ライフサイエンスコーパス: circulate

1 a Leone and Nigeria, where distinct lineages circulate.

2 resistance, we found positive correlates for circulating 3-HIB concentrations with HOMA2 of insulin r

3 ge: 24 +/- 2 y) donned a water-perfused suit circulating 34 degrees C water and completed two trials

4 tion had significantly greater titers to the circulating 3C.2a2.

5 ty to 3c2.A strains, including the currently circulating 3c2.A1b strain.

6 growth and a decrease in the number of mouse circulating 4T1 breast cancer cells.

7 implanted human TNBC cells and the number of circulating 4T1 mouse tumour cells were measured.

8 Lack of functioning circulating AAT protein also causes uninhibited elastoly

9 The mechanism of organ cross-talk places circulating adiponectin downstream of autocrine FGF21 ex

10 Pharmacological elevation of circulating AKG induces muscle hypertrophy, brown adipos

11 With high circulating aldosterone, intercalated cell mineralocorti

12 ia modulate antiviral immunity and levels of circulating alphaviruses within hours of infection throu

13 Influenza A viruses continue to circulate among wild birds and poultry worldwide, posing

14 nts but also directly in places where humans circulate and spread the virus such as airports, trains,

15 that is induced by nutrient sensing and that circulates and signals to the brain.

16 ight be helpful to estimate the virulence of circulating and emerging strains.IMPORTANCE Mumps virus

17 Circulating and equilibrium angiotensin peptide levels s

18 Comprehensive circulating and equilibrium levels of plasma angiotensin

19 nt showed that IL8 is primarily expressed in circulating and intratumoral myeloid cells and that high

20 Thus, circulating and lung myelomonocytic cells and endothelia

21 Upon depletion of circulating and perivascular memory T cells, this brain

22 (FADS) gene cluster that is associated with circulating and tissue concentrations of arachidonic aci

23 We describe the roles of Bhlhe40 in the circulating and tissue-resident arms of the immune syste

24 and can be broadly segregated into distinct circulating and tissue-resident populations.

25 regulatory T cells (T(reg)) as well as other circulating and tissue-resident T cells.

26 S pathway and water homeostasis by degrading circulating angiotensin peptides.

27 resent an ongoing threat, yet the myriads of circulating animal viruses complicate the identification

28 retory organelles that enables them to evade circulating antibodies and might affect tissue tropism.

29 IgE is the least abundant circulating antibody class but is constitutively present

30 r data reveal substantial differences in the circulating antibody specificities induced by vaccinatio

31 which differentiate into a transient wave of circulating antibody-secreting plasmablasts(1-3).

32 concentrations were performed as markers of circulating antioxidant capacity.

33 catabolizing enzyme expression and increased circulating BCKAs, but not BCAAs.

34 r results suggest that for quantification of circulating BDNF blood collected in K2EDTA tubes and pla

35 perature, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles on circulating BDNF concentrations was evaluated.

36 HBV) integration in the HCC chromosome, as a circulating biomarker for this clinical setting.

37 MicroRNAs are widely studied as circulating biomarkers for early stage diagnosis of seve

38 Various novel circulating biomarkers in key pathophysiological domains

39 rmed in a large cohort of adults to identify circulating biomarkers of frailty.

40 anges over a 9-y period were examined on six circulating biomarkers of inflammation for 480 participa

41 es, have given us unprecedented insight into circulating biomarkers of T2D even over a decade before

42 In summary, histological and circulating biomarkers should also be taken into account

43 These wide-ranging circulating biomarkers show an association with increase

44 Biosensors that continuously measure circulating biomolecules in real time could provide insi

45 is a family of cells including progenitors, circulating blood monocytes, resident tissue macrophages

46 extending proplatelets into sinusoids, where circulating blood progressively fragments them into plat

47 rnerstone of decongestive treatment, reduces circulating blood volume and thereby reduces intravascul

48 etion, which increases the osmolality of the circulating blood, potentially improving translocation o

49 s II expression levels were mediated through circulating blood-derived factors.

50 ed weight loss and lower bacterial burden in circulating blood.

51 Circulating branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) associate

52 osclerosis, C3/C5b-9 deposition, and reduced circulating C3 compared with wild-type mice.

53 d the HLA-A3-restricted peptides targeted by circulating CD8(+) T cells.

54 by 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) changes in circulating cell free DNA from a PDAC cohort (n = 64) in

55 Elevation of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) concentration has been

56 somatic single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA), a mixture of DNA mole

57 Liquid biopsy analysis of circulating cell-free DNA fragments in the patients' blo

58 Circulating cell-free mRNA (cf-mRNA) holds great promise

59 due to PRKN/PINK1 mutations; (iii) increased circulating cell-free mtDNA serum levels in both patient

60 We can show that detectable levels of circulating cell-free tumor DNA correlate with clinical

61 etermined by a time course of the quantified circulating cell-free tumor DNA.

62 Progress in the study of circulating, cell-free nuclear DNA (ccf-nDNA) in cancer

63 pts derived from the bone marrow compared to circulating cells.

64 t-specific baselines when designing reliable circulating cfDNA or cfRNA clinical assays.

65 However, their low circulating concentrations (in the nanomolar range) and

66 extensively studied, traditional androgens, circulating concentrations of 11-oxyandrogens do not dem

67 Baseline circulating concentrations of hexose monophosphate, pyru

68 Higher circulating concentrations of OCFAs, pentadecanoic acid

69 vant physiological mechanisms at established circulating concentrations.

70 hogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses have circulated continuously in Bangladesh since 2007, and ac

71 odies to SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, MERS, three circulating coronavirus strains (HKU1, 229E, OC43) and t

72 Whether the other, seasonally circulating coronaviruses induce cross-reactive, potenti

73 pathway in lampreys produces two predominant circulating corticosteroids, 11-deoxycortisol (S) and 11

74 including increased feeding and elevation of circulating corticosterone, epinephrine, and glucose.

75 ch can be additionally supplemented by their circulating counterparts.

76 aged mice, with a corresponding decrease in circulating CXCL1, an important neutrophil recruiter and

77 Bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP-9) is a circulating cytokine that is known to play an essential

78 pandemic, in which both increased amounts of circulating cytokines and cardiac arrhythmias are demons

79 (i) more than 2000 experimentally supported circulating, drug-resistant and prognosis-related lncRNA

80 R episode and had sustained disappearance of circulating DSA for <=30 months.

81 nt as AMR can be diagnosed in the absence of circulating DSA.

82 petigo is the dominant mode of transmission, circulating emm types either may not be constrained by e

83 Percentage CD41+ circulating eosinophils is a potential non-invasive biom

84 bronchial infection (CBI), reduced number of circulating eosinophils, ICS treatment, and the risk of

85 Circulating EPA in ST-segment elevation myocardial infar

86 The present study reveals that a set of circulating exosomal miRNAs showing altered expression i

87 report the identification of CCN4/Wisp1 as a circulating factor more abundant in pre-weaning than in

88 l segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) as the circulating factor or as a predictor of recurrence after

89 multifaceted immunosuppression and pinpoint circulating factors as a target of intervention to resto

90 Circulating fetal nucleated cells (CFNCs) have shown pot

91 NF-kB, reduced the hepatic and circulating FGF21 levels and altered the nonenzymatic (g

92 e (G-3-P) had the strongest correlation with circulating FGF23.

93 lity and oral bioavailability, and achieving circulating free plasma levels that provided near maxima

94 ch increases FGF23 levels, rapidly increased circulating G-3-P in humans and mice, and the effect of

95 his immune response may reduce the burden of circulating gametocytes.

96 In wild-type mice, oral metformin increased circulating GDF15, with GDF15 expression increasing pred

97 en, indicating that the imine formed between circulating glucose and lysine is also stress labile.

98 dase activity facilitates the maintenance of circulating glucose levels by decreasing the rate of blo

99 on GDF15, but retained its ability to lower circulating glucose levels in the absence of GDF15 activ

100 ing IRIS in TNBC cells lowered the levels of circulating GM-CSF, suppressed TAM recruitment, and decr

101 Phenotypic markers of circulating granulocytes are strong discriminators betwe

102 ic, in which an H2 virus reassorted with the circulating H1N1 to create a novel H2N2 genotype.

103 n antigenic mismatch between the vaccine and circulating H3N2 strains was hypothesized to contribute

104 atio, 0.38 [95% CI, 0.18-0.81] P=0.012), and circulating (hazard ratio, 0.38 [95% CI, 0.18-0.80] P=0.

105 f somatic hypermutation and cross-react with circulating HCoVs, suggesting recall of preexisting memo

106 cular T helper cells increasingly shaped the circulating HCV-specific CD4+ T cell repertoire, suggest

107 5A peptide altered the proteomic profile of circulating HDL and ameliorated some of the potentially

108 ies but protected from other trypanosomes by circulating high-density lipoprotein (HDL) complexes cal

109 akaryocytes and platelets may be a source of circulating histones during sepsis and should be further

110 nd enhances the hypothalamic response to the circulating hormone leptin, suggesting a novel way to re

111 h factor (FGF) family, FGF19, 21, and 23 are circulating hormones that regulate critical metabolic pr

112 ogenitors also allowed us to maintain stable circulating HoxB8 neutrophil counts for several days.

113 nza virus (LPAIV) subtypes can reassort with circulating human strains and pandemic viruses can emerg

114 ting exposes this mantle-derived material to circulating hydrothermal fluids.

115 two or three courses in consecutive years on circulating IgE(+) and IgG(+) memory B cells and allerge

116 e (IdeS) is an endopeptidase able to degrade circulating IgG that is currently being tested in transp

117 with active pemphigus had elevated levels of circulating IL-17(+)(,) T(H)17, T(FH)17, and T(FH)17.1 c

118 Our results demonstrate that circulating Il-18bp is induced in response to Ifn-gamma

119 itudinal (exams 1 to 3) associations between circulating IL6 (interleukin-6) and NT-proBNP (N termina

120 reased inflammatory proteins, but changes in circulating immune cells are less well defined.

121 m-negative bacteria is a potent activator of circulating immune cells including neutrophils, which fo

122 The circulating immune phenotype was defined in adults and y

123 Certain arenaviruses that circulate in rodent populations can cause life-threateni

124 ggest that airborne IAV has the potential to circulate in schools during influenza season, in large e

125 Influenza B viruses have circulated in humans for over 80 y, causing a significan

126 It circulates in plasma as a tetramer of two A-subunits and

127 The ECM protein fibronectin circulates in the blood as a globular protein that dimer

128 omparison with those of contemporaneous IAVs circulating in Brazil and detected in swabs and nasal wa

129 characterize antigenically the swine H1 IAVs circulating in Chile.

130 sulting in human and nonhuman origin viruses circulating in novel hosts.

131 nd mortality from infection, including those circulating in the community from unexpected outbreaks.

132 ors, and the first evidence of P. homopolare circulating in the Condor population from Arizona.

133 f SARS-CoV-2 NPIs for two endemic infections circulating in the United States of America: respiratory

134 c and therapeutic activity against currently circulating influenza viruses in humans.

135 ials that have aimed to reduce the levels of circulating insulin and to abrogate insulin signalling i

136 Higher levels of circulating insulin have been associated with increased

137 Circulating insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is posi

138 Circulating interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels surge during exe

139 Here, we show that circulating ITLN1 has prognostic significance in patient

140 in metabolic fuel utilization that elevates circulating ketone bodies; however, the consequences of

141 inefficiently metastasizing melanomas, with circulating lactate being a more prominent source of tum

142 +) ratio can be in near equilibrium with the circulating lactate:pyruvate ratio, we hypothesized that

143 Conversely, increasing circulating LCN2 levels improves metabolic parameters an

144 med to evaluate the clinical significance of circulating LDN in lung cancer patients, and further ass

145 11, 80 mg/kg) similarly reduced the level of circulating leukocytes by 12+/-5% (all P<5.0x10(-2)).

146 henotypes based on transcriptomic studies of circulating leukocytes, specifically patients with a Sep

147 Circulating level of 25(OH)D was associated with higher

148 High peak-circulating levels (between 6 and 34 mug/ml) of these dm

149 he coagulation cascade, and variation in its circulating levels may contribute to thrombotic diseases

150 p between lifetime ovulatory years (LOY) and circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), counter

151 of clinical transplantation data linked low circulating levels of GDF15 to an increased incidence of

152 Targeted metabolomics confirmed increased circulating levels of individual fatty acids in the plas

153 Low circulating levels of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated

154 The circulating levels of proteins associated with the top-r

155 treated with sorafenib, increased miR-30e-3p circulating levels predicted the development of resistan

156 orii identified RC0497 in the blood, and its circulating levels were proportionally associated with i

157 sis indicates a clear distinctive profile of circulating lipid metabolites associated with depression

158 Circulating lipoprotein lipids cause coronary heart dise

159 The accumulation of circulating low-density neutrophils (LDN) has been descr

160 o endotoxin and exhibited elevated levels of circulating Ly6C(+) monocytes and macrophage-derived inf

161 In parallel, MI increased circulating Ly6C(hi) monocyte levels and recruitment to

162 In conclusion, we identified that circulating lymphocytes and monocytes of individuals sim

163 ust deliver oxygen and nutrients and recruit circulating lymphocytes into the SLO parenchyma, where t

164 ll restricted to the colon and correlated to circulating markers of enterocyte damage.

165 gut symptoms, the intestinal microbiome, and circulating markers of inflammation in patients with qui

166 e if plasma exchange, through the removal of circulating mediators, can be used as rescue therapy in

167 aneous tumours, but resulted in depletion of circulating melanoma cells and reduced the metastatic di

168 ive CD8+ T cells to the T effector (TEFF), T circulating memory (TCIRCM), and TRM pools by lineage-tr

169 Upon HDM rechallenge, circulating memory Th2 cells trafficked into the lung pa

170 alignant/preinvasive stages, suggesting that circulating messengers, intercepted in the blood, could

171 integration links proton pump inhibitors to circulating metabolites, liver function, hepatic steatos

172 identifying causal genes in GWAS data for 46 circulating metabolites.

173 e exercise elicits widespread changes in the circulating metabolome.

174 article, we aim to give a timely overview of circulating metabolomics and proteomics findings with T2

175 in peripheral white blood cells (PWBCs), and circulating micro RNAs in plasma, are associated with fe

176 We investigated whether circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are associated with resid

177 Because recent studies showed that circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) may serve as noninvasive

178 gery has an impact on cardiac biomarkers and circulating microRNAs (miRNAs), potentially indicating a

179 We explored whether the epigenetic markers, circulating microRNAs (miRNAs), were associated with inc

180 hat is focused on the design and analysis of circulating microRNAs and their context-dependent regula

181 ational principles underpinning discovery of circulating microRNAs in terms of their sorting and targ

182 We also show that the circulating miR-122 regulates vascular miR-204 as miR-12

183 As circulating miRNAs are promising biomarkers for various

184 Moreover, we show that circulating miRNAs can base-pair with a target mimic in

185 Our aim was to determine whether circulating miRNAs from an early age in children with as

186 Blood circulating miRNAs have been proposed as a potential too

187 Circulating miRNAs were associated with subsequent devel

188 events were concomitant with deregulation of circulating miRNAs, which were predicted regulators of t

189 Circulating mito-DAMPs are markedly increased in human p

190 od, there were significantly lower levels of circulating mitochondrial DNA in recipients receiving EV

191 The authors conclude that circulating monocytes and DCs migrate from the blood int

192 Transcriptome analysis of circulating monocytes at baseline showed various differe

193 /CCR2 signaling axis drives the migration of circulating monocytes into the tumor microenvironment, w

194 ate from either bone marrow (BM)-resident or circulating myeloid OC progenitors (OCP) expressing the

195 tionally dysregulates intracellular, but not circulating, N-acyl amino acids.

196 Interestingly, C5aR2 deficiency also reduced circulating neutrophil numbers after IR, as well as foll

197 Mechanistically, newly generated, circulating neutrophils have lower Ly6G membrane express

198 lysis in blood and heart revealed that while circulating neutrophils undergo a process of aging chara

199 induced internalization of CXCR2 receptor in circulating neutrophils.

200 ystems and CyTOF to define the conversion of circulating NK cells to an ILC1-like phenotype and have

201 stency in measures of lipid peroxidation and circulating non-enzymatic antioxidants in longitudinally

202 LD and insulin resistance despite increasing circulating nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), the main s

203 The abundance of circulating o,o'-dityrosine-modified fibronectin was inc

204 Population-wide circulating OCFA levels, however, have been declining ov

205 e active enantiomer or achiral) of medicines circulated on the market particularly in African countri

206 r region of the kelch 13 gene among isolates circulating on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea.

207 Widespread belief in misinformation circulating online is a critical challenge for modern so

208 The phenotype of circulating, ovalbumin (OVA)-specific T cells also was e

209 associated with differential sensitivity to circulating ovarian hormones.

210 the associations between the risk genotype, circulating PACAP, and somatic anxiety severity were str

211 The great majority of globally circulating pathogens go undetected, undermining patient

212 acellular traps (NETs) that confine and kill circulating pathogens.

213 ap may serve as a unique device to sequester circulating PCa cells and subsequently reduce distant me

214 ndent of cholesterol, an association between circulating PCSK9 and early as well as advanced stages o

215 TNF-alpha immunoreactivity is increased and circulating PD-1 expression negatively correlates with s

216 We found that NPY3-36 is the main circulating peptide in resting conditions and that NPY a

217 n cohorts with available measures of fasting circulating phylloquinone (vitamin K-1) and confirmed CV

218 Low circulating phylloquinone concentrations were associated

219 Circulating phylloquinone was measured in a central labo

220 oantibodies, dsDNA titers, and the number of circulating plasma cells, which alleviated kidney pathol

221 Circulating plasma IFN-gamma levels were also assayed in

222 ere we show a strong association between low circulating plasma serine peptidase inhibitor Kunitz typ

223 -four hours after stroke, significantly more circulating platelet-neutrophil aggregates (PNAs) were f

224 Circulating platelet-neutrophil, -monocyte, and -T-cell

225 PCV performance was highly dependent on the circulating pneumococcal population, further highlightin

226 ration of red blood cells, the appearance of circulating poikilocytes, and elevated proinflammatory c

227 mer intestinal T(RM) cells that rejoined the circulating pool, heritably maintained a predilection fo

228 Levels of circulating PRIME cells decreased during flares in all 4

229 ting a role for interorgan communication and circulating progeronic and antigeronic factors in vascul

230 5 (cldn5) in male mice, promoting passage of circulating proinflammatory cytokines and depression-lik

231 lso permanently reduced the concentration of circulating prolactin, a pituitary hormone influencing m

232 ), can modify levels of pathology-associated circulating protein.

233 Novel circulating proteins associated with blood pressure were

234 pid detection of otolin-1 and prestin, blood-circulating proteins specifically expressed in the vesti

235 of the five most relevant HIV-1 types (B and circulating recombinant forms [CRFs] CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC,

236 on previously inaccessible forms, including circulating rings from malaria-infected patients and art

237 The current state of the literature on circulating risk biomarkers of APNS is summarized, and k

238 Genetic variation in circulating RSV strains will continue to challenge preve

239 n integrative organ adaptation that involves circulating S1P chaperone ApoM(+) high density lipoprote

240 w sensitivity, probably due to a mismatch to circulating SARS-CoV-2 in the reverse primer.

241 bodies are now present at low frequencies in circulating SARS-CoV-2 populations.

242 ient composition of high-fiber diets affects circulating SCFAs, which are associated with measures of

243 ngs offer clues to the possible postpandemic circulating season of SARS-CoV-2 and add to the knowledg

244 promote vaso-occlusion in SCA; furthermore, circulating serotonin, derived from platelet activation,

245 Buccal genetic cheek swab, circulating serum dietary carotenoids and long-term RBC

246 was a correlation between an increase in the circulating short-chain fatty acid butyrate and pain imp

247 first MI-induced bone marrow "memory" via a circulating signal, reducing hematopoietic maintenance f

248 terleukin-6 (IL-6) membrane receptor and its circulating soluble form, sIL-6R, can be targeted by ant

249 Circulating soluble TWEAK levels were increased in patie

250 ined from genome-wide association studies of circulating sphingolipids and the China Health and Nutri

251 We aimed to evaluate the associations of circulating sphingolipids with incident T2D and to explo

252 We validate the association between low circulating SPINT1 and placental insufficiency in two ot

253 e., they diverge considerably from currently circulating strains).

254 ance further assessment of vaccine impact on circulating strains, the frequency of reassortment event

255 atching the sequence of the MDV to currently circulating strains.IMPORTANCE Seasonal influenza infect

256 ients and identified that patients with high circulating syndecan-1 (endothelial glycocalyx damage ma

257 induction was pronounced in perivascular and circulating T cells, but not in perivascular adipose tis

258 Combined analysis of the matched circulating T(FH) cell and activated B cell RNA-sequenci

259 ghly coordinated transcriptional programs in circulating T(FH) cells and B cells among patients with

260 Notch4, Wnt and Hippo were upregulated in circulating T(reg) cells of individuals with asthma as a

261 ts with COVID-19 showed decreased numbers of circulating T, B, and NK cells and exhibited a skewing o

262 Here we found that 45% SLE patients had circulating T-cells strongly responding to LL37, which c

263 etween exposure to TTR-binding compounds and circulating T4 levels in humans has been reported, so fa

264 n of tonsillar Tfh with the ex vivo study of circulating Tfh from HIV-2-infected patients.

265 TAM recruitment, and decreased the levels of circulating TGFbeta1.

266 et and ejected into the atmosphere, where it circulated the globe within a few hours.

267 Many circulating thymus-associated B cell clones were inferre

268 support of these data, we detected increased circulating tissue factor and thrombin-antithrombin comp

269 iglyceride dysregulation in CD36KO mice, and circulating triglyceride and cholesterol levels in PPARa

270 ratios, such as those seen in patients with circulating tumor burden in leukemic phase disease.

271 scoveries, challenges, and future trends for circulating tumor cell investigations, arguing that the

272 Circulating tumor cells (CTC) disseminating is an import

273 Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) derived from a primary tu

274 More recently, detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has been considered as an

275 For example, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been demonstrated as

276 sion persists in metastatic lung nodules and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in two mouse models of ma

277 Moreover, uPtDs NPs could target the in vivo circulating tumor cells (CTCs) to suppress TNBC lung met

278 Circulating tumor cells are tumor-derived pioneers respo

279 on, where active YAP increased the number of circulating tumor cells over time.

280 on in the primary tumors, elevated levels of circulating tumor cells, and increased spontaneous metas

281 orphological differences among the parental, circulating tumor cells, and lung metastatic cells.

282 a metastatic niche that captures aggressive circulating tumor cells.

283 ly studied assays, circulating tumor DNA and circulating tumor cells.

284 Here, we demonstrate that pre-treatment circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and peripheral CD8 T cell

285 However, low circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) fractions together with se

286 Here, to evaluate the utility of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) genotyping, we compare tri

287 We analyzed circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in CSF to detect mutated g

288 , and on the two most widely studied assays, circulating tumor DNA and circulating tumor cells.

289 Plasma circulating tumor human papillomavirus DNA (ctHPVDNA) is

290 provincial spread of the five most prevalent circulating types.

291 e response, as indicated by the detection of circulating VacA antibodies.

292 to their tumor counterparts consistent with circulating viral DNA originating from the tumor.

293 nocytogenes is associated with reductions in circulating virus levels after ZIKV challenge in type I

294 a, TNF-alpha) correlated with both egress of circulating virus-specific T(H)1 cells and worse symptom

295 zed water and fuel), medium priority (steam, circulating water, and wastewater), and low priority (fr

296 ries who have on average a reduced number of circulating white blood cells, because of the Duffy-null

297 adaptation resulted in variola viruses that circulated widely among humans.

298 othesis, which postulates that reexposure to circulating wild-type varicella delays the onset of herp

299 s) in swine have been identified in Chile co-circulating with pandemic H1N1 2009-like (A(H1N1)pdm09-l

300 ies and serovars within the genus Leptospira circulating within domestic and wild animal populations.