ライフサイエンスコーパス: cigarette

1 puff time, inter-puff interval and puffs per cigarette.

2 vapers/dual users (Group 2) when using the e-cigarette.

3 ssure and heart rate, similar to traditional cigarettes.

4 n, diet, smoking, and more recently, using e-cigarettes.

5 ng 24 healthy dual-users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes.

6 .41 +/- 0.85) x 10(4) pmol/g of conventional cigarettes.

7 c pathway of benzopyrene, a main compound in cigarettes.

8 before 70 years, is smoking of manufactured cigarettes.

9 ty of the SN2-type alkylating carcinogens in cigarettes.

10 lso serve as a noncombustible substitute for cigarettes.

11 ll e-cigarettes are much less hazardous than cigarettes.

12 successfully quit smoking continued to use e-cigarettes.

13 perceived as a safer alternative to tobacco cigarettes.

14 of conventional cigarettes and the TPM of e-cigarettes.

15 compared with matched non-e-cigarette users (cigarette abstinence difference: 2%; 95% CI: -3%, 7%).

16 eristic of asthma, on exposure to electronic cigarettes, across mouse strains, sex and ages.

17 ed caries were greater among those reporting cigarettes (adjusted OR = 1.94; 95% CI = 1.21 to 3.11) o

18 Electronic (e-) cigarette aerosol (particle and gas) is a complex mixtur

19 Pulmonary physiology is also affected by e-cigarette aerosol inhalation, with increased airway reac

20 ee acids, and one phenolic carbonyl in the e-cigarette aerosol with Classic Tobacco flavor.

21 s of tobacco smoke have been identified in e-cigarette aerosol, and their involvement in vascular dis

22 studies reported metal/metalloid levels in e-cigarette aerosols (from cig-a-like and tank devices), a

23 E-cigarette aerosols are exceedingly different from conven

24 s of cardiac physiology, acute exposure to e-cigarette aerosols in human subjects led to increased bl

25 Chronic exposure to e-cigarette aerosols using animal models caused increased

26 studies on metals/metalloids in e-liquid, e-cigarette aerosols, and biosamples of e-cigarette users.

27 studies on metals/metalloids in e-liquid, e-cigarette aerosols, and human biosamples of e-cigarette

28 cology of the complex product formation in e-cigarette aerosols.

29 of lung injury associated with the use of e-cigarettes (also called vaping) and launched a coordinat

30 (1.4 s vs 1.5 s) were similar to that of the cigarette, although the average usage session was signif

31 ine e-liquid formulations and a conventional cigarette among 24 healthy dual-users of cigarettes and

32 self-reported use of marijuana in electronic cigarettes among US middle school and high school studen

33 ) and a prototype electronic cigarette (or e-cigarette) among Italian non-mentholated 7 mg ISO tar ci

34 ng electronic nicotine delivery systems or e-cigarettes) among children and adolescents may help decr

35 youth aged 12 to 17 years smoke their first cigarette and that about 5.6 million adolescents alive t

36 nal cigarette among 24 healthy dual-users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes.

37 ainstream and sidestream TPM of conventional cigarettes and the TPM of e-cigarettes.

38 ent of nicotine containing vs. denicotinized cigarettes), and a cue-reactivity session (to measure sm

39 ive) who reported never having smoked a full cigarette, and no tobacco use in the prior 3 years.

40 cluded adult smokers of 7 mg ISO tar tobacco cigarettes, and Group 2 consisted of both solus vapers a

41 rated by conventional cigarettes, EPFRs in e-cigarettes appear to be more potent than those in tobacc

42 E-cigarettes are a potential source of exposure to metals/

43 E-cigarettes are battery-operated devices that heat a liqu

44 ral to risk of health effects, but overall e-cigarettes are much less hazardous than cigarettes.

45 mal studies have identified therefore that e-cigarettes are potentially hazardous, especially in susc

46 arettes is harmless, but these claims that e-cigarettes are safer and healthier are not based on evid

47 nicotine delivery systems (often known as e-cigarettes) are a novel tobacco product with growing pop

48 Electronic-cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are non-combustible tobacco alternatives tha

49 Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are the preferred smoking-cessation aid in t

50 who tried to quit with and without use of e-cigarettes as a cessation aid.

51 e current systematic review newly included e-cigarettes as a tobacco product.

52 cancer increased with cumulative exposure to cigarettes, asbestos, and presence of asbestosis.

53 Mothers who reduced the number of cigarettes between the first and third trimester, withou

54 lf-report (of not having used more than five cigarettes, bidis, a water pipe, or smokeless tobacco pr

55 The average daily consumption (ADC) of cigarettes by groups 1 and 3 were higher than the respec

56 nicotine, high protonation) and combustible cigarettes (C(max), p = 0.79; AUC(0-120 min), p = 0.13).

57 compared with those from smoking combustible cigarettes (C-cigs).

58 s when using a THP compared to the reference cigarette (C651), although puff numbers and puff duratio

59 1.0(T) and THS2.4(T) compared to the tobacco cigarette (C651).

60 consistent in demonstrating that vaping of e-cigarettes causes health effects both similar to and dis

61 Nicotine (the primary reinforcer in cigarettes) causes changes in behavior and neurochemistr

62 and using varenicline rather than electronic cigarettes.Conclusions: Seven recommendations are provid

63 fect of smoking, in particular the number of cigarettes consumed (NCC), on periodontal clinical param

64 oking status (yes or no) and daily number of cigarettes consumed before and during each trimester of

65 ciated with smoking status and the number of cigarettes consumed, adjusting for maternal age, race/et

66 715) identified two variants associated with cigarette consumption and likelihood of cessation.

67 her follow-ups, continuous abstinence, daily cigarette consumption change, serious adverse events, ad

68 n this study, we observed that low-intensity cigarette consumption during either the first or second

69 I) variation and 45.6% (95% CI 37.3-51.9) of cigarette consumption variation was captured by whole bl

70 lly, both combustible tobacco products and e-cigarettes contain nicotine, a highly addictive, plant-d

71 3.15] when reducing from >=10 to 5-9 and <=4 cigarettes/day, respectively [P values < 0.001]).

72 CI 2.02-2.42] when reducing from 5-9 to <=4 cigarettes/day; OR 2.79 [95% CI 2.39-3.25] and OR 1.93 [

73 monary exposure to either tobacco smoke or e-cigarettes despite negative respiratory symptoms.

74 and biosamples of e-cigarette users across e-cigarette device systems to evaluate metal/metalloid exp

75 se patients as persons who reported use of e-cigarette devices and related products in the 90 days be

76 e assessed whether protonated nicotine and e-cigarette devices delivering greater aerosol mass increa

77 ving used tetrahydrocannabinol products in e-cigarette devices, although a wide variety of products a

78 Electronic cigarettes divide opinions.

79 Reducing the number of cigarettes during pregnancy did not affect the risks of

80 ed as less harmful than conventional tobacco cigarettes during pregnancy for both the mother and fetu

81 first trimester only or reduce the number of cigarettes during pregnancy, or when only fathers smoke.

82 With the rapid increase in electronic cigarette (e-cig) users worldwide, secondhand exposure t

83 m use of the increasingly popular electronic cigarette (E-cig).

84 Electronic-cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are non-combustible tobacco al

85 Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are the preferred smoking-cess

86 Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) for smoking cessation remain c

87 Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have become popular, in part b

88 conventional tobacco cigarettes, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have been proposed as an effec

89 e the late 1990s, tobacco use via electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is quickly rising and is now m

90 elial cells to smoke generated by electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) on-chip.

91 Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) provide an alternative to convention

92 Limited toxicity data on electronic cigarette (ECIG) impede evidence-based policy recommenda

93 Nicotine in electronic cigarette (ECIG) liquids can exist in a free-base or pro

94 se the rates of smoking conventional tobacco cigarettes, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have be

95 e exposure through various kinds of smoking (cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, or vape) can increase

96 ver, have found toxic metals/metalloids in e-cigarette emissions.

97 ely lower than ROS generated by conventional cigarettes, EPFRs in e-cigarettes appear to be more pote

98 nces to adult offspring following maternal e-cigarette exposure during pregnancy.

99 dings support previous adverse findings of e-cigarette exposure on neurodevelopment in a mouse model

100 study identified significant associations of cigarette exposure with global measures of GM and WM, an

101 E-cigarette exposure without nicotine resulted in a 2-fold

102 Most participants reported smoking cigarettes; few smoked only cigars.

103 Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) for smoking cessation remain controversial.

104 lternative to smoking, the use of electronic cigarettes has not proven to be innocuous.

105 E-cigarettes have been advertised as a healthy alternative

106 ugh many questions regarding the safety of e-cigarettes have come to the forefront with the emergence

107 Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have become popular, in part because they ar

108 tobacco cigarettes, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have been proposed as an effective smoking c

109 nse to nicotinized compared to denicotinized cigarettes; however the Ser9Gly variant did not influenc

110 There is increasing recognition that e-cigarettes impact vascular function across multiple orga

111 lthough the production of ROS generated by e-cigarettes is comparatively lower than ROS generated by

112 The debate about electronic cigarettes is dividing healthcare professionals, policym

113 rs are under the impression that vaping of e-cigarettes is harmless, but these claims that e-cigarett

114 Effective nicotine delivery from e-cigarettes is important in consumer acceptance.

115 0s, tobacco use via electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is quickly rising and is now more common amo

116 ine was also significantly reduced for the e-cigarette (IS1.0(T)) compared to C651.

117 the evidence on metal/metalloid levels in e-cigarette liquid (e-liquid), aerosols, and biosamples of

118 These results suggest e-cigarettes may not be an effective cessation aid for adu

119 Smokers who switch completely to e-cigarettes may reduce their relative risk of tobacco-rel

120 Amongst smokers, e-cigarette mean puff volumes (41.6 mL vs 41.3 mL) and mea

121 espite no combustion process, the TPM from e-cigarettes (menthol flavor of NJOY and V2 brands) also c

122 nonnicotine e-cigarettes (n = 127), or no e-cigarettes (n = 121) for 12 weeks.

123 cotine e-cigarettes (n = 128), nonnicotine e-cigarettes (n = 127), or no e-cigarettes (n = 121) for 1

124 Randomization to nicotine e-cigarettes (n = 128), nonnicotine e-cigarettes (n = 127)

125 or cessation of tobacco products other than cigarettes; no trials evaluated effects of interventions

126 smoke generated by electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) on-chip.

127 Cigarette or marijuana smoking are infrequently criteria

128 Adults who had smoked 1 cigarette or more within 30 days, spoke English or Spani

129 ch priorities and prevailing challenges in e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (

130 Background Electronic cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (

131 Conclusion In pediatric patients, electronic cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury i

132 Electronic cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury m

133 sing tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-containing e-cigarette or vaping products; approximately 50% of the T

134 The recent outbreak of e-cigarette or vaping-product use-associated lung injury (

135 g involving nonsmokers, exclusive users of e-cigarettes or vaping products, and exclusive cigarette s

136 oral interventions for adolescents who smoke cigarettes or who use other tobacco products and to unde

137 g products (THPs) and a prototype electronic cigarette (or e-cigarette) among Italian non-mentholated

138 hemical of concern in the investigation of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury

139 the current national outbreak of electronic-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury

140 cases and 60 patients with fatal cases of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury

141 ous kinds of smoking (cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, or vape) can increase the risk for COVID19 n

142 urrent and former smoking status; and 77 for cigarette pack-years.

143 hat cotinine and smoking intensity (cotinine/cigarettes per day (CPD)) shared chromosome 19 and chrom

144 Smoking 1-10 cigarettes per day (CPD, 0.5 pack) was significantly ass

145 er FG in subjects consuming one more pack of cigarettes per day (P (Interaction) = 1.9 x 10(-7)).

146 rs who smoked 1-2, 3-5, 6-9, 10-19, and >=20 cigarettes per day during the first trimester compared w

147 a 60-year-old woman who smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day for over 20 years, consumed 3 or more

148 select associations of ever smoked, but not cigarettes per day or duration, with specific GM and WM

149 oking, especially low-intensity smoking (1-9 cigarettes per day), and preterm birth are still inconsi

150 ne carriers) current smokers (n = 104, >= 10 cigarettes per day).

151 rette smoking (having ever smoked regularly, cigarettes per day, and duration smoked) with GM and WM

152 ray for association with smoking initiation, cigarettes per day, pack-years, and smoking cessation in

153 d trimester of pregnancy, even as low as 1-2 cigarettes per day, was associated with an increased ris

154 nce was significantly greater for nicotine e-cigarettes plus counseling vs counseling alone at 12 wee

155 adults motivated to quit smoking, nicotine e-cigarettes plus counseling vs counseling alone significa

156 oint prevalence abstinence for nonnicotine e-cigarettes plus counseling was not significantly differe

157 gredient of both conventional and electronic cigarettes, produces neurological effects that drive add

158 e-Cigarette products usually contain nicotine, which is ad

159 ausally increased the volume and duration of cigarette puffs inhaled.

160 at sadness causally increased impatience for cigarette puffs.

161 highlighting the importance of broadening e-cigarette research beyond comparators to smoking-related

162 ntification of metal/metalloid levels from e-cigarette samples are needed.

163 , selenium, tin, and zinc, were present in e-cigarette samples in the studies reviewed.

164 of severe COVID-19, but it is not clear how cigarette smoke (CS) exposure affects SARS-CoV-2 airway

165 Cigarette smoke (CS) is the leading risk factor to devel

166 ) RAGE(-/-) mice following acute exposure to cigarette smoke (CS).

167 sure of the human lung airway to fresh whole cigarette smoke (WCS) under physiological breathing airf

168 Here, we investigated whether cigarette smoke alters the ability of this clinically si

169 Taken together, whole cigarette smoke alters the differentiation of small airw

170 The response patterns to both cigarette smoke and 1-pentanethiol have strongly respons

171 Here, we show that cigarette smoke causes a dose-dependent upregulation of

172 tronger SMAD3 epigenetic repression, because cigarette smoke condensate selectively increased SMAD3 p

173 lter epithelial morphology, including IL-13, cigarette smoke condensate, and retinoic acid deficiency

174 It is widely known that cigarette smoke damages host defenses and increases susc

175 We show that cigarette smoke exposure increases erythropoietin and bo

176 ta and thereby generate a score for in utero cigarette smoke exposure.

177 We found that cigarette smoke extract (CSE) exposure enhances resistan

178 Here we report that exposure to cigarette smoke extract enhances glycolysis and attenuat

179 AMs exposed to cigarette smoke extract lost the inhibitory activity of

180 Cigarette smoke first interacts with the lung through th

181 A/J mice exposed whole-body to environmental cigarette smoke for 10 weeks.

182 Exposure of lung tissues to cigarette smoke is a major cause of human disease and de

183 previously measured in vivo The encoding of cigarette smoke is accomplished by a broad receptor resp

184 Cigarette smoke is the first complex odor whose in vivo

185 s expected, a simplified artificial mimic of cigarette smoke odor tested at low concentration to iden

186 simplified odorant mixture designed to mimic cigarette smoke odor.

187 proximal airways, which are more exposed to cigarette smoke particles, may prime SCC-TAFs to stronge

188 Exposure to cigarette smoke significantly affected the patterns of c

189 hat is driven by more than 60 carcinogens in cigarette smoke that directly damage and mutate DNA(4,5)

190 cess formation; epithelial colonization; and cigarette smoke toxin exposure; as well as to elucidate

191 Antenatal exposures to pets, livestock, and cigarette smoke were assessed.

192 nd was remarkably similar to semiquinones in cigarette smoke with a higher g value (2.0063).

193 Cigarette smoke, a common and clinically relevant odor c

194 ight exposure, pet and farm animal exposure, cigarette smoke, and household cooking and heating fuels

195 link those of the artificial mimic and real cigarette smoke, consistent with expectations about perc

196 dings suggest that HIV infection, along with cigarette smoke, favors a proinflammatory macrophage phe

197 These effects remain less severe than cigarette smoke, where investigated.

198 g airways is consistently exposed to inhaled cigarette smoke.

199 pulmonary dysfunction that is exacerbated by cigarette smoke.

200 circulating hepcidin levels are inhibited by cigarette smoke.

201 (COPD) and from mice chronically exposed to cigarette smoke.

202 containing dozens of chemicals not found in cigarette smoke.

203 ponses from four ORs, all also responsive to cigarette smoke.

204 -pentanethiol, including 9 ORs responsive to cigarette smoke.

205 Every million cigarettes smoked leads to one death in the US and Canad

206 type, psychopathological symptoms, number of cigarettes smoked per day and drinking status were relat

207 rs by age they started smoking and number of cigarettes smoked per day and with ex-smokers by the age

208 e median IPM3 level was higher for exclusive cigarette smokers (39.8 mug/g creatinine) than for non-u

209 s assessed and compared with the profiles of cigarette smokers (CS), dual users, and non-users.

210 s, non-smokers (NS), CS, EC, and dual EC and cigarette smokers (DS).

211 About a third of current cigarette smokers had started before age 15 years.

212 cigarettes or vaping products, and exclusive cigarette smokers that was initiated in 2015.

213 f IMs was 36% to 56% greater in the lungs of cigarette smokers versus nonsmokers.Conclusions: The pre

214 Most cigarette smokers who wish to quit too often relapse wit

215 Materials and Methods Cigarette smokers with and those without COPD participat

216 ma in participants who are current or former cigarette smokers with and without chronic obstructive p

217 lls present in the bronchoalveolar lavage of cigarette smokers.

218 ) among Italian non-mentholated 7 mg ISO tar cigarette smokers.

219 d to quantify how this is altered in chronic cigarette smokers.Methods: Whole right upper lobes from

220 D) and crestal bone loss [CBL]) are worse in cigarette-smokers (CS) and patients with type-2 diabetes

221 Keratoconus was associated with regular cigarette smoking (38.5% vs. 14.6%; P = 0.04), but showe

222 ted odds ratio, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.63), cigarette smoking (adjusted odds ratio, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.

223 Cigarette smoking (CS) can exacerbate the incidence and

224 omial regression to model the association of cigarette smoking (having ever smoked regularly, cigaret

225 with adjustment for the depth and amount of cigarette smoking (HR [95% CI]: 1.37 [1.06, 1.77]), whil

226 an genome that has been associated with both cigarette smoking and mortality.Objectives: We sought to

227 spiratory illnesses in smokers and highlight cigarette smoking as a potential driver of virulence in

228 Advanced age, male sex, and cigarette smoking contribute to the development of bladd

229 e increased risk of colorectal cancer due to cigarette smoking differed by anatomical subsite or sex.

230 race/ethnicity, alcohol drinking intensity, cigarette smoking duration and intensity, and/or family

231 Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is a major public hea

232 umerous DNA methylation (DNAm) biomarkers of cigarette smoking have been identified in peripheral blo

233 be a stronger mediator of inflammation than cigarette smoking in patients with T2DM.

234 were associated with decreased likelihood of cigarette smoking initiation compared with control inter

235 Studies have shown that cigarette smoking is a modifiable risk factor for diabet

236 Cigarette smoking is associated with increased risk for

237 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable mo

238 ustrate, we consider the possible effects of cigarette smoking on homocysteine levels, with self-repo

239 ed to ascertain (1) site-specific effects of cigarette smoking on the periodontium compared to never-

240 der (ADHD) are at increased risk for adverse cigarette smoking outcomes, and little is known about fa

241 Cigarette smoking remains one of the leading public heal

242 e, lower socioeconomic status, diabetes, and cigarette smoking were consistently associated with wors

243 rrent study, we assessed the relationship of cigarette smoking with gray matter (GM) and white matter

244 nongenetic risk factors (eg, hypertension or cigarette smoking).

245 been advertised as a healthy alternative to cigarette smoking, and users are under the impression th

246 isease (COPD) risk is strongly influenced by cigarette smoking, genetic factors are also important de

247 a-modulating risk factors as antibiotic use, cigarette smoking, levels of sanitation, and diet in the

248 Impaired lung function is often caused by cigarette smoking, making it challenging to disentangle

249 ry notable for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cigarette smoking, type II diabetes mellitus, and end-st

250 ry notable for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cigarette smoking, type II diabetes mellitus, and end-st

251 x, current smoking status, and pack-years of cigarette smoking.

252 both similar to and disparate from those of cigarette smoking.

253 marijuana, particularly in combination with cigarette smoking.

254 sing and is now more common among youth than cigarette smoking.

255 .73 m(2), higher most recent pulse rate, and cigarette smoking.

256 a debilitating lung disease associated with cigarette smoking.

257 This increase is further elevated by cigarette smoking.

258 cigs) provide an alternative to conventional cigarette smoking; however, the evidence base of risks a

259 s based on glycemic status and self-reported cigarette-smoking habit: a) CS with T2DM; b) CS without

260 etic resonance imaging data from healthy and cigarette-smoking subjects performing the Iowa Gambling

261 tent findings for nicotine and nonnicotine e-cigarettes, suggesting further research is needed.

262 e and ultrafine particles similar to tobacco cigarettes (t-cigs).

263 n for women who continued the same amount of cigarettes throughout pregnancy (OR 1.89 [95% CI 1.52-2.

264 Among US smokers who used e-cigarettes to help quit, 12.9% (95% confidence interval

265 EPFRs in e-cigarette TPM may be a potential source of health impact

266 s were higher among those reported ancillary cigarette use (adjusted OR = 2.84; 95% CI = 1.60 to 5.04

267 which is addictive, raising concerns about e-cigarette use and nicotine addiction in children.

268 Although conventional cigarette use has gradually declined among children in t

269 arly 1500 hospitalizations associated with e-cigarette use have been reported in 49 states and the US

270 Pulmonary illnesses related to e-cigarette use have been reported, but no large series ha

271 ars to identify the health consequences of e-cigarette use if we rely only upon human data.

272 tion in rodents with relevance to electronic cigarette use in humans and highlight the potential addi

273 e the long-term cardiopulmonary effects of e-cigarette use in humans.

274 eloped a novel model of voluntary electronic cigarette use in rats using operant behavior.

275 This is concerning given that e-cigarette use is perceived as less harmful than conventi

276 eurodevelopmental consequences of maternal e-cigarette use on adult offspring behavior and neuroimmun

277 ng undergo numerous changes in response to e-cigarette use, and disease development will depend on ho

278 With the rise of e-cigarette use, teen nicotine exposure is becoming more w

279 ials evaluated effects of interventions on e-cigarette use.

280 sed propensity-score methods to match each e-cigarette user with similar nonusers.

281 as no difference compared with matched non-e-cigarette users (cigarette abstinence difference: 2%; 95

282 id (e-liquid), aerosols, and biosamples of e-cigarette users across e-cigarette device systems to eva

283 aluate metal/metalloid exposure levels for e-cigarette users and the potential implications on health

284 Recent evidence suggests that e-cigarette users tend to change their puffing behaviors w

285 Furthermore, fewer e-cigarette users were abstinent from nicotine products in

286 al/metalloid levels found in biosamples of e-cigarette users were similar or higher than levels found

287 CI: -7%, -1%); approximately two-thirds of e-cigarette users who successfully quit smoking continued

288 uffing topography data from 19 experienced e-cigarette users who switched between 18 and 6 mg/mL e-li

289 n levels found in biosamples of conventional cigarette users, and even higher than those found in bio

290 igarette aerosols, and human biosamples of e-cigarette users.

291 mples (urine, saliva, serum, and blood) of e-cigarette users.

292 d, e-cigarette aerosols, and biosamples of e-cigarette users.

293 n pulmonary injuries associated with using e-cigarette/vaping products.

294 mparison of evidence regarding the role of e-cigarettes versus combustible tobacco in vascular diseas

295 harmacokinetics and product liking for two e-cigarettes (Vype ePen3 and Vype ePen) with various nicot

296 The radical concentration in e-cigarettes was much lower as compared to tobacco TPM.

297 It is highly likely that chronic use of e-cigarettes will induce pathological changes in both the

298 te with counseling: 120 [94%]; nonnicotine e-cigarette with counseling: 118 [93%]; counseling only: 8

299 Adverse events were common (nicotine e-cigarette with counseling: 120 [94%]; nonnicotine e-ciga

300 Reducing the number of cigarettes, without quitting, has limited beneficial eff