ライフサイエンスコーパス: concentration

1 f 1/150 U/mg, regardless the initial protein concentration.

2 data points of measured groundwater arsenic concentration.

3 te sensitivity of glycosyltransferases to Mn concentration.

4 easure the antibody-conjugated drug (acDrug) concentration.

5 sates that do not exhibit a fixed saturation concentration.

6 er a broad range of physiologically relevant concentrations.

7 y 20% of in vivo urinary bladder radiotracer concentrations.

8 PIM3 at clinically achievable, submicromolar concentrations.

9 it experiences changes in morphology and ion concentrations.

10 es experiments with lower, relevant particle concentrations.

11 assay can be used for an estimation of drug concentrations.

12 weeks of dynamic methane, oxygen and nitrate concentrations.

13 s to the biocide triclosan across a range of concentrations.

14 riparian zone, is limiting base flow nitrate concentrations.

15 d/ionized form, considering similar membrane concentrations.

16 count than men with the lowest serum Klotho concentrations.

17 relationship between AT pO2 and plasma BCAA concentrations.

18 sing receptor (CaSR) regulates serum calcium concentrations.

19 2 d posttreatment compared with pretreatment concentrations.

20 n occurring in those with the lowest initial concentrations.

21 clozapine and olanzapine at supratherapeutic concentrations.

22 enge for estimating representative long-term concentrations.

23 response to a rise in intracellular free RNA concentrations.

24 markable amplification of efficiency at high concentrations.

25 llow the determination of endogenous protein concentrations.

26 tions of lower force (0.3 pN) and lower salt concentration (0.2 M NaCl), we find that plectoneme pinn

27 murine cementoblasts were exposed to various concentrations (0, 10(-6) , 10(-5) , 10(-4) , 10(-3) , 1

28 showed that high pH values (9.9) and low DOC concentration (11 mg/L(-)) would maximize triclosan phot

29 (80% interquantile of time-weighted average concentration: 250-4800 ng/L), carbamazepine (33-910 ng/

30 ppm) and projected future atmospheric CO(2) concentrations (800 ppm).

31 for meteorology, traffic, and sulfur dioxide concentrations (a marker of secondary particle formation

32 was extended to reflect mixture toxicity via concentration addition.

33 ) with log-transformed FGF21 and FGF23 serum concentrations adjusted for age, sex and principal compo

34 ase may be caused by the reduced haemoglobin concentration after long-duration spaceflight.

35 High nutrient concentrations allowed the bacteria to strongly alter th

36 ProVA CAR in carrots with the highest concentrations also proved to be more bioaccessible (p <

37 increased loads, similar to increased motor concentrations, also exponentially decreased the motors'

38 c ((13)C)-molar percent enrichment (MPE) and concentration and (ii) determine whether glucose availab

39 the efficiency is limited by increased salt concentration and accumulation.

40 strong effect of extraction conditions on OM concentration and composition and related dissolved Zn s

41 ake, could raise the extracellular adenosine concentration and dampen chronic inflammation associated

42 n in Coil was correlated to the phospholipid concentration and reached a maximum value of 1 298 mug/g

43 the redox behaviour of the new compound with concentration and scan rate dependant irreversible behav

44 Disease) were evaluated for serum SEVs size, concentration and screened for 95 oncomirs.

45 opant to modulate the oxygen vacancy (V(O) ) concentration and Ti(3+) formation, which markedly impro

46 LK-DFBA allows for calculation of metabolite concentrations and considers metabolite-dependent regula

47 owing the storm and measured tissue nutrient concentrations and deltaN(15).

48 pre-existing influenza-specific salivary IgA concentrations and tonsillar TFH-cell responses, and a p

49 ing solvent, substrate temperature, particle concentration, and assembly time is investigated.

50 the curve accumulation, time of maximum drug concentration, and in situ partition ratios.

51 al iron content depends on the external iron concentration, and reaches a maximum value of ~10(-6) ng

52 absorption can be tuned by changing the CNT concentration, and the material thickness.

53 (PNC), length (PLC), and surface area (PSC) concentrations, and myocardial infarction (MI) at an hou

54 membrane Na(+)-K(+) pump should lower Na(+) concentrations, and the beta3 adrenoceptor (beta3 AR) me

55 cerebral blood flow, cerebral neurochemical concentrations, and white matter integrity.

56 The DNA-AuNPs can bind to GO in a concentration- and time-dependent manner.

57 In bulk electrolyte, alkalinity and CO(2) concentration are inversely correlated to each other as

58 ly, (2) lower C15:0 dietary intake and blood concentrations are associated with higher mortality and

59 Total organic carbon (TOC) mass concentrations are decreasing across the contiguous Unit

60 mifusion; however, significantly higher Syt1 concentrations are required.

61 inhibit authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection at a concentration as low as 0.007 micrograms per milliliter.

62 ow molecular weight (11 kDa and 17 kDa) at a concentration as low as 1 ppm.

63 hibits over 90% of TRPM2 channel currents at concentrations as low as 2 muM.

64 into the mid-twenties, with diminished iron concentration associated with poorer cognitive ability d

65 We measured maternal plasma phospholipid FA concentration at preconception (on average 4 mo before p

66 cate more deprivation) and a racial index of concentration at the extreme (ICE) (range [-1, 1]; lower

67 e peptidase inhibitor Kunitz type-1 (SPINT1) concentrations at 36 weeks' gestation and low birthweigh

68 he curve over 24 hours to minimum inhibitory concentration (AUC/MIC).

69 s into sub-populations, each with sparser MB concentration, based on spatiotemporal differences in th

70 in the change from baseline in the CSF SOD1 concentration between the tofersen groups and the placeb

71 ased not only on traditional measurements of concentration but also on quantitative evaluation of aut

72 ugrel, which led to higher active metabolite concentration but not greater IPA compared with integral

73 meat intake, has been shown to influence AC concentrations but data on the effect of meat consumptio

74 proportion of participants who achieved this concentration by week 96, assessed in all participants w

75 SICE is shown to enhance chlorophyll concentrations by up to 56% relative to oceanic conditio

76 d World Health Organization interim critical concentrations (CCs) for categorizing clinical Mycobacte

77 nd emission control policies on this PM(2.5) concentration change.

78 lucagon and a decrease in the plasma insulin concentration compared with placebo.

79 taxel was found to be effective at nanomolar concentrations, complement therapy with temozolomide, an

80 with the pH, temperature, and the ferric ion concentration, consistent with previous bulk-scale studi

81 n flours (Rojo Brillante and Triumph) at low concentrations could be used to develop spaghetti with m

82 uding the importance of enzyme and substrate concentrations, covariation of magnesium and nucleoside

83 As the analyte concentration decreased, the signal-to-noise ratio of th

84 terrestrial carbon flux on atmospheric CO(2) concentrations (DeltaCO(2) ) is estimated from the diffe

85 iments, isotopic evidence and increased cell concentrations demonstrate the activity of acetate-degra

86 lectron-induced reduction was revealed to be concentration-dependent interfacial chemistry that only

87 uzi amastigotes in infected macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner and demonstrated activity

88 M domain binds to membranes in a cholesterol concentration-dependent manner and that the binding is f

89 Measured aerosol concentration did not significantly increase with the us

90 lipids, 95% showed significant age-dependent concentration differences clustering into four temporal

91 Concentration distributions of indicator compounds were

92 orants are dispersed by currents that create concentration distributions that are spatially and tempo

93 ntitative PCR and measurement of fluorescein concentrations (doped into the nebulized aerosol) reveal

94 In the 9th week, the ammonia concentration dropped to 16.5 mg/L.

95 it quality and maintained higher anthocyanin concentration due to higher phenylalanine ammonia-lyase

96 eriods of decreased global atmospheric CO(2) concentration during the LGM, confirming the conclusions

97 ted with large shifts in proton and chloride concentrations during the synaptic vesicle cycle to ensu

98 perconcentrated electrolytes, localized high-concentration electrolytes, and highly fluorinated elect

99 'Taller' particles realized with higher PLGA concentrations encapsulated more drug reaching on averag

100 teractions that go beyond simply providing a concentration-enhancing surface.

101 wed that although in vitro derived effective concentrations exceeded the levels measured in the gener

102 s work, we recorded real-time sweat chloride concentration for 12 healthy subjects in three different

103 Sums of 4HAAs concentrations for different grilled meat samples were 2

104 icients, we calculate steady-state gas phase concentrations for plasticizers in equilibrium with the

105 nvironmental diffusion, but implies that the concentration formation processes in stream water have b

106 nd ZnO@Py showed good linearity to histidine concentration from 2.49 to 24.4 muM and 7.44 to 47.6 muM

107 Geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) to TT, PT, PCV serotypes, and vari

108 Parallel (multichip) screening of ferric ion concentration gradients (0-40 mM) and temperature (23-75

109 ly, mass-transport limitations lead to large concentration gradients in the solution-phase and subseq

110 H1/stalk IgG concentration >=215 AU/mL was associated with 90% lower

111 (210)Pb concentrations >= 1.0 pCi/L occurred most frequently whe

112 etric coassembly of CATCH(+) and CATCH(-) at concentrations >=100 muM.

113 relatively high force (>2 pN) and high salt concentration (>0.5 M NaCl).

114 Accordingly, decreased oxygen concentration (hypoxia) is a major stressor that general

115 mates in the reported effect estimate at low concentrations (i.e., concentrations lower than the annu

116 trolled mixing of waters with different salt concentrations (i.e., salinity gradient energy) can theo

117 asmodium falciparum (half maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50] = 1-2 uM), suggesting that BCH070 a

118 lls were attracted to regions of high indole concentration if they had previously adapted to indole b

119 mg/kg, providing therapeutic-level antibody concentrations), immediately followed by approximately 4

120 in satellite estimated cloud droplet number concentration implies preindustrial aerosol concentratio

121 All wines showed a significant higher concentration in 4-vinylguaiacol, acetovanillone, and 3-

122 ver, the normative development of brain iron concentration in adolescence and its relationship to cog

123 are currently limited for quantifying ribose concentration in complex biological samples.

124 to experimental data to describe changes in concentration in cowpea seed during two germination phas

125 MMP-8 concentration in GCF was associated with GDM (RR: 1.19;

126 f C. rodentium infection, increased arginine concentration in the colon correlated with down-regulati

127 portance as a measure to mitigate acrylamide concentration in wheat-based products.

128 Soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration in WSA(0.106-0.25),WSA(2-5 mm) and WSA(0.5

129 reduced grey matter density and elevated NFL concentrations in CSF and plasma are associated in AD-vu

130 ood insecurity was associated with lower ART concentrations in hair, suggesting that food insecurity

131 onfidence interval of observed plasma silver concentrations in healthy human adults.

132 aracteristics, but it requires high particle concentrations in order to produce statistically reliabl

133 ase in osteoprotegerin and interleukin-1beta concentrations in PICF along with an increase in recepto

134 ica-secreting organisms, elevated SiO(2)(aq) concentrations in Precambrian seawater would have genera

135 (PIFE), that can dynamically measure protein concentrations in protein-spiked buffer, serum, and urin

136 range that covers the full range of protein concentrations in proteomes, would revolutionize the fie

137 n 2-fold of observed blood and tissue silver concentrations in rats and within the 95% confidence int

138 iet, we found an increase in indoxyl sulfate concentrations in serum associated with a stronger impai

139 pplementation does not affect NAD metabolite concentrations in skeletal muscle.

140 Cytokine concentrations in supernatants of culture and in cell ex

141 The lowest nitrate concentrations in the BRT model were associated with ext

142 at measures of MeHg in capillary DBS reflect concentrations in the gold standard (i.e., venous whole

143 nisms of action and resistance at inhibitory concentrations in the lab and in the clinic.

144 At high peptide concentrations in the membrane, the (19)F-(13)C distance

145 MP concentrations in the water column ranged between 0 and

146 early warning and detection of low pathogen concentrations in water samples.

147 tal tradeoff between acquisition time and MB concentration, in this paper we propose to separate spat

148 that global surface accumulation-mode number concentrations increase by 62% and enhance the global co

149 uld effect changes in Se/Te distribution and concentration indicating Se/Te enrichment in the biomass

150 turation state and approximate aspartic acid concentrations inferred to occur at the coral calcificat

151 r results suggest that increasing microfiber concentrations influence the interactions between M. lil

152 pid mediator of inflammation, and its tissue concentration is elevated in cancer and neurological dis

153 Our finding that plasma p-tau181 concentration is increased in symptomatic and presymptom

154 he need to produce wheat with low asparagine concentration is of great importance as a measure to mit

155 Conventionally, the carrier concentration is used as the reflection of the Fermi lev

156 data on the effect of meat consumption on AC concentrations is limited.

157 nsiderably change after a certain biopolymer concentration level and curing time.

158 obtained using the conventional method at a concentration level of 150 mug L(-1).

159 Magnesium isotope ratios measured at a concentration level of 7-10 mug L(-1) were in good agree

160 Intra- and inter-day RSD% (n = 3) at two concentration levels of 25 and 250 ug L(-1) varied betwe

161 effect estimate at low concentrations (i.e., concentrations lower than the annual mean observed in th

162 sulfonamide-based PFASs, was present at high concentrations (maximum 448 ng/g in soil, 3.4 mg/L in gr

163 ation of rNDV, as exposure to different salt concentrations may be needed.

164 We combine 36 years of PM(2.5) concentrations measured over ~8.6 million grid cells wit

165 tabolites; 98 lipid composition and particle concentration measures of lipoprotein subclasses; and 81

166 ep gene resequencing and alpha-1 antitrypsin concentrations.Methods: DNA samples from 1,693 non-Hispa

167 cular micropumps, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were then determined via simple col

168 yielding higher prasugrel active metabolite concentration (ng/mL; 62.3+/-82.6 versus 17.1+/-43.5; P=

169 xposure to nonesterified free fatty acids at concentrations observed in obese subjects.

170 e production and showed the highest caproate concentration of 11.44 +/- 0.47 g/L.

171 riments were conducted with an initial Hg(0) concentration of 260-300 mug/m(3) at room temperature.

172 (2) families were screened with a diagnostic concentration of 3.0 mug/cm(2) of Vip3Aa39 protein in di

173 rement for imaging to quantify, in situ, the concentration of a metastable bioanalyte toward predicti

174 Sleep loss increases the cerebrospinal fluid concentration of amyloid-beta and tau.

175 roplet microfluidic platform to increase the concentration of analytes in solution via reduction of t

176 ns up to 11 GPa and 1000 K indicate a higher concentration of bicarbonates in water than previously c

177 The optimal concentration of both drugs for BAT was determined as 5

178 ptake of glutamine effectively increases the concentration of glutamine in tumours and its downstream

179 In addition, PG-CAT greatly reduced the concentration of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines,

180 cause of the complexity, transience, and low concentration of many intermediates.

181 The sample design based on the low concentration of nanoparticles allowed us to demonstrate

182 used technique for determining the size and concentration of nanoparticles.

183 The concentration of NETs was augmented in plasma, tracheal

184 ence ratios, differences, and changes in the concentration of pathogen genes and host-specific fecal

185 Median (IQR) concentration of plasma TMAO was 3.05 mumol/L (2.10-4.60

186 Knowing the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 S1-specific IgG is crucial i

187 -delta) (M = Cu, Co, Ni, Fe, Y) controls the concentration of surface oxygen vacancies (V(O)) in thes

188 ecently found that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentration of the "social" neuropeptide arginine vaso

189 hout AuNPs could not detect even the highest concentration of the investigation range (1.25 nM-2.56 m

190 (O)) in these materials whereby an increased concentration of V(O) sites correlates with a superior O

191 sea and vomiting, sedation, minimal alveolar concentration of volatile anesthetic, fatigue, active ti

192 ach animal's home range combined with tissue concentrations of (134+137)Cesium.

193 -2 cells treated with the chelate at calcium concentrations of 0-10 mM exhibited enhanced absorption

194 13-different classes of steroids in exposure concentrations of 10-10,000 ng/L.

195 ECl-OPEs and Enonchlorinated-OPEs had median concentrations of 4.5 and 2.5 ng g(-1), respectively.

196 leaflet expansion upon exposure to elevated concentrations of a long-chain AC, plausibly caused by i

197 thod will enable the procurement of exposure concentrations of airborne microplastics guiding future

198 at is associated with circulating and tissue concentrations of arachidonic acid (ARA) and dihomo-y-li

199 Serum concentrations of atezolizumab were above the target exp

200 ue to a combination of factors including low concentrations of bioavailable dissolved U species, slow

201 ess accessible in the presence of saturating concentrations of both Na(+) and succinate.

202 study raises the possibility that high blood concentrations of caffeic, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic,

203 ire blood volume, but such large numbers and concentrations of cells are incompatible with current ra

204 ile dozens of P body proteins are known, the concentrations of components in the compartment have not

205 apladib is dependent on many factors such as concentrations of detergents or lipoproteins, incubation

206 We quantified urinary concentrations of eight phthalate metabolites using mass

207 le in tomato and potato samples, the maximum concentrations of ETU residues were reached on the third

208 KO), or both AIG1 and ADTRP (DKO) had higher concentrations of FAHFAs particularly isomers with the e

209 ric, stoichiometric, and superstoichiometric concentrations of ferrous iron and anthrahydroquinone di

210 eratures (20, 25, and 30 degrees C) and four concentrations of glacial acetic acid (0.5%, 1%, 2%, and

211 ncy as the globe warms in response to rising concentrations of greenhouse gases.

212 Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of GS and GFAP were measured by ELISA in

213 Findings suggest that serum concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (h

214 s IFN-gamma secretion was restricted by high concentrations of IL-10.CONCLUSIONThis study demonstrate

215 change little from day 3 to day 5-6, but the concentrations of IL-1beta for some embryos might double

216 Therefore, maintenance of proper concentrations of intracellular metals is essential for

217 Increased plasma concentrations of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) are associated

218 Temporal trends indicate that concentrations of many POPs (PCBs, DDT, HCHs, endosulfan

219 reatment was associated with decreased serum concentrations of MBL and CRP and increased serum levels

220 Women who developed GDM showed increased concentrations of MMP-8 and -9 in GCF since the beginnin

221 Serum concentrations of n-3 PUFAs were significantly higher in

222 ower energy balance and significantly higher concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids and beta-hy

223 und periods and was consistent with the mass concentrations of nonrefractory particles measured by AT

224 reefs in Jardines de la Reina, Cuba had low concentrations of nutrients and organic carbon, abundant

225 n model generates a broad range of microsite concentrations of O(2) , which then determines the PDF o

226 The concentrations of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and PF

227 rtment with the most detections and greatest concentrations of PFASs was aquatic insects; all 14 PFAS

228 spatial system dimensions can control local concentrations of regulators and influence the emergent

229 tivity reduces migration of GSCs towards low concentrations of S1P in vitro In addition, inhibiting p

230 xygenase (Lox) blocks chemotaxis towards low concentrations of S1P.

231 Higher concentrations of serum biomarkers were associated with

232 Plasma concentrations of sRAGE (soluble receptor for advanced g

233 al dosing in rats, CAGE increased peak blood concentrations of SRF by 2.2-fold.

234 ensitive and reliable detection of ultra-low concentrations of the Abeta-40 peptides.

235 rmal morphologic features, we found that the concentrations of TNF-alpha change little from day 3 to

236 Results showed that KO mice accumulated high concentrations of upstream lysine metabolites including

237 Concentrations of V and Cr(VI) co-exceeded health recomm

238 The impact of the ammonium ion concentration on 10-50 mum aerosol droplet pH was quanti

239 impact of fatty acid (FA) type, phospholipid concentration on MM formation and stability of MM to sal

240 anisms to PFA, i.e., the integral of the PFA concentration over time (integral CT or ICT).

241 Uncertainties in Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios and Antarctic Ice

242 limate predictions across all Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios to smaller spatial

243 impacts of reaction conditions (electrolyte concentration, pH, operating potential) and reactor type

244 D at baseline, but not former smoking or AAT concentrations, predicted greater spirometry decline.

245 aSn(m)SbTe(m+2) however, the doubled vacancy concentration raises the charge carrier density and supp

246 The total Hg concentrations ranged from 0.49 to 1.60 mg/kg w.w. and s

247 P concentrations ranged from 332 to 9520 ppm under normal

248 ested for the detection of thrombin molecule concentrations ranging from 0.625 mug/ml to 20 mug/ml.

249 samples may not reflect their real metabolic concentration ratios (i.e., fold-change compression), im

250 The modeled dispersal and higher sulfate concentrations recorded in Antarctic ice cores imply tha

251 he seasonal cycle of atmospheric radiocarbon concentrations recorded in different geographic zones.

252 which increased the TEE from ~6% to 8% (NaCl concentration reduction from 50 to 42 mM; 10 A m(-2), 50

253 Different odor concentrations require different strength and timing of

254 ound recovery process of Caco-2 cells at the concentrations seen in the colon (1.0 mug/mL).

255 calator) on the chain length over a range of concentrations, showing a remarkable amplification of ef

256 GO and MGO inhibited the target bacteria at concentrations significantly lower than those estimated

257 Unlike admission glucose concentration, stress hyperglycemia ratio was significan

258 different ways to input transcription factor concentrations, suggesting that the stripe is shaped by

259 nitrate when oxygen becomes available at low concentrations suggests that they are an important sourc

260 In contrast, total dietary fibre concentration (TDF) was higher in DFC-BE (81.82 g/100 g

261 manner, achieving far higher efficiency and concentration than equivalent quantities of free drug.

262 robe that is inert toward these receptors at concentrations that are effective for photolysis with vi

263 ) is estimated from the difference of CO(2) concentrations that were influenced by the land sector (

264 Our study shows that at high enough cell concentration the interaction between boundary-following

265 Using an optimal DPA concentration, the treatment can simultaneously remove b

266 obally representative, humics could impose a concentration threshold that buffers the deep ocean iron

267 is increasingly associated with greater iron concentration through late adolescence and young-adultho

268 artitioning processes modulate airborne SVOC concentrations through interactions with surface-laden c

269 ndoline nitroxide spin centers with variable concentrations through the use of mixed crystals contain

270 as assessed according to the area under the concentration-time curve for C-peptide level in response

271 , where EU regulations limit liquid nicotine concentration to 20 mg/mL, approximately one-third the l

272 to extrapolate from the nominal cell culture concentration to PCB tissue levels and vice versa.

273 ients), increased aspartate aminotransferase concentration (two [7%] patients), and thrombocytopenia

274 atients), increased alanine aminotransferase concentrations (two [7%] patients), increased aspartate

275 We found the spatial correlation in the UFP concentrations up to 180 km and clear differences betwee

276 interchange between number, volume, and mass concentrations using probability density functions that

277 Urinary and plasma d3- and d6-alpha-CEHC concentrations varied differently with the interventions

278 Second trimester maternal plasma alpha-T concentration was 3-fold higher than in the adult nonpre

279 e = 62.6 years), the geometric mean of 25OHD concentration was 66.8 nmol/L.

280 correlated with a(440), but the steady-state concentration was best fit by a logarithmic function.

281 Intracellular Cygb concentration was estimated as 3.5 muM, while B5R, B5, a

282 The increase in DOC concentration was less than expected from the observed i

283 effectiveness of sinapic acid esters, while concentration was not relevant.

284 The free concentration was subsequently used to extrapolate from

285 However, fecal acetic acid concentration was the highest in RS patients with high l

286 eated freeze-thaw cycles on circulating BDNF concentrations was evaluated.

287 n follow-up of 3.1 years, the achieved LDL-C concentrations were 64 mg/dL (1.64 mmol/L) in the lower-

288 Overall, uBPA concentrations were 86% higher (95% confidence interval

289 Baseline 8-OHdG concentrations were also associated with decreased prote

290 VWF antigen concentrations were also elevated above the normal range

291 Increased lithium concentrations were detected in workers, fed individuall

292 RANKL and OPG concentrations were estimated in peri-implant crevicular

293 concentration implies preindustrial aerosol concentrations were higher than estimated by most models

294 Rifampicin concentrations were low in all three compartments.

295 Mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations were lower in populations living in north

296 Blood polyphenol concentrations were mostly not associated with different

297 DART molecule serum concentrations were well above those considered adequate

298 The predicted silver concentrations were within 2-fold of observed blood and

299 nformational change at the higher nucleotide concentration, which allows DnaA oligomerization at the

300 analogue states using the bulk point defect concentration, yielding predictable switching because th