ライフサイエンスコーパス: clock gene

1 by a family of transcription factors called "clock genes".

2 c genes, which are referred to as 'circadian clock genes'.

3 nd regulates the promoter activity of a core clock gene.

4 GABA circuit maturation, BDNF, and circadian Clock genes.

5 NA splicing of light signaling and circadian clock genes.

6 not affect the expression of core circadian clock genes.

7 ntal inputs and the direct regulation of key clock genes.

8 ession levels of only a small number of core clock genes.

9 regulating both the morning and the evening clock genes.

10 markers, they exhibit robust oscillations of clock genes.

11 ely disrupts transcriptional rhythms of core clock genes.

12 echanism of cytokine-regulated expression of clock genes.

13 positive genetic feedback loops composed of clock genes.

14 he additional absence of canonical circadian clock genes.

15 l as in the mRNA levels of several canonical clock genes.

16 e that eam5 disrupts circadian expression of clock genes.

17 ally the endothelin system, are regulated by clock genes.

18 feedback mechanism composed of a dozen core clock genes.

19 y, amplitude, period, and phase of circadian clock genes.

20 tuations through the modulation of molecular clock genes.

21 mutations in the protein-coding sequences of clock genes.

22 encoded at the molecular level by a panel of clock genes.

23 the self-assembling properties of circadian clock gene 2 hydrophobin chimera and homogeneity of the

24 iented but slightly overlapping period (per) clock gene [6].

25 released from the gut after a meal can reset clock gene activity in the liver.

26 Circadian rhythms controlled by clock genes affect plasma lipids.

27 n the transcript abundance of core circadian clock genes also became arrhythmic in the rNAD-ME1 line,

28 The expression of 5 known circadian clock genes and 19 additional ion channel genes plausibl

29 articular, GEMIN2 controls the AS of several clock genes and attenuates the effects of temperature on

30 C57BL6J mice upon rhythmic transcription of clock genes and diurnal variation in vascular and metabo

31 m rhythmically expresses molecular circadian clock genes and genes controlling serotonin biosynthesis

32 ship between diurnal regulation of circadian clock genes and histone modifications in Arabidopsis.

33 nteric ILC3s display circadian expression of clock genes and ILC3-related transcription factors.

34 h attenuation of rhythmic expression of core clock genes and impaired phase resetting of circadian cl

35 Chrono KO also alters the expression of core clock genes and impairs the response of the circadian cl

36 d inhibition of high amplitude expression of clock genes and modulates the TNF-induced cytokine respo

37 of FBXW7 alters circadian expression of core clock genes and perturbs whole-body lipid and glucose le

38 tudies which have investigated the effect of clock genes and proteins on Myc transcription and MYC pr

39 human HFs and epidermal melanocytes express clock genes and proteins, and given that core clock gene

40 ll physiology through the regulation of core clock genes and proteins.

41 xpression phase and reduced the amplitude of clock genes and repressed the floral integrator gene FLO

42 xplained by phase differences in oscillating clock genes and suggest that variation in the molecular

43 the rhythmicity and phase coherence of core clock genes and the broader transcriptome after onset of

44 ar clocks revealed circadian oscillations of clock genes and their targets in all cell types, includi

45 mine whether gastric vagal afferents express clock genes and whether their response to mechanical sti

46 Expression profiles of circadian clock genes are abnormal in well-differentiated thyroid

47 The rhythms in the expression of circadian clock genes are affected by calorie restriction (CR), a

48 Clock genes are transcriptional regulators engaged in th

49 ed in control of phototropic growth, but not clock genes, are differentially expressed on the opposit

50 lated the expression of several morning core clock genes as early as 1 h post-infection, including al

51 ng and identified diurnal expression of core clock genes as well as clock-controlled genes in both si

52 nction, we found a strong enrichment in core clock genes, as well as an increased nuclear to total mR

53 ate biological systems such as the GRIK2 and CLOCK genes, as well as the extracellular signal-related

54 Genetic ablation of the clock gene Bmal1 (also called Arntl or MOP3) in bronchio

55 n, we genetically targeted the key circadian clock gene Bmal1 (also known as Arntl) in a lineage-spec

56 rrying a conditional allele of the circadian clock gene Bmal1 and expressing Cre recombinase under th

57 Loss of the core clock gene Bmal1 in leukocytes, endothelial cells, or ar

58 Whole-body knockout of the circadian clock gene Bmal1 in mice affects several aspects of slee

59 NA to knock down expression of the essential clock gene Bmal1 into the brain's master circadian pacem

60 The circadian clock gene Bmal1 is required to control the timing of re

61 Ablating the essential clock gene Bmal1 specifically in SCN astrocytes lengthen

62 ampened when DCs deficient for the essential clock gene Bmal1 were used and abolished in mice with a

63 smoke (CS) modulates expression of the core clock gene BMAL1, through Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) deacetylase d

64 ia AdipoR1-mediated upregulation of the core clock gene Bmal1.

65 top-ranked rhythmic genes were the canonical clock genes BMAL1(ARNTL), PER1-2-3, NR1D1(REV-ERBa), DBP

66 ve used mice with mutations in the essential clock genes Bmal1, Cry1, and Cry2 to gain further insigh

67 The central circadian clock genes, BMAL1/CLOCK (NPAS2), bind to Enhancer Boxes

68 ow that the protein encoded by the circadian clock gene brain and muscle arnt-like protein-1 (Bmal1)

69 ted to the ROR response element sites of the clock genes, brain and muscle Arnt-like protein 1 (Bmal1

70 epithalamic medial habenula (MHb) expresses clock genes, but little is known about the bioelectric p

71 ere genotyped for three polymorphisms of the CLOCK gene by TaqMan real-time PCR approach, in order to

72 a circadian pattern and regulated hepatocyte clock-genes by neutrophil elastase (NE) secretion.

73 Circadian clock genes can control the expression of key regulators

74 how pharmacological modulation of circadian clock genes can lead to new therapeutic options.

75 Plants that constitutively overexpress the clock gene CCA1 showed phase shifts in peak translation,

76 robed wild-type and mutants of the circadian clock genes CCA1, LHY, PRR7, and PRR9 following exposure

77 hat binds in vivo to the promoter of the key clock gene circadian clock-associated 1 (CCA1) and regul

78 , and we measured the rhythmic expression of clock genes, circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, lu

79 In this study, we examine expression of the clock genes Clock, Bmal, Per1, Per2, Cry1, and Cry2 in C

80 s in the gene and protein expression of core clock genes (CLOCK, BMAL1, and Period1) and clock-contro

81 the cornea, and the expression of main core clock genes (Clock, Bmal1, Per2, Cry1, and Rev-erbalpha)

82 of DVM, metabolism, and most core circadian clock genes (clock, period1, period2, timeless, cryptoch

83 its phase angle with the expression of core clock genes, Clock1 and Per1, are preserved in constant

84 d that mice with a mutation in the circadian Clock gene (ClockDelta19) exhibit rapid mood-cycling, wi

85 Mice with a mutation in the Clock gene (ClockDelta19) have been identified as a mode

86 ers experiencing a deregulation of circadian clock genes compared to a control group.

87 Here, we show that circadian clock genes control the onset of critical period plastic

88 therefore developed FLYGLOW, an assay using clock gene controlled luciferase expression detected by

89 inant coding variation in the core circadian clock gene CRY1, which creates a transcriptional inhibit

90 gous coding variations in the core circadian clock gene cryptochrome 1 in 15 unrelated multigeneratio

91 in response to light, we imaged period (per) clock gene cycling for up to 6 days at single-neuron res

92 In order to further accelerate clock gene discovery, we utilized a computer-assisted ap

93 Across tissues, clock gene disruption was associated with local inflamma

94 ues - the rapid induction of these circadian clock genes drives the resetting process.

95 Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) circadian clock genes EARLY FLOWERING3 (ELF3), ELF4, and LUX ARRHY

96 re all these regulatory interactions between clock genes equally crucial for the establishment and ma

97 e focus here is on three groups of circadian clock genes essential to clock function in Arabidopsis t

98 2 000 transcripts and observed that the core clock genes, essential for controlling virtually all rhy

99 nd regulates transcription of core circadian clock genes even in the absence of pathogen challenge.

100 suggest deregulated expressions of circadian clock genes exist in GC and circadian rhythm disturbance

101 A clock gene expressed in skeletal muscle plays a bigger r

102 These changes are likely controlled by clock genes expressed in the intestine that are probably

103 of serum cortisol, melatonin, and peripheral clock gene expression (Bmal1, Per2, and Rev-Erbalpha).

104 Clock gene expression analysis shows that the underlying

105 Because astrocytes have persistent circadian clock gene expression and ATP release in vitro [5-8], we

106 strocytic clocks achieve this by reinstating clock gene expression and circadian function of SCN neur

107 kedly impaired central and hepatic circadian clock gene expression and do not gain weight compared to

108 lts imply a high degree of causality between clock gene expression and one of the planet's largest da

109 osure (100-300 mg/m(3) particulates) altered clock gene expression and reduced locomotor activity by

110 ned with IAV infection altered the timing of clock gene expression and reduced locomotor activity in

111 acting in part through the NPC, alters core clock gene expression and/or mRNA accumulation in a way

112 rts display a circadian pattern of circadian clock gene expression but phase-shifted relative to rode

113 to a daily temporal program that depends on clock gene expression cycles in most mammalian cell type

114 s, there may be a circadian dysregulation in clock gene expression in a subgroup of MDDs.

115 the neuronal dual oscillator model in which clock gene expression in key cells generates the circadi

116 Consistent with disturbed hepatic clock gene expression in MLL4 mutant mice, we found that

117 BaP-induced Cyp1A1 and Cyp1B1 and molecular clock gene expression in mouse mammary glands.

118 However, rhythmic clock gene expression in other brain sites raises the po

119 Comparable studies of circadian clock gene expression in samples recovered from nonheart

120 We developed an imaging system to monitor clock gene expression in shoots and light- or dark-grown

121 ng infection, we measured diurnal rhythms of clock gene expression in the lung, locomotor activity, p

122 strocytes lengthened the circadian period of clock gene expression in the SCN and in locomotor behavi

123 cumulation were in phase coherence with core clock gene expression in vivo and in vitro.

124 onin and cortisol), plasma triglycerides, or clock gene expression in whole blood.

125 er they persist during acute illnesses where clock gene expression is disrupted by systemic inflammat

126 Rhythmic activation and repression of clock gene expression is essential for the eukaryotic ci

127 Finally, rhythmic clock gene expression is lost in Liver-RE mice under con

128 Rhythms of clock gene expression occur in brain regions that are ou

129 triction and blood pressure and suggest that clock gene expression outside of the SCN should be furth

130 donors show marked differences in circadian clock gene expression patterns, suggesting fundamental d

131 er examination reveals that spatial waves of clock gene expression propagate both within and between

132 rain to light-dark cycles, the phase of skin-clock gene expression remains synchronized to the light-

133 Dysregulation of clock gene expression results in diverse human pathologi

134 or axis, which results in traveling waves of clock gene expression sweeping in the unsegmented tissue

135 ayed the daily, dorsal-ventral phase wave in clock gene expression typical of the adult SCN.

136 Here we show that muscle core clock gene expression was similar after both interventio

137 CR-dependent effects on some clock gene expression were impaired in the liver of mice

138 F) mice display altered daily oscillation of clock gene expression with a concomitant change in the e

139 ake is coordinated to cellular metabolism by clock gene expression with a master clock in the suprach

140 ydrogen sulfide, directly modulate circadian clock gene expression within hepatocytes.

141 ent on network communication, likely because clock gene expression within these vulnerable sLNvs depe

142 IMQ transiently altered core clock gene expression, an effect mirrored in human patie

143 ee disparate applications, namely, circadian clock gene expression, corticoptropin levels in depresse

144 day resulted in differential changes of core clock gene expression, demonstrating an exercise and clo

145 temporal characteristics in core and noncore clock gene expression.

146 clock phase, likely through changes in core clock gene expression.

147 o ensure appropriate timing and amplitude of clock gene expression.

148 mino acid transport, without perturbing core clock gene expression.

149 hank3 is an important modulator of sleep and clock gene expression.

150 ut coordinated globally via spatial waves of clock gene expression.

151 circadian organization of mouse behavior and clock gene expression.

152 Thus, CIRBP adjusts cortical clock-gene expression after sleep deprivation and expedi

153 e mechanisms linking extended wakefulness to clock-gene expression are, however, not well understood.

154 driven and ii) necessary for high-amplitude clock-gene expression in vitro.

155 enuated sleep-deprivation-induced changes in clock-gene expression, and consequently to differ in the

156 Sleep depriving mice affects clock-gene expression, suggesting that these genes contr

157 show for the first time altered waveforms of clock gene expressions in all tissues in parallel with b

158 k of coupled circadian oscillators where the clock genes form a major hub.

159 lation of codons in the Neurospora circadian clock gene frequency (frq).

160 ting the Bmal1 (also known as Arntl or Mop3) clock gene from histaminergic cells removes this variati

161 In obesity, clock gene function and physiological rhythms were prese

162 ene expression caused by the perturbation of clock gene function can have large effects on the growth

163 bral redox homeostasis and connects impaired clock gene function to neurodegeneration.

164 and peripheral circadian rhythms, circadian clock gene function, and sleep in maintaining brain home

165 ck, indicative of a reactivation of abnormal clock gene function.

166 Further, peak expressions of clock genes generally occurred at either sunset or sunri

167 onomous circadian system, consisting of core clock genes, generates near 24-h rhythms and regulates t

168 old response to temperature in the circadian clock gene GIGANTEA-5 (GI5), suggesting that this gene h

169 examines the roles that alleles of circadian clock genes have played in domestication and improvement

170 can impact mood by noncircadian mechanisms; clock genes have pleiotropic, clock-independent function

171 ere, using two linked zebrafish segmentation clock genes, her1 and her7, and combining single-cell tr

172 eractions between SN and two other circadian clock genes, HIGH RESPONSE TO PHOTOPERIOD (HR) and DIE N

173 ) mouse lines with targeted deletions of the Clock gene in excitatory and parvalbumin (PV)-expressing

174 ing one of the first field investigations of clock genes in a marine species [5, 7], this study coupl

175 ings establish a role for the core circadian clock genes in AML.

176 ession and alternative splicing of some core clock genes in Arabidopsis lsm5 mutants, the precise mol

177 ith controls, the expression patterns of the clock genes in brain were significantly dysregulated.

178 cts the alternative splicing (AS) of several clock genes in fungi, plants, and flies, but the splicin

179 However, the expression of circadian clock genes in GC remains unexplored.

180 ythmicity was identified in five of six core clock genes in healthy controls, but none in critically

181 ny clear loss of rhythm in the expression of clock genes in ICCV 96029 grown under continuous light,

182 e and SD may act, in part, to reset abnormal clock genes in MDD to restore and stabilize circadian rh

183 metabolic circadian rhythms and adipose core clock genes in mice and characterization of 24-h circula

184 d the rhythms in the expression of circadian clock genes in mice on the mRNA and protein levels, sugg

185 te metabolic rhythms and adipose tissue core clock genes in mice.

186 thway and direct light-response elements for clock genes in murine skin, similar to pathways previous

187 chromatin (CRFH) is a conserved mechanism at clock genes in Neurospora, Drosophila, and mice.

188 further supports the involvement of several clock genes in photoperiodic responses.

189 ustrated the roles of environmental cues and clock genes in regulating ILC3 biology and consider the

190 ion of both drought responsive and circadian clock genes in soybean.

191 ION/PSEUDO RESPONSE REGULATOR family of core-clock genes in the afternoon and early night.

192 lvement and contribution of these peripheral clock genes in the circadian rhythm of blood pressure re

193 es about the physiological role of circadian clock genes in the circannual timer.

194 summarizes current knowledge of the roles of clock genes in the formation and maintenance of oral tis

195 nding decidual cells, but the involvement of clock genes in this process is incompletely understood.

196 the muscle followed the patterns of internal clock genes in this tissue, and coincided with enhanced

197 sequencing, we found minimal effects on core clock genes in Zfhx3(Sci/+) SCN, whereas the expression

198 Here we show that deletion of BMAL1, a core clock gene, in paraventricular hypothalamic (PVH) neuron

199 Specifically, there is downregulation of clock genes including Ciart, Per2, Npas4, Dbp, and Rorb

200 ld inducible RNA-binding proteins), and core clock genes including CLOCK and ARNTL (BMAL1).

201 strated by a damped oscillation of most core clock genes, including Arntl/Bmal1, suggesting that enfo

202 al repressor of multiple predicted circadian clock genes, including GmCCA1a, which directly upregulat

203 F4 binding motifs are identified in multiple clock genes, including Per2, Per3, Cry1, Cry2, and Clock

204 Pharmacological modulation of core clock genes is a new approach in cancer therapy.

205 s, it is unclear whether our current list of clock genes is exhaustive.

206 common rodent models of arrhythmia caused by clock gene knockouts or surgical ablation of the suprach

207 smitted via the expression level of a poplar clock gene, LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 2 (LHY2), which con

208 nd immunohistochemistry to estimate striatal clock gene levels and found that PER2 expression in the

209 Silencing expression of the core circadian clock gene, LHY/CCA1, allows light to strongly promote P

210 These rhythms are modulated by the clock gene machinery and its products.

211 dramatically effective suggests that altered clock gene machinery may represent a core pathophysiolog

212 ng recovery night sleep reactivates abnormal clock gene machinery, and that supplemental chronotherap

213 It is hypothesized that SDT resets abnormal clock gene machinery, that relapse of depressive symptom

214 a marine species [5, 7], this study couples clock gene measurements with laboratory and field data o

215 This provides evidence that peripheral core clock genes modulate human HF cycling and are an integra

216 Core clock gene mRNA oscillations remained mostly unaffected

217 In this study, we assessed whether Per2 clock gene-mutant mice exhibit a vascular phenotype simi

218 Specifically, clock gene mutations, exposure to artificial light-dark

219 nes TNF and TGFbeta impair the expression of clock genes, namely the period genes and the proline- an

220 t of CD34(+) cells revealed Per2 as the only clock gene necessary to maintain the undifferentiated st

221 at have not been shown before, expanding the clock gene networks that require LUX function.

222 the ratio of the relative expression of two clock genes, Nfil3 and Dbp, expressed in opposite phases

223 Also, expression of core clock genes or proteins is remarkably attenuated particu

224 Yet, the key molecular pathways linking clock genes or the circadian clock to insect photoperiod

225 ight/dark manipulations, global mutations of clock genes, or brain area lesions.

226 monstrate a developmental role for circadian clock genes outside the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which m

227 Here we demonstrate that the circadian clock gene P. hybrida LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY; PhL

228 ctions, multiple interactions involving core clock genes pdp1, tim, and vri displayed distinct change

229 149* and intronic miRNA-6883-5p encoding the clock gene PER1 in colorectal cancer patient samples.

230 nscription rhythms via induction of the core clock genes Per1 and 2.

231 ffect of a heat stimulus (39.5 degrees C) on clock gene (Per1 and Bmal1) expression in cultured murin

232 lock genes and proteins, and given that core clock genes (PER1, BMAL1) modulate human HF cycling, we

233 , the expression profiles of eight circadian clock genes (PER1, PER2, PER3, CRY1, CRY2, CKI, CLOCK, a

234 ulted in fine-tuning of all measured adrenal clock genes (Per1/2/3, Cry1/2, Bmal1, and Rev-erbalpha),

235 s-element in the promoter region of the core clock gene Per2.

236 variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) of the clock gene PER3 polymorphism.

237 ocks by regulating transcription of the core clock gene period (per).

238 CN neurons, auto-regulatory feedback on core clock genes Period (Per) and Cryptochrome (Cry) followin

239 tennae and brain of T. saltator and show the clock genes period and cryptochrome 2 are rhythmically e

240 hole-genome approaches suggest two circadian clock genes, period (per) and pigment-dispersing factor

241 ed by changes in expression of the canonical clock genes Period1 and Period2 (Per1 and Per2), as well

242 that DA-induced expression of core circadian clock genes Period1 and Period2 accompanied both phase a

243 hin the dorsal striatum, the daily rhythm of clock gene period2 expression was markedly suppressed in

244 dentified two rare variants in the circadian clock gene PERIOD3 (PER3-P415A/H417R) in humans with fam

245 Therefore, CLOCK gene polymorphisms let us hypothesize an involveme

246 challenged by the discovery that each of the clock genes present in the SCN is also expressed and fun

247 oxetine treatment across 7 days on circadian clock gene product expression across numerous brain regi

248 anscription, translation, and degradation of clock gene products, including timeless (tim), but how t

249 Circadian clock genes promote diurnal regulation of SDG2 and JMJ14

250 In an unbiased search of core clock gene promoters from 12 species of Drosophila, we d

251 LUX binds to clock gene promoters that have not been shown before, ex

252 ation of transcription from E-box-containing clock gene promoters within key pacemaker neurons.

253 circadian proteins with each other and with clock gene promoters.

254 associated with the regulation of circadian clock genes, providing the first cis-regulatory link bet

255 Core clock genes regulate tissue-specific transcriptome oscil

256 The Clock gene regulates diurnal plasma triglyceride fluctua

257 Our analysis of cellular circadian clock gene reporters further differentiated between the

258 Global deletion of Bmal1, a core clock gene, results in beta-cell dysfunction and diabete

259 lesterol-activated nuclear receptor and core clock gene retinoic acid-related orphan receptor alpha (

260 lon circadian 24-hour expression patterns of clock genes Rev-erbalpha and Bmal1 best discriminated th

261 ell lines with defined knockout mutations in clock genes, RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, and reporter gene assays

262 Genotype data for the selected 23 CLOCK gene SNPS was obtained by imputation with IMPUTE2

263 Most of the clock genes studied (Clock, Bmal1, and Per2) displayed a

264 l line U2OS, and demonstrated that essential clock genes such as Bmal1 and Per1 were knocked out so e

265 The liver expression of some circadian clock genes such as Bmal1 and three Periods (Per1, Per2

266 ce, is E-box dependent, and is in phase with clock genes, such as Per1 and Per2.

267 transcript abundance of many core circadian clock genes, suggesting that perturbing the only known l

268 EARLY FLOWERING3 (ELF3) is a circadian clock gene that contributes to photoperiod-dependent flo

269 ng parts of Drosophila period (dper), a core clock gene that encodes a critical component of the circ

270 Intracellular circadian clocks, composed of clock genes that act in transcription-translation feedba

271 Mutations in core clock genes that alter their stability or affinity for o

272 niloticus), the hippocampus shows rhythms of clock genes that are 180 degrees out of phase with those

273 es, researchers have characterized a set of "clock genes" that drive daily rhythms in physiology and

274 c under all conditions, including many known clock genes, the period of gene expression lengthened fr

275 ms by inhibiting expression of the important clock gene timeless (tim).

276 ergic coactivating role of evening-expressed clock genes to a repressive antagonistic function modula

277 lecules capable of resetting and stabilizing clock genes to evaluate if they can rapidly relieve symp

278 obiota regulates the expression of circadian-clock genes to impact host lipid metabolism and body com

279 ism that controls the oscillations of a core clock gene transcript.

280 The effect of PDF on clock gene transcription and the known role of PDF in en

281 rhythms are abolished by disrupting the key clock gene transcription factor Bmal1.

282 hythms were preserved in the vasculature but clock gene transcription in metabolic tissues and rhythm

283 protein (PER) is a well-studied repressor of clock gene transcription, and the per(S) protein (PERS)

284 zed mechanism for enhancing the amplitude of clock gene transcription.

285 ared with rodent hearts, the human circadian clock gene transcripts showed a similar temporal order o

286 The 5 known circadian clock gene transcripts showed a strong circadian express

287 es upregulation of LUX and also alters other clock gene transcripts.

288 e or arrhythmic expression of core circadian clock genes under cool ambient temperature cycles, but n

289 ver and highlight the functions of circadian clock genes under physiological and pathological conditi

290 In this work, CLOCK gene variants were associated with sleep duration

291 echanism is the repression of evening-phased clock genes via the binding of morning-phased Myb-like r

292 Among core clock genes, we identified Clock as a DENR target.

293 Core clock genes were analyzed for rhythmicity by cosinor fit

294 Several clock genes were disrupted in the early stages of cartil

295 Twenty-five miRNAs targeting clock genes were identified.

296 ed between the humanized mice, but circadian clock genes were not.

297 Circadian clock genes were overrepresented among the top markers.

298 Nearly all core circadian clock genes were up-regulated upon exposure to light dur

299 tion of transcripts, including the circadian clock genes, were rhythmic under both diets.

300 tivity regulates the expression of circadian clock genes within brain endothelial cells, which in tur