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1 ons (median of 1 more day than those without coinfection).
2  despite a paucity of evidence for bacterial coinfection.
3 lungs, irrespective of disease status or HIV coinfection.
4 iteria relating to coronavirus and bacterial coinfection.
5  interferes with wild-type RV replication in coinfection.
6 d HIV epidemic, but a lower burden of HIV/TB coinfection.
7 , mouse models, and samples from people with coinfection.
8  impaired monocyte function in helminth-LTBI coinfection.
9 e 1-6 infection, including patients with HIV coinfection.
10 odulate chemokine production in helminth-LTB coinfection.
11 of clinical outcomes in persons with HIV/HCV coinfection.
12 absence of compelling evidence for bacterial coinfection.
13 ines RANTES/CCL5 and PF4/CXCL4 were lower in coinfection.
14 reads by mNGS confirmed the presence of EBOV coinfection.
15 , and possibly does not require helper virus coinfection.
16 cerbated outcomes of influenza and S. aureus coinfection.
17 ibute to milder clinical presentation during coinfection.
18 n a model of lethal influenza virus and MRSA coinfection.
19 evels compared to children without bacterial coinfection.
20 ategies in patients with M. tuberculosis/HIV coinfection.
21 th and attrition among HIV patients with HBV coinfection.
22 out known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection.
23 icantly contribute to animal mortality after coinfection.
24 pirate fluid from children without bacterial coinfection.
25 rst compared with children without bacterial coinfection.
26 D3+CD8+ T cells, which is exacerbated by HIV coinfection.
27 th and attrition among HIV patients with HBV coinfection.
28 MRSA bacterial coinfection, and no bacterial coinfection.
29 ying KS pathogenesis induced by HIV and KSHV coinfection.
30  2.5 months postinfection and at the time of coinfection.
31 rly 1 in 10 patients with candidemia had CDI coinfection.
32 .0276), particularly in TB patients with HIV coinfection.
33 es in mosquitoes are only mildly affected by coinfection.
34  of both organisms to the bloodstream during coinfection.
35 A minority (15%) also had urethral chlamydia coinfection.
36 tients without evidence of tuberculosis (TB) coinfection.
37 en Brucella and Legionella during macrophage coinfection.
38 sity was more limited following heterologous coinfection.
39  leaf miner infestation, bleeding canker, or coinfection.
40 rase (ALT) overtime were examined in HIV-HBV coinfection.
41 s and in the presence of simulated Chlamydia coinfection.
42 d with HCV sustained viral response (SVR) in coinfection.
43 d the intracellular dynamics of VFs during a coinfection.
44 etection of bacteria in a sample imitating a coinfection.
45 lation of 5 x 10(7) CFU M. muris 24 h before coinfection.
46 ssociation with respiratory bacterial/fungal coinfection.
47  more than one type of virus, thus emulating coinfection.
48 tion following simian immunodeficiency virus coinfection.
49  exists between tuberculosis risk and herpes coinfection.
50 b-infected) individuals with and without HIV coinfection.
51 omen reporting drug use and with hepatitis C coinfection.
52 tcomes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection.
53  profiles is critically important in HIV-HBV coinfection.
54  in vivo, in models of lung and subcutaneous coinfection.
55 irus (EBV) and Plasmodium falciparum malaria coinfections.
56 ted to investigate probabilistic outcomes of coinfections.
57 1169 infants were tested for the presence of coinfections.
58 amoeba keratitis, as well as in Acanthamoeba coinfections.
59 mune response that may affect the outcome of coinfections.
60 h non-MRSA (N = 61) or no (N = 79) bacterial coinfections.
61 bout the occurrence and consequences of such coinfections.
62 indow for genome reassortment from same-cell coinfections.
63  infection can affect host susceptibility to coinfections.
64 diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of such coinfections.
65                    mNGS also identified both coinfections (1, 2.2%) and alternative viral infections
66 : 57 with HCV monoinfection, 70 with HIV/HCV coinfection, 122 with HIV monoinfection, and 107 with ne
67 nfection (human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] coinfection = 150) and in a subset of 85 men with testos
68                     One patient (7%) had HIV coinfection, 5 (36%) had diabetes mellitus, and 5/14 (36
69  did not identify or report bacterial/fungal coinfection (85/140; 61%).
70        Populations supporting high levels of coinfection -a prerequisite of sex - result in hotspots
71      Blood CD16+ monocytes were decreased in coinfection after HCV treatment.
72              Pathogen populations supporting coinfection also have a higher probability of surviving
73                                     However, coinfections, also called polymicrobial infections or se
74 apparent approximately 60% prevalence of HDV coinfection among these HBV-infected Mongolian subjects,
75 cal illness and is associated with bacterial coinfection and adverse outcomes.
76 al model for systematic evaluation of TB/SIV coinfection and different treatment regimens and strateg
77 e mammalian immune system, especially during coinfection and during coevolution with manipulative par
78                                      HIV/HCV coinfection and elevated interleukin (IL)-18 levels are
79 ts and by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection and IFNL4 genotype.
80 xic CD4 T cells contribute to CVD in HIV/CMV coinfection and in atherosclerosis via CX3CR1-mediated t
81 t also enhances C. albicans pathogenicity in coinfection and induces extrusion of the swimbladder.
82 te interferon genes MX1, IFI27, and CD169 in coinfection and MX1, LGALS3BP, and TNFAIP6 in HCV monoin
83 but there was no association between HIV/HCV coinfection and prevalent PH.
84 ected) macaques to model M. tuberculosis/HIV coinfection and study the impact of ART on TB reactivati
85 increased bacterial load associated with hRV coinfection and thereby to prevent secondary NTHI-induce
86 ummary, the consistent and robust signal for coinfections and comorbidities highlights the strong int
87            Our results confirm mansonellosis coinfections and have important implications for the dis
88 erbating factors, such as bacterial or viral coinfections and immunosuppression (corticosteroids).
89 y-nine "core" genes were required across all coinfections and included genes necessary for aerobic re
90 understand the dynamics of respiratory viral coinfections and their impact on the severity of the ill
91 en with MRSA coinfection, non-MRSA bacterial coinfection, and no bacterial coinfection.
92 mmunological stage at ART start, hepatitis B coinfection, and residing in Thailand (all P <= .03).
93 V transmission, but not in presence of HIV-1 coinfection, and suggest that the mechanism of vertical
94  immunodeficiency virus or hepatitis B virus coinfection, and those treated with both PEG/RBV and DAA
95 d others at several sites, and rates of DFT1 coinfection are high.
96 ency virus (HIV) and cryptococcal meningitis coinfection are ill defined.
97                               Virus-bacteria coinfections are associated with more severe exacerbatio
98                                              Coinfections are increasingly recognized as important dr
99                                              Coinfections are more common than is often appreciated.
100                                 Acanthamoeba coinfections are much more frequent and are not restrict
101                                              Coinfections are not rare events during periods of inten
102               In this study, we identify CMV coinfection as a major driver of the cytotoxic phenotype
103 uction of CXCL1 in response to HRV-bacterial coinfection as well as neutrophil chemotaxis.
104 us reassortment, including the likelihood of coinfection at the host and cellular levels, mixing and
105 tion time series at the population scale and coinfections at the individual host scale.
106     In this review, we focus specifically on coinfections between viruses and other viruses, bacteria
107                    Hepatitis C virus cure in coinfection brings monocyte activation to levels of HIV
108 ome in HIV-infected patients with active HCV coinfection, but information after SVR is lacking.
109 immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with active HCV coinfection, but information after SVR is lacking.
110 alence to calculate precontrol prevalence of coinfection by 5 km2 x 5 km2 pixel, distinguishing diffe
111                                              coinfection by HTLV-1 is associated with shorter surviva
112 so observed a remarkable frequency of nodule coinfection by rhizobia, with mixed occupancy identified
113 ess the effects of airway insults, including coinfections by recognized respiratory pathogens.
114 antivirals (DAAs) in hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection can result in HBV reactivation.
115         Using data from the Canadian HIV-HCV Coinfection Cohort, we applied a difference-in-differenc
116 d IL-10, was also significantly increased by coinfection compared with M. tuberculosis single infecti
117 populations, including patients with HIV/HCV coinfection, decompensated cirrhosis, liver and kidney t
118 3 [1.4%]; and FLAV, 20 [2.1%]) and 23 (2.4%) coinfections (DENV/CHIKV, 13 [1.4%]; CHIKV/FLAV, 9 [0.9%
119 nfluenza and methicillin-resistant S. aureus coinfection, despite a delay in viral clearance.
120 essive effects of TH2 cytokines, whereas HBV coinfection did not alter schistosome pathogenicity.
121 reased from 49.3% to 60.6% in the absence of coinfections (difference, 11.3%; 95% confidence interval
122                               Moreover, LASV coinfection diminished the accumulation of dsRNA and the
123                     Individuals with HIV/HCV coinfection displayed a higher PASP than uninfected indi
124 varicella-zoster virus and Toxoplasma gondii coinfection documented by polymerase chain reaction anal
125                                        Thus, coinfections dominate later replication cycles, masking
126 re reported as experiencing bacterial/fungal coinfection during hospital admission.
127                                     Thus the coinfection dynamics predicted by the ODE might be diffi
128                            S. pneumoniae-PR8 coinfection elicited a robust IL-17A response in the nas
129                  Through a series of in vivo coinfection experiments, this study evaluated the impact
130 actinomycetemcomitans genome is required for coinfection fitness.
131  predicted prevalence of both infections and coinfection for 2015 and 2025, accounting for the impact
132                              Among PLWH, HCV coinfection ([Formula: see text]=1.47, 95% CI 0.26, 2.67
133 ng status, hepatitis C and hepatitis B virus coinfection, group of exposure, nadir CD4 count, CD4:CD8
134                       About 30% with HIV-HBV coinfection had FLD including 10% with steatohepatitis.
135                                Those with TB coinfection had significantly poorer performance on groo
136 he airway fluid from children with bacterial coinfections had higher levels of neutrophil elastase ac
137 modulate monocyte responses in helminth-LTBI coinfection has not been fully explored.
138 Our findings highlight the importance of HIV coinfection, high preexisting rates of drug-resistant TB
139 d without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection; however, in the ION-4 study, black patients
140 diversity was observed among progeny of both coinfections; however, diversity was more limited follow
141 HR, 2.22), alcohol use (HR, 2.02), and viral coinfection (HR, 1.37) (all P < 0.0001).
142 n by both HIV and HCV.SummaryHCV cure in HIV coinfection improves monocyte and plasma activation mark
143 ransmitting both Pf and Pv, leading to Pf/Pv coinfection in 21% of infected mosquitoes.
144 varicella-zoster virus and Toxoplasma gondii coinfection in a male patient in Bogota, Colombia.
145 actinomycetemcomitans change during pairwise coinfection in a murine abscess with each of 15 microbes
146  with COVID-19, as well as the role of viral coinfection in COVID-19 disease severity.
147                                Despite HIV-1 coinfection in epidemic KS, nAb titers were similar betw
148         We also detected a human coronavirus coinfection in one clinical sample.
149 rent literature surrounding bacterial/fungal coinfection in patients with coronavirus infection.
150 d without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection in Seattle, Washington.
151 ations for understanding the pathogenesis of coinfection in ZIKV and DENV endemic regions, and is the
152                                  We detected coinfections in cases of severe rotavirus diarrhea in a
153                            Susceptibility to coinfections in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infec
154                                    Bacterial coinfections in rotavirus-positive diarrhea were associa
155 oV-2 RT-PCR-negative PUIs (n = 30) and viral coinfections in SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR-positive PUIs (n = 45)
156 standing of alternative viral infections and coinfections in these patients.
157 ficiency virus (HIV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection increases cognitive impairment.
158 (Mtb) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection increases mortality, accelerates progression
159 ynx (NP) colonization density during a viral coinfection initiates pathogenesis.
160                                      Loiasis coinfection is a major concern for onchocerciasis elimin
161                               Influenza-MRSA coinfection is associated with high fatality in critical
162                 We determine whether HIV/HCV coinfection is associated with higher pulmonary artery s
163 .HIV/human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type 1 coinfection is believed to decrease survival of coinfect
164  type 1 (HTLV-1) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection is high in certain Indigenous Australian pop
165 cute genotype 1 or 4 HCV infection and HIV-1 coinfection is similar to historic rates with interferon
166                                          HIV coinfection is the greatest risk factor for transition o
167                                 Anticipating coinfections is necessary for establishing a diagnosis a
168                               Accounting for coinfections led to an 11.3% increase in the VE estimate
169                              Although TB-NTM coinfection may have been underdiagnosed, our results su
170 these findings introduce a model for how EBV coinfection may influence HPV-positive (HPV-pos) OSCC pa
171                  We conclude that HTLV-1/HBV coinfection may predispose to HTLV-1-associated malignan
172 were lower with human immunodeficiency virus coinfection (median, 1.6 vs 4.6 ug/mL; P = .015).
173  more days than term infants) and cases with coinfections (median of 1 more day than those without co
174     This CTMC model is based on our previous coinfection model, expressed in terms of a system of ord
175  also had reduced S. pneumoniae disease in a coinfection model.
176 hout TB or other microbiologically confirmed coinfections (n = 159).
177 courses, and therapies in children with MRSA coinfection, non-MRSA bacterial coinfection, and no bact
178           Among people with HCV, neither HIV coinfection nor HCV biomarkers were associated with PASP
179                                              Coinfection occurred in 13.5% of patients.
180                              Bacterial-viral coinfection occurred in 9.1% (28/307).
181   Our findings indicate that influenza virus coinfection occurs more often than previously reported a
182         We show that EBV supports an optimal coinfection of 2.5% of peripheral B cells by KSHV.
183 ees secondary to anterior uveitis due to the coinfection of a virus and a parasite.
184             In France, a frequent pattern of coinfection of C. briggsae by the Santeuil virus and Le
185                                              Coinfection of DCs reduced proliferation of M. tuberculo
186 ited by other herpesviruses and the frequent coinfection of HIV-positive individuals by KSHV, we soug
187 a, dengue, and Zika viruses, has resulted in coinfection of humans with multiple viruses.
188                             Remarkably, LCMV coinfection of mice that had healed from L. guyanensis i
189  cervical cancer that frequently occurs as a coinfection of types and subtypes.
190 se the same bat vector species and potential coinfections of these or subsequent hosts may alter the
191  A total of 306 participants (62% with HIV-1 coinfection, of whom 71% received antiretroviral therapy
192 nts with and without hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Zambia.
193                Here, we review the impact of coinfection on clinical disease in humans, discuss the p
194 effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection on diagnostic performance.
195                                The impact of coinfection on the ability of relevant vector species to
196 characteristics, and estimated the impact of coinfections on rotavirus VE using a test-negative desig
197 e of bacterial coinfection (P = .01), fungal coinfection (P < .01), decreased body mass index (P = .0
198                        Presence of bacterial coinfection (P = .01), fungal coinfection (P < .01), dec
199  nontuberculous mycobacteria responsible for coinfections particularly in patients with human immunod
200  contribution of enhanced urease activity to coinfection pathogenesis, and screened for enhanced urea
201                               During HIV/HCV coinfection, plasma immune activation marker heterogenei
202 ion in neonates with cCMV indicates that CMV coinfection plays a major role in the residual burden of
203                        In contrast, in other coinfections, predominately with nonoral species, A. act
204 er BMI, IV drug use, lower baseline CD4, HCV coinfection, prior osteonecrosis, prior fracture, cardio
205                We report that dengue and HIV coinfection progress with reduced inflammation and milde
206 illness complicated by group A Streptococcus coinfection, progressing to acute respiratory distress s
207 illness complicated by group A Streptococcus coinfection, progressing to ARDS and shock.
208 risk, likely due to high human herpesvirus 8 coinfection rates.
209                        Patients with HIV/HBV coinfection receiving the ART containing TDF had signifi
210  and other coronavirus) and bacterial/fungal coinfection reported in English, Mandarin, or Italian we
211                                         This coinfection requires 1 or more transforming genes of EBV
212                                      HIV/HCV coinfection results in significantly elevated serum IL-1
213 nced fibrosis, who achieve SVR with DAA, HIV-coinfection seems to be associated with a lower risk of
214 th suspected ZIKV infection for dengue virus coinfection should be considered in dengue-endemic count
215  aspirate fluid from children with bacterial coinfection showed decreased respiratory burst and killi
216                                          HIV coinfection significantly increased T cell numbers (P =
217               To systematically test whether coinfections spread along the HIV-1 transmission network
218                            Stratified by HBV coinfection status (hepatitis B surface antigen positive
219 nd inflammatory outcomes were similar by HIV-coinfection status.
220                                              Coinfection studies were conducted using a strain of Lis
221                            Importantly, when coinfection studies were conducted with a RavZ-deficient
222 ork suggests that immune responses to common coinfections, such as herpesviruses, may sustain HIV tis
223  without ribavirin in persons with HCV-1/HIV coinfection suppressed with antiretroviral therapy.
224                                HRV-bacterial coinfections synergistically induced IL-17C expression.
225 , mNGS detected seven subsequently confirmed coinfections that were not initially requested by qPCR.
226 ing, we reveal the presence of mansonellosis coinfections that were undetectable by standard diagnost
227 aphic findings, hospitalization rates, viral coinfections, the mean duration of antimicrobial treatme
228       HDV requires a hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection to provide HDV with HBV surface antigen enve
229 e did not identify a major contribution from coinfections to these deaths.
230             Data describing bacterial/fungal coinfections, treatments, and outcomes were extracted.
231         We sought to describe candidemia-CDI coinfection using population-based surveillance data.
232 , and is the 1(st) report of an experimental coinfection using the rhesus macaque model for ZIKV and
233 tric case, with picornavirus and influenza A coinfection, visited 3 different schools while symptomat
234 atening disease in RSV-ADV and RSV-influenza coinfection warrants further study.
235                                         STOP-Coinfection was a multicenter prospective and retrospect
236                                              Coinfection was accompanied by an increase in the propor
237 ciated with elevated CXCL10 and tuberculosis coinfection was associated with elevated soluble CD14.
238                                           TB coinfection was associated with poorer neuropsychologica
239 e of the IL-17A response in colonization and coinfection was investigated in WT, RoRgammat-/- and RAG
240 erans referred for echocardiography, HIV/HCV coinfection was not associated with a clinically signifi
241 prescribing in SARS-CoV-2 even in absence of coinfection was performed.
242     For non-COVID-19 cases, bacterial/fungal coinfection was reported in 89/815 (11%) of patients.
243      Compared with 76 monoinfected patients, coinfection was significantly associated with cardiopath
244  serogroup B (aRRR 2.7, 95% CI 1.1-6.3); HIV coinfection was twice as common with W and Y diseases (a
245 rmation on VF trafficking during dsRNA virus coinfection, we rescued two recombinant infectious bursa
246 female sex, and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection were associated with VLVL.
247 g 244 pregnancies, 4 twin gestations without coinfection were identified.
248 ghteen full texts reporting bacterial/fungal coinfection were included.
249                                     Multiple coinfections were commonly detected.
250 s available for additional testing, no viral coinfections were identified.
251 oV outbreaks did not occur concurrently, and coinfections were not reported.
252  IL-15) were found to be elevated in HIV/HCV coinfection when compared to both monoinfections.
253 tal) were Plasmodium ovale monoinfections or coinfections where P. ovale was the dominant species.
254  with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/HCV coinfection who are at high risk for liver disease progr
255                 Solving the mystery of virus coinfections will reveal whether they should be viewed a
256 titis media was modeled in BALB/c mice using coinfection with 1 x 10(4.5) PFU of influenza A virus ME
257 of dual influenza virus infection, including coinfection with 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus (
258 us, and productive AAV2 replication requires coinfection with a helper virus (e.g., adenovirus or her
259    Correspondingly, there is no evidence for coinfection with an HBV-related hepadnavirus based on vi
260 iae, and its transition to a pathogen during coinfection with an influenza virus, influenza A H1N1 A/
261                                          RSV coinfection with any respiratory virus is not associated
262              We observed a high frequency of coinfection with both EBV types over time, with the only
263 gal infection in nine patients (6.7%), and a coinfection with both pathogens in eight patients (5.0%)
264 l of polymicrobial IAI and demonstrated that coinfection with Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aur
265                                              Coinfection with CT may potentiate the oncogenic capabil
266 g similar proportions of people with HIV/HCV coinfection with DAAs at random.
267 disease control and should consider possible coinfection with different viruses, which can be associa
268                                              Coinfection with E. tenella resulted in a significant in
269 survival defects of H. parainfluenzae during coinfection with H. influenzae are topics for future wor
270                      The results showed that coinfection with H. influenzae promoted clearance of H.
271 e in patients at different stages of chronic coinfection with hepatitis B virus (HBV).
272               Further, the authors show that coinfection with HIV enhanced such CD3+ CD8+ T cell lumi
273 es were compared to those obtained following coinfection with homologous, genetically tagged, pH1N1 v
274                                              Coinfection with human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type 1
275  that it is not a redundant bystander during coinfection with influenza A virus.
276                                              Coinfection with influenza virus and methicillin-resista
277 h IL-17A reduces S. pneumoniae colonization, coinfection with influenza virus elicits a robust innate
278                                     A likely coinfection with influenza was neither linked to a more
279 anscriptional responses to monoinfection and coinfection with M. gallisepticum and LPAIV highlighted
280 versity present in some samples is caused by coinfection with multiple distinct strains and provide r
281 riven by the presence of HIV, in addition to coinfection with oncogenic viruses.
282              We previously demonstrated that coinfection with P. mirabilis and P. stuartii increased
283                                       During coinfection with PBG98-VP1-GFP11 and PBG98-VP1-TC viruse
284                                Their role in coinfection with respiratory viruses is not clear.
285 ent Candida spp infections had high rates of coinfection with sexually transmitted infections (24.4%-
286                                 Furthermore, coinfection with some microbes, predominately sympatric
287 In this study, we investigated the impact of coinfection with T. gondii on the innate virus-directed
288 ubjects with HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection with the CCR5 delta-32 allele.
289         Global deficit score improved 25% in coinfection with the visual learning/memory domain the m
290 ow-fidelity variants retained fitness during coinfection with the wild-type virus.
291 ion about the occurrence and consequences of coinfection with these pathogens across age-classes of a
292   Taken together, these results suggest that coinfection with these viruses could lead to the generat
293  differentially expressed genes suggest that coinfection with virulent M. gallisepticum and LPAIV ind
294 ication, and an interfering phenotype during coinfection with wild-type rotavirus, indicating the imp
295 es in cancer risk are not distinguishable in coinfections with current typing methods.
296  a longer duration of diarrhea and protozoal coinfections with increased odds of hospitalization.
297                      Results of heterologous coinfections with pH1N1 and H3N2 viruses were compared t
298                                         CARV coinfections with SARS-CoV-2 occurred in 1.8%.
299                 The TBP panel detected three coinfections, with two of Babesia microti and A. phagocy
300 , an 11.3% decrease in VE due to presence of coinfections would explain an important fraction of the

 
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