNA; ParB is the stimulator of the ParA ATPa

211 The proximity of the transcript to its chromosomal DNA partner in the same locus facilitates Ra

212 es containing random fragments of Legionella chromosomal DNA positioned downstream of a galactose-ind

213 ntified to the species level by use of whole-chromosomal DNA probes.

214 f 90 vaginal isolates identified using whole-chromosomal DNA probes.

215 boratories revealed four unique deletions of chromosomal DNA ranging from 181 bp to 49 kb.

216 smid insertion in the tla2 strain, causing a chromosomal DNA rearrangement and deletion/disruption of

217 eq) to identify genome-wide L. monocytogenes chromosomal DNA regions that CodY binds in vitro.

218 A DNA helicase/translocase that functions in chromosomal DNA repair and replication of some plasmids.

219 ndicate that RPA phosphorylation facilitates chromosomal DNA repair.

220 can speed up adaptive evolution and support chromosomal DNA repair.

221 responsible for unwinding duplex DNA during chromosomal DNA replication and is an essential componen

222 2, exogenous RPA4 expression did not support chromosomal DNA replication and lead to cell-cycle arres

223 nteraction results in elevated initiation of chromosomal DNA replication during an unperturbed cell c

224 Triggering new rounds of chromosomal DNA replication during the bacterial cell cy

225 bosomal RNA processing and the inhibition of chromosomal DNA replication following stress.

226 ssential helicase functions in eukaryotes at chromosomal DNA replication forks.

227 DNA primases are pivotal enzymes in chromosomal DNA replication in all organisms.

228 The Mcm10 protein is essential for chromosomal DNA replication in eukaryotic cells.

229 from bacteriophage RB69, and could carry out chromosomal DNA replication in yeast with remarkable hig

230 Chromosomal DNA replication intermediates, revealed in l

231 Our results indicate that control of chromosomal DNA replication is an additional function of

232 Chromosomal DNA replication is dependent on processive D

233 gram provides new insights into the way that chromosomal DNA replication is organized during S phase.

234 The onset of chromosomal DNA replication requires highly precise and

235 Chromosomal DNA replication requires one daughter strand

236 Chromosomal DNA replication requires the spatial and tem

237 uminate how lesion bypass is integrated with chromosomal DNA replication to limit ICL repair-associat

238 olymerase delta (pol delta), a key enzyme of chromosomal DNA replication, consists of four subunits a

239 a nucleo-protein structure that can obstruct chromosomal DNA replication, especially under conditions

240 During chromosomal DNA replication, the replicative helicase un

241 se (AEP) in eukaryotic cells, is involved in chromosomal DNA replication.

242 se DnaG synthesizes RNA primers required for chromosomal DNA replication.

243 Treslin from egg extracts strongly inhibits chromosomal DNA replication.

244 lication fork during the elongation phase of chromosomal DNA replication.

245 e in initiation and elongation of eukaryotic chromosomal DNA replication.

246 the role of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in chromosomal DNA replication.

247 ell cycle events including the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication.

248 y occurred around the origin and terminus of chromosomal DNA replication.

249 effects of nucleolin GAR or TM expression on chromosomal DNA replication.

250 es are highly vulnerable to perturbations to chromosomal DNA replication.

251 ltiplex assay was applied to the analysis of chromosomal DNA samples from a collection of 48 A. fumig

252 ence may serve as the origin of transfer for chromosomal DNA secretion.

253 Changes in the copy number of chromosomal DNA segments [copy number variants (CNVs)] h

254 and striking visualization of non-Caucasian chromosomal DNA segments interspersed within the chromos

255 wth of this species, while 1.5 Mb and 2.3 Mb chromosomal DNA segments lateral to this core encode aux

256 In normal conditions, 70S-polysomes and the chromosomal DNA segregate, while 30S and 50S ribosomal s

257 ndrical wall and at the endcaps, whereas the chromosomal DNA segregates in the more centrally located

258 ions of proteins and epigenetic marks on the chromosomal DNA sequence are believed to demarcate the e

259 Up to 63 kb of new chromosomal DNA sequences unique to this pathogen were o

260 ed specific binding of both CsrR and Ape1 to chromosomal DNA sequences upstream of PI-1.

261 using quantitative PCR of genotype-specific chromosomal DNA sequences.

262 Sequencing of the chromosomal DNA showed that excision of the FRT-hyg-FRT

263 amily that we show accelerates the repair of chromosomal DNA single-strand breaks in avian DT40 cells

264 levels of PNKP protein, and reduced rates of chromosomal DNA strand break repair.

265 Additionally, induction of chromosomal DNA strand breaks was observed in IR-exposed

266 ts the processed 3'-viral DNA ends into host chromosomal DNA (strand transfer).

267 K1 by ATR and the accompanying inhibition of chromosomal DNA synthesis in UVB-irradiated keratinocyte

268 and peptide nucleic acids for recognition of chromosomal DNA targets.

269 onorrhoeae type IV secretion system secretes chromosomal DNA that acts in natural transformation.

270 during evolution through destabilization of chromosomal DNA, thereby inducing repair and mutation.

271 anticorrelation between sequestered CcrM and chromosomal DNA, thus preventing DNA remethylation.

272 has a role in reducing the susceptibility of chromosomal DNA to damage rather than promoting DNA dama

273 These rupture events expose chromosomal DNA to the cytoplasmic environment and have

274 gous system is sufficient for recruitment of chromosomal DNA to the membrane.

275 Upon stimulation, neutrophils release their chromosomal DNA to trap and kill microorganisms and inhi

276 associated protein involved in adjusting the chromosomal DNA topology to changing cellular physiology

277 erial enzyme required for the maintenance of chromosomal DNA topology.

278 , we present unique experimental evidence of chromosomal DNA transfer between tubercle bacilli of the

279 Here we describe novel aspects of a chromosomal DNA transfer system in Mycobacterium smegmat

280 ectrophoresis revealed, besides the expected chromosomal DNA, two non-DNA species that we have identi

281 In both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, chromosomal DNA undergoes replication, condensation-deco

282 ale study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosomal DNA variation in indigenous populations from

283 rols access of transcriptional regulators to chromosomal DNA via several mechanisms that act on chrom

284 NA sequencing confirmed that this segment of chromosomal DNA was not transcribed.

285 d could act as cryptic sites for transfer of chromosomal DNA when R1162 is present.

286 How the intasome interfaces with chromosomal DNA, which exists in the form of nucleosomal

287 Within these aggregates, chromosomal DNA, which is used for the repair of DNA dou

288 de and therefore do not incorporate EdU into chromosomal DNA, which would obscure the detection of in

289 omere repeat element (SRE) regions to unique chromosomal DNA while simultaneously measuring the (TTAG

290 ment strategy that uses targeted cleavage of chromosomal DNA with Cas9 to ligate adapters for nanopor

291 hly efficient and directional replacement of chromosomal DNA with incoming DNA.

292 oloney murine leukemia virus, degradation of chromosomal DNA with McrBC and DpnI restriction enzymes,

293 ve and may allow for accurate restoration of chromosomal DNAs with closely spaced DSBs.

294 ation forks follow the path of the compacted chromosomal DNA, with no structure other than DNA anchor

295 cts as a novel topological device that traps chromosomal DNA within a large tripartite ring formed by

296 The intasome engages chromosomal DNA within a target capture complex to carry

297 ing bacteriophage/plasmid DNA and endogenous chromosomal DNA within Escherichia coli at 37 degrees C.

298 We further hypothesized that Y chromosomal DNA would be detected in banked whole blood

299 We hypothesized that Y chromosomal DNA would be detected in the peripheral bloo

300 Recognition of chromosomal DNA would have many applications, such as in