ライフサイエンスコーパス: confound

1 ant neurobiological signal, not artifacts or confounds.

2 ying for potential environmental and genetic confounds.

3 of statistical reliability and experimental confounds.

4 unknown if these associations are causal or confounded.

5 tive framework, individuals and tissues were confounded.

6 cial status and reproductive state are often confounded.

7 gesting no evidence for substantial residual confounding.

8 information and the possibility of residual confounding.

9 estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and adjust for confounding.

10 rm, but these associations can be subject to confounding.

11 confounding by indication and time-dependent confounding.

12 regression was used to adjust for potential confounding.

13 ertension but did not account for sources of confounding.

14 ustment removes spurious associations due to confounding.

15 the estimates could be affected by residual confounding.

16 ; but the findings may be biased by residual confounding.

17 t of potential selection bias and unmeasured confounding.

18 urce data, and the possibility of unmeasured confounding.

19 , meaning there is a possibility of residual confounding.

20 risk of biases such as reverse causation and confounding.

21 ivariable logistic regression to control for confounding.

22 tivariable regression was used to adjust for confounding.

23 able oil intake, and possibility of residual confounding.

24 participants, which could lead to unmeasured confounding.

25 CI, 2276-3415]) or when completely ignoring confounding (2838 [95% CI, 2101-3575]).

26 was overestimated when ignoring time-varying confounding (2845 [95% CI, 2276-3415]) or when completel

27 joint sensitivity of 2 factors to bias from confounding, a central aspect of any observational study

28 Co-relative analyses indicated that familial confounding accounted for some, but not all, of the obse

29 CI, 0.0001 to 0.0523 case) and 4 occurred (3 confounded) after exposure to newer GBCAs (exact CI, 0.0

30 Further confounding AGPCR research is that many of the receptors

31 between cellular and cell-free DNA may have confounded analyses of genome-wide methylation levels in

32 e two broad approaches that help account for confounding: analytic approaches that account for measur

33 Off-sample ion images confound and hinder statistical analysis, metabolite ide

34 ized estimating equations that accounted for confounding and clustering to compare outcomes across ho

35 association - while adjusting for potential confounding and control variables such as physical activ

36 mitations include the potential for residual confounding and exposure misclassification.

37 Potential for residual confounding and misclassification of glucocorticoid dose

38 There was unmeasured confounding and no laboratory data were available for th

39 Key limitations were risk of residual confounding and not having information on protective fac

40 n varying results and may have suffered from confounding and other biases.

41 SHBG while reducing potential biases such as confounding and reverse causation common to the literatu

42 d be free from most environmental sources of confounding and reverse causation.

43 onrandomized studies are subject to residual confounding and selection.

44 predictions by applying strategies to avoid confounds and fitting hierarchical Bayesian models.

45 hat this recovery rule is subject to various confounds and may apply less universally than previously

46 l design, which may be subject to unmeasured confounding, and caregiver-reported vaccination status,

47 exposures, exposure correlation, unmeasured confounding, and nonlinearity of exposure effects.

48 These confounds are now overcome, using phase contrast and tim

49 ird increases the "noise"; all three factors confound attempts to detect and classify single neurons.

50 hared usage of actin regulators within cells confounds attempts to identify filopodial proteins.

51 estimates for older Pleistocene terminations confounds attempts to test the persistence of precession

52 st latent representations in the presence of confounding background information and trade-offs betwee

53 l lack of appropriate animal models [4] have confounded basic understanding of AIS biology; thus, tre

54 Controlling for confounding bias is crucial in causal inference.

55 urrently employed to mitigate the effects of confounding bias.

56 , but results are conflicting and at risk of confounding bias.

57 example, can miss temporal intermittency and confound bottom-up/top-down comparisons.

58 e that it is critically important to prevent confounding bovine serum amine oxidase-induced cytotoxic

59 pect, and manifest glaucoma patients remains confounded by a lack of consistent, reproducible combina

60 g and schizophrenia is horizontal and likely confounded by a third trait influencing education.

61 The interpretation of serologies is confounded by antibody cross-reactivity with viruses bel

62 e possibility that PTSD abnormalities may be confounded by comorbid depression.

63 ousness, previous research results have been confounded by drug effects, by confusing behavioral "unr

64 These methods may be confounded by extensive co-occurrent resistance, where s

65 operational model of agonism are frequently confounded by failure to consider the assumptions of the

66 f tumor resilience but its quantification is confounded by genetic heterogeneity.

67 ned for normal-tumor matched data and can be confounded by genomic heterogeneity and presence of sub-

68 nt response, but its predictive power may be confounded by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

69 Much of the literature is confounded by indications for surgery or has small sampl

70 for diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is confounded by its pronounced genetic, phenotypic, and cl

71 nst existing opioid analgesics in assays not confounded by limited signal windows.

72 netic association tests, such assays are not confounded by linkage disequilibrium when loci are indep

73 Results might have been confounded by loss of equipoise over the course of the t

74 at breath profiles classifying atopy are not confounded by other patient characteristics.

75 estimation of these parameters from data is confounded by random effects such as experimental variab

76 Furthermore, STARR-seq readout is confounded by RNA secondary structure and thermodynamic

77 ormative patient comparisons are potentially confounded by severity of illness.

78 nsive experiments, and analysis is generally confounded by simultaneous bidirectional transitions and

79 tion analysis alone because estimates may be confounded by simultaneous DPC formation from CLZ.

80 and KC, however, this finding is most likely confounded by sun exposure.

81 pretation of electrocardiographic changes is confounded by the coincidence of peak antimalarial drug

82 However, the PLI is confounded by the number of available segments.

83 The true incidence may be confounded by the rarity of the disorder, with a resulta

84 Simulations showed that this is not confounded by the strong, positive genetic correlation o

85 ranslation of TRAIL into the clinic has been confounded by TRAIL-resistant cancer populations.

86 tment guidelines based on platelet count are confounded by variable bleeding phenotypes, there is a n

87 fied Poisson regression models adjusting for confounding by age, race, health care coverage, housing,

88 ing nature of vitamin D use and time-varying confounding by bisphosphonate use using 1) marginal stru

89 We adjusted for measured time-varying confounding by CD4 count, viral load, and visit frequenc

90 Residual confounding by comorbid conditions cannot be completely

91 ate nature of the ecological data, potential confounding by contemporaneous changes (e.g., increases

92 enotypic correlations and is less subject to confounding by environmental factors.

93 In this paper, we examine temporal confounding by generalizing derivations to allow for tim

94 der individuals, accounting for modification/confounding by hypertension.

95 in potential reverse causation and residual confounding by imprecisely measured or unmeasured factor

96 d doses and is of low quality with potential confounding by indication a major concern.

97 Observational studies were limited by confounding by indication and contraindication.

98 cohort and addressing confounding, including confounding by indication and effect modification, are n

99 inal structural models (MSMs) to account for confounding by indication and time-dependent confounding

100 (vs treatment with neither: 2.93, 1.79-4.79; confounding by indication cannot be excluded).

101 nsity score methods were utilized to address confounding by indication.

102 icted for nonrespiratory reasons, suggesting confounding by indication.

103 del 2, with further adjustment for potential confounding by lifestyle and cardiovascular disease risk

104 We found no evidence of confounding by or interaction with individual characteri

105 demonstrated substantial control of measured confounding by propensity score adjustment, and minimal

106 ous women are needed to allay concerns about confounding by reproductive history.

107 inverse probability weighting to adjust for confounding by severity of illness lead to biased result

108 Confounding by smoking or other variables and/or ecologi

109 rhoea and ARI, as well as potential residual confounding by socioeconomic position, despite adjustmen

110 n-western developed setting with less marked confounding by socioeconomic position.

111 Analyses were adjusted for confounding by time, cluster effects, and patient-level

112 Such posttreatment confounding cannot be dealt with using standard methods

113 Risk of residual confounding cannot be fully excluded.

114 Although unmeasured confounding cannot be ruled out, when analyzed by time p

115 cannot rule out the possibility of residual confounding caused by unmeasured factors in an observati

116 , adjusting for eGFR, albuminuria, and other confounding characteristics.

117 icity controlling for site and patient-level confounding characteristics.

118 opic RBC scattering, and layered tissues may confound classical DOF.

119 increasingly larger covariate sets used for confounding control.

120 alyses suggested that only strong unmeasured confounding could fully explain away the observed result

121 However, confounding covariates can make patterns related to the

122 or in combination, allows for adjustment of confounding covariates, and uses permutation-based P-val

123 ty in schizophrenia is poorly understood and confounds current analyses.

124 enced by weak regulatory interactions, which confound designed-sequence studies.

125 emporal bias in genome sampling can severely confound discrete trait phylogeographic inference.

126 not significant and these comparisons may be confounded due to the nonrandomized design.

127 were used along with extra steps to rule out confounding due to ancestry.

128 horts from the literature, 3) correcting for confounding due to lesion type, and 4) identifying relev

129 calization analyses, suggesting that genetic confounding due to linkage disequilibrium is widespread

130 fficulties in analyzing human brains and the confounds due to a lifetime of illness.

131 ormation with risk of residual or unmeasured confounding (e.g., genetic liability), and no causal inf

132 test-retest variability among patients, the confounding effect of aging, lack of a reliable and easy

133 To avoid the confounding effect of obesity-related steatosis, only 70

134 ical method to identify and correct for such confounding effects in population growth data is not cur

135 Results were robust to potentially confounding effects of age, sex, body mass index, recent

136 Additionally, to safeguard against any confounding effects of altered placental iron homeostasi

137 To mitigate the confounding effects of background genetic variation on n

138 To address this question while avoiding confounding effects of cardiomyopathy on mitochondrial p

139 functional outcome or external standard, the confounding effects of concurrent macular conditions inc

140 t methodologies, which avoid the potentially confounding effects of in vitro cultivation.

141 excess on pregnancy, in the absence of other confounding effects of inflammation.

142 Although limited by possible confounding effects of mood state, medication, and other

143 approaches, we minimized and tested for the confounding effects of pleiotropy and population stratif

144 HFs also in hairless paw skin, divorced from confounding effects of pre-existing niche signals in hai

145 estimates of the relative impact of various confounding effects on measured population growth.

146 d, to uncover complex interrelationships and confounding effects.

147 xperience mild symptoms or are asymptomatic, confounding efforts to reliably diagnose COVID-19 empiri

148 , but uncertainty about stem group Myriapoda confounds efforts to resolve the timing of the group's t

149 p between composition and function excluding confounding environmental factors.

150 losic fibers in homemade cotton-fabric masks confounded explicit determination of their efficacy at r

151 n the COG risk classification will eliminate confounding, facilitate international harmonization of r

152 However, as a major source of confounding factor, uneven distributions of tumor purity

153 After controlling for multiple confounding factors (age, sex, race or ethnicity, body-m

154 analysis to mitigate effects of potentially confounding factors (e.g., stage of the COVID-19 epidemi

155 The primary outcome measures were confounding factors affecting the detection of change on

156 re obtained through careful consideration of confounding factors and the application of complementary

157 non-German site location, without detectable confounding factors in multivariable analysis.

158 tative trait loci (haQTLs), we regressed out confounding factors including heart failure disease stat

159 A careful consideration of confounding factors is essential, since interventions fo

160 This approach minimizes the confounding factors of nonevolutionary methods, thus lea

161 Here, we show how - when confounding factors such as extra-axonal water and axona

162 ddition, we were not able to control for all confounding factors such as maternal smoking.

163 All available knowledge related to relevant confounding factors was considered in this re-analysis.

164 While several confounding factors were associated with delayed activat

165 was marginally significant (p = 0.057) when confounding factors were considered.

166 approach for deriving features invariant to confounding factors while accounting for intrinsic corre

167 ies using odds ratios adjusted for potential confounding factors, 2.01 (95% CI=1.57, 2.56).

168 In an adjusted model for relevant confounding factors, grade III dysfunction was associate

169 Additionally, we identified several confounding factors, including male sex, NSAID coadminis

170 the consolidation period and other possible confounding factors, such as age and epilepsy duration.

171 sensitivity of radiomic features to several confounding factors, such as reconstruction settings, ma

172 s heterogeneity partially stems from genomic confounding factors, such as replication timing and chro

173 After adjustment for confounding factors, the femoral site was still associat

174 After adjusting for confounding factors, the frequency of alcoholic beverage

175 To overcome this and other confounding factors, we examine a well-powered subset of

176 When we adjusted for confounding factors, we found fecal microbiota compositi

177 After adjustment for potential confounding factors, we found that those of young age an

178 gle the causal effect of the expansions from confounding factors, we use unaffected control fisheries

179 oisson regression, controlling for potential confounding factors, with lagged and unlagged pesticide

180 was available on disease severity and other confounding factors.

181 gression analysis to control for potentially confounding factors.

182 ng for patient- and hospital-level potential confounding factors.

183 ontrolled situations, undisturbed by unknown confounding factors.

184 association persisting after accounting for confounding factors.

185 y significant when corrected for potentially confounding factors.

186 s loss over time while adjusting for various confounding factors.

187 c symptoms were also independent of relevant confounding factors.

188 5% CI 1.29-1.89, P < 0.001), after adjusting confounding factors.

189 oven difficult because of the many potential confounding factors.

190 del COR study, n = 645) while adjusting for confounding factors.

191 ness outcome while controlling for potential confounding factors.

192 by the Cox regression to identify potential confounding factors.

193 multivariable linear regression adjusted for confounding factors.

194 teraction terms and independent of potential confounding factors.

195 .23-2.16; P = 0.001 for trend) adjusting for confounding factors.

196 tions and metabolic diseases, independent of confounding factors.

197 n clinical samples in which medication might confound findings.

198 removing PCs from their microenvironment and confound formation and maintenance.

199 gnostic tests and the potential for residual confounding from factors related to adherence to the mon

200 ndividuals can be biased due to uncontrolled confounding from familial effects.

201 ion of the knee osteoarthritis diagnosis and confounding from unmeasured obesity.

202 tive well-being to address potential genetic confounding (gene-environment correlations) and gene-env

203 ute toward variation in disease severity and confound genotype-to-phenotype analyses.

204 the SCS paradigm, and represents a potential confound in experiments utilizing multiple sensory stimu

205 ese findings highlight a potentially serious confound in prior work, raising new theoretical and meth

206 acy records as covariates, we controlled for confounding in Cox models through inverse probability of

207 fectiveness given the potential for bias and confounding in observational data.

208 ng of pathophysiology, biases and unmeasured confounding in observational research, and failure to un

209 ully account for the fine-scale geographical confounding in the UK Biobank.

210 ilon4 alleles and sex were controlled for as confounds in all cross-sectional analyses.

211 Cellular heterogeneity confounds in situ assays of transcription factor (TF) bi

212 ection of a comparator cohort and addressing confounding, including confounding by indication and eff

213 Among other sources of 'artificial' confounding, including cyclical oscillations of the 'dir

214 cted, these allele frequency clines severely confounded inferences of selection.

215 ies at both the sensor level (decoupling the confounding influence of flow rate variability on sensor

216 bjects without the illness phenotype and the confounds introduced by antipsychotic medication.

217 analysis for adjusted marginal effects when confounding is present under various causal structures o

218 morrhage, but severe neurologic deficits may confound its assessment and lead to underdiagnosis.

219 fections have failed to address time-varying confounding, likely leading to overestimation of their i

220 Biogenic and synthetic hydroxyapatites are confounding materials whose properties remain uncertain,

221 ias cannot be ruled out; also, some residual confounding may persist.

222 Because 9 mothers took potentially confounding medications (fluorinated glucocorticoids and

223 t evenly matched between cases and controls, confound microbiota analyses to produce spurious microbi

224 Unmeasured confounding, missing data (namely incomplete laboratory

225 s remains a challenge; especially due to the confounding nature of population structure and the syste

226 effects or compensatory adaptation that can confound nucleic-acid-based methods that involve slow de

227 ion while at the same time circumventing the confound of awareness and report by means of a no-report

228 the study of consciousness is the prevalent confound of conscious perception with the requirement of

229 and insight into its role in AD without the confound of vascular risk factors.

230 whether a risk classification devoid of the confounding of age and INPC criteria will identify new p

231 od adversity, resulting in potential genetic confounding of such associations.

232 There was no evidence for confounding of these genetic analyses by horizontal plei

233 ual subject and were not driven by potential confounds of pre-inhale motor preparation or power chang

234 e, but the impact of unmeasured geographical confounding on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of

235 Potential confounding or effect modification by steroid treatment

236 Alternatively, it may reflect residual confounding or lifestyle effects of parenthood that are

237 While reporting biases may confound our observations, our epidemiological findings

238 kout (KO) of EphA4 in mice is limited due to confounding phenotypes with homozygous knockout.

239 ertical and horizontal gene transmission may confound phylogenetic inference and obscure our ability

240 xon sampling has previously been proposed to confound phylogenetic inference(5), and captures only a

241 source of microbiota variation, potentially confounding prior observations of gut microbiota alterat

242 uators due to a lack of diagnostic tools and confounding psychiatric illness.

243 depth-dependent axial aberrations that could confound quantitation, highlighting the need for the "ab

244 ung, brain, and gastrointestinal imaging may confound radiologists' interpretation of cancer diagnosi

245 analyzed after exclusion of individuals with confounding risk factors for DED.

246 Confounding sex imbalances can create the appearance of

247 information as possible without encoding any confounding signal.

248 We show that this artifact can confound single-cell analyses, including the interpretat

249 and participants with a disease and that can confound study designs.

250 regression can magnify bias from unmeasured confounding that might occur if important components of

251 karyotic organisms, which we hypothesize may confound the association between densoviruses and SSWS.

252 rt technology, the presence of artifacts can confound the identification of new modifications.

253 potential to obscure selection pressures and confound the interpretation of clinical studies, especia

254 y and ubiquity of these viruses in sea stars confound the original hypothesis that one densovirus is

255 of-origin and tumor microenvironment effects confound the search for cancer-specific expression chang

256 nslation; however, an innate immune response confounded the data.

257 MMII ensembles and their multiple roles have confounded the resolution of crucial questions, includin

258 Plant cells often undergo endoreduplication, confounding the polyploid effect.

259 r isoform quantification errors, potentially confounding the results of these analyses.

260 This confounds the determination of a causal relationship bet

261 This high diversity and dispersal confounds the inference of genetic structure, with multi

262 cally informed methods to better account for confounding, this study aimed to better identify plausib

263 ll-free DNA (cfDNA) after surgery but may be confounded through identification of alterations arising

264 tions in this study are potential unobserved confounding through selection into the program and linka

265 have shown that accounting for time-varying confounding through time-dependent Cox proportional haza

266 Significant confounds to estimates of functional connectivity arise

267 ta and phenotype discrepancies contribute to confounding translation from preclinical animal models o

268 eups rely on overt eyewitness responses that confound two covert factors: strength of recognition mem

269 immunogenicity, yet intrinsic heterogeneity confounds typical structure-function analysis.

270 s apparent after adjustment for family-level confounding using a sibling design.

271 Analyses were adjusted for confounding using inverse probability of treatment weigh

272 We accounted for unmeasured confounding using negative control outcomes to estimate

273 analysis was conducted to detect unmeasured confounding using non-parametric approach.

274 re remained significant after adjustment for confounding variables (beta= -0.08 P=0.04).

275 access to tissues from human patients and by confounding variables associated with sample accessibili

276 an diseases, matching cases and controls for confounding variables reduces observed differences in th

277 h daptomycin monotherapy after adjusting for confounding variables using inverse probability of treat

278 a Lansing effect produced so far, potential confounding variables, and how the underlying mechanisms

279 After adjustments for confounding variables, individuals with PISA >490.56 mm(

280 ustment for only a small number of potential confounding variables, meaning there is a possibility of

281 We observed that after correction for confounding variables, most notably testing rates, there

282 e of the US population, after adjustment for confounding variables, participants with glaucoma more f

283 After adjustment for potential confounding variables, PMRT was not associated with a st

284 were small and did not adjust for important confounding variables.

285 nce interval, 0.08-0.6) after adjustment for confounding variables.

286 tudies were not systematically corrected for confounding variables.

287 effect on ADR after controlling for multiple confounding variables.

288 (P < 0.001) after adjustment for potentially confounding variables.

289 Potential confounding variables; maternal age at conception, mater

290 erpretation of mitochondrial genome data and confound variant calling.

291 were few controlled studies, and control for confounding was inadequate in observational studies.

292 To overcome this confound, we developed intracranial encephalography (iEE

293 To overcome unmeasured confounding, we use the prior year's sleeve gastrectomy

294 However, this is confounded when inflammation is measured with multiple a

295 inverse probability weighting to account for confounding when estimating hazard ratios and counterfac

296 In addition to unmeasured confounding, which is commonly present in observational

297 c methods using observational data, residual confounding will remain; only variables that are measure

298 However, the definition of AD has been confounded with dementia in many studies.

299 here could be environmental factors that are confounded with geography that have not been adequately

300 ctors of in-hospital mortality, adjusted for confounding with an a priori causation model.