ライフサイエンスコーパス: confounding

1 urce data, and the possibility of unmeasured confounding.

2 confounding by indication and time-dependent confounding.

3 estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and adjust for confounding.

4 rm, but these associations can be subject to confounding.

5 regression was used to adjust for potential confounding.

6 ustment removes spurious associations due to confounding.

7 ertension but did not account for sources of confounding.

8 the estimates could be affected by residual confounding.

9 ; but the findings may be biased by residual confounding.

10 t of potential selection bias and unmeasured confounding.

11 to other techniques commonly used to control confounding.

12 alyses of these models are prone to bias and confounding.

13 methods assessed the potential for residual confounding.

14 but this finding may be limited by residual confounding.

15 , meaning there is a possibility of residual confounding.

16 logy was used to assess for risk of residual confounding.

17 onrandomized study with potential unmeasured confounding.

18 risk of biases such as reverse causation and confounding.

19 hat the observation may be owing to residual confounding.

20 ivariable logistic regression to control for confounding.

21 ervational research: the need to account for confounding.

22 ivities), the DID design is still subject to confounding.

23 reatment weighting (IPTW) used to adjust for confounding.

24 se results were robust to potential residual confounding.

25 able oil intake, and possibility of residual confounding.

26 tivariable regression was used to adjust for confounding.

27 participants, which could lead to unmeasured confounding.

28 gesting no evidence for substantial residual confounding.

29 information and the possibility of residual confounding.

30 CI, 2276-3415]) or when completely ignoring confounding (2838 [95% CI, 2101-3575]).

31 was overestimated when ignoring time-varying confounding (2845 [95% CI, 2276-3415]) or when completel

32 joint sensitivity of 2 factors to bias from confounding, a central aspect of any observational study

33 Co-relative analyses indicated that familial confounding accounted for some, but not all, of the obse

34 egressions of the outcome are often used for confounding adjustment in analysis of observational stud

35 Further confounding AGPCR research is that many of the receptors

36 e two broad approaches that help account for confounding: analytic approaches that account for measur

37 ized estimating equations that accounted for confounding and clustering to compare outcomes across ho

38 association - while adjusting for potential confounding and control variables such as physical activ

39 mitations include the potential for residual confounding and exposure misclassification.

40 Potential for residual confounding and misclassification of glucocorticoid dose

41 There was unmeasured confounding and no laboratory data were available for th

42 Key limitations were risk of residual confounding and not having information on protective fac

43 n varying results and may have suffered from confounding and other biases.

44 clude the potential for bias due to residual confounding and potential non-differential misclassifica

45 SHBG while reducing potential biases such as confounding and reverse causation common to the literatu

46 d be free from most environmental sources of confounding and reverse causation.

47 onrandomized studies are subject to residual confounding and selection.

48 l design, which may be subject to unmeasured confounding, and caregiver-reported vaccination status,

49 exposures, exposure correlation, unmeasured confounding, and nonlinearity of exposure effects.

50 gn that precludes causal inference, residual confounding, and participation bias.

51 classification by diagnostic codes, residual confounding, and potential bias from healthy volunteer e

52 ironment on cause-specific mortality without confounding, and provides an intuitive way to estimate t

53 study are limited by residual and unmeasured confounding, and self-reported AAM.

54 Selection bias and residual confounding are potential limitations of such multinatio

55 st latent representations in the presence of confounding background information and trade-offs betwee

56 Controlling for confounding bias is crucial in causal inference.

57 urrently employed to mitigate the effects of confounding bias.

58 , but results are conflicting and at risk of confounding bias.

59 ted COVID-19 mortality risks due to residual confounding, both HIV and current tuberculosis were inde

60 e that it is critically important to prevent confounding bovine serum amine oxidase-induced cytotoxic

61 fied Poisson regression models adjusting for confounding by age, race, health care coverage, housing,

62 ing nature of vitamin D use and time-varying confounding by bisphosphonate use using 1) marginal stru

63 We adjusted for measured time-varying confounding by CD4 count, viral load, and visit frequenc

64 Residual confounding by comorbid conditions cannot be completely

65 ate nature of the ecological data, potential confounding by contemporaneous changes (e.g., increases

66 enotypic correlations and is less subject to confounding by environmental factors.

67 nd beta blockers) as an approach to reducing confounding by frailty by excluding frail older adults w

68 In this paper, we examine temporal confounding by generalizing derivations to allow for tim

69 der individuals, accounting for modification/confounding by hypertension.

70 in potential reverse causation and residual confounding by imprecisely measured or unmeasured factor

71 d doses and is of low quality with potential confounding by indication a major concern.

72 Observational studies were limited by confounding by indication and contraindication.

73 cohort and addressing confounding, including confounding by indication and effect modification, are n

74 inal structural models (MSMs) to account for confounding by indication and time-dependent confounding

75 (vs treatment with neither: 2.93, 1.79-4.79; confounding by indication cannot be excluded).

76 ias assessment was consistent with potential confounding by indication.

77 icted for nonrespiratory reasons, suggesting confounding by indication.

78 nsity score methods were utilized to address confounding by indication.

79 del 2, with further adjustment for potential confounding by lifestyle and cardiovascular disease risk

80 We found no evidence of confounding by or interaction with individual characteri

81 x proportional hazards models controlled for confounding by patient demographic characteristics, pre-

82 demonstrated substantial control of measured confounding by propensity score adjustment, and minimal

83 ous women are needed to allay concerns about confounding by reproductive history.

84 inverse probability weighting to adjust for confounding by severity of illness lead to biased result

85 Confounding by smoking or other variables and/or ecologi

86 rhoea and ARI, as well as potential residual confounding by socioeconomic position, despite adjustmen

87 n-western developed setting with less marked confounding by socioeconomic position.

88 The DRS can be used to control for confounding by the covariates that went into estimation

89 Analyses were adjusted for confounding by time, cluster effects, and patient-level

90 control associations to correct bias due to confounding by unmeasured heterogeneity of exposure and

91 Such posttreatment confounding cannot be dealt with using standard methods

92 Risk of residual confounding cannot be fully excluded.

93 Although unmeasured confounding cannot be ruled out, when analyzed by time p

94 cannot rule out the possibility of residual confounding caused by unmeasured factors in an observati

95 We addressed confounding ceiling effects by introducing a subset appr

96 icity controlling for site and patient-level confounding characteristics.

97 , adjusting for eGFR, albuminuria, and other confounding characteristics.

98 ted water method corrected for the potential confounding contribution of adipose tissue DNL.

99 We evaluated confounding control and effect-estimate precision using

100 Potential use cases include risk prediction, confounding control, and prevalence estimation.

101 increasingly larger covariate sets used for confounding control.

102 alyses suggested that only strong unmeasured confounding could fully explain away the observed result

103 rnative techniques that address time-varying confounding could lead to better informed decision makin

104 However, confounding covariates can make patterns related to the

105 or in combination, allows for adjustment of confounding covariates, and uses permutation-based P-val

106 in the UK Biobank, controlling for numerous confounding demographic and health variables.

107 ogies, errors present in the data still risk confounding downstream analysis and limiting the applica

108 were used along with extra steps to rule out confounding due to ancestry.

109 horts from the literature, 3) correcting for confounding due to lesion type, and 4) identifying relev

110 calization analyses, suggesting that genetic confounding due to linkage disequilibrium is widespread

111 Study findings are limited by potential confounding due to observational design.

112 ormation with risk of residual or unmeasured confounding (e.g., genetic liability), and no causal inf

113 test-retest variability among patients, the confounding effect of aging, lack of a reliable and easy

114 use of nascent-RNA sequencing sidesteps the confounding effect of eRNA instability.

115 To avoid the confounding effect of obesity-related steatosis, only 70

116 pact of galbut virus infection free from the confounding effect of other viruses, we generated an inb

117 hough our results did not show evidence of a confounding effect of sun exposure, progestogen users ha

118 ether changes in hand/arm posture can have a confounding effect on task-related brain activity.

119 The presence of confounding effects (or biases) is one of the most criti

120 d DNA methylation in primates that minimizes confounding effects by using a balanced design with resp

121 te condensin in G2-arrested cells to preempt confounding effects from cell cycle progression without

122 ical method to identify and correct for such confounding effects in population growth data is not cur

123 Results were robust to potentially confounding effects of age, sex, body mass index, recent

124 tion in a manner that safeguards against the confounding effects of altered maternal iron homeostasis

125 Additionally, to safeguard against any confounding effects of altered placental iron homeostasi

126 To mitigate the confounding effects of background genetic variation on n

127 To address this question while avoiding confounding effects of cardiomyopathy on mitochondrial p

128 functional outcome or external standard, the confounding effects of concurrent macular conditions inc

129 nsights, but have so far been limited by the confounding effects of differentiation and cell cycle.

130 t methodologies, which avoid the potentially confounding effects of in vitro cultivation.

131 excess on pregnancy, in the absence of other confounding effects of inflammation.

132 emission from anorexia nervosa (to avoid the confounding effects of malnutrition) and 22 matched cont

133 Although limited by possible confounding effects of mood state, medication, and other

134 approaches, we minimized and tested for the confounding effects of pleiotropy and population stratif

135 HFs also in hairless paw skin, divorced from confounding effects of pre-existing niche signals in hai

136 phrenia during the first episode without the confounding effects of treatment has been challenging.

137 estimates of the relative impact of various confounding effects on measured population growth.

138 reated with extreme caution due to potential confounding effects that have not been accounted for dur

139 d, to uncover complex interrelationships and confounding effects.

140 tical power and introduces opportunities for confounding effects.

141 xperience mild symptoms or are asymptomatic, confounding efforts to reliably diagnose COVID-19 empiri

142 p between composition and function excluding confounding environmental factors.

143 Aside from this singular confounding event, a century of evidence establishes a s

144 or COPD, although the potential for residual confounding exists and further research is needed.

145 n the COG risk classification will eliminate confounding, facilitate international harmonization of r

146 uction patterns of trees, but this potential confounding factor has not been considered in previous t

147 However, as a major source of confounding factor, uneven distributions of tumor purity

148 After controlling for multiple confounding factors (age, sex, race or ethnicity, body-m

149 analysis to mitigate effects of potentially confounding factors (e.g., stage of the COVID-19 epidemi

150 egardless of study design and adjustment for confounding factors (i.e., socioeconomic factors, other

151 The primary outcome measures were confounding factors affecting the detection of change on

152 re obtained through careful consideration of confounding factors and the application of complementary

153 non-German site location, without detectable confounding factors in multivariable analysis.

154 These abnormalities acted as confounding factors in the assessment of the impact of p

155 tative trait loci (haQTLs), we regressed out confounding factors including heart failure disease stat

156 igreed breeds facilitates tighter control of confounding factors including population stratification,

157 A careful consideration of confounding factors is essential, since interventions fo

158 luding the cell-type proportion estimates as confounding factors is important for reducing false asso

159 However, confounding factors known to associate with methylation

160 This approach minimizes the confounding factors of nonevolutionary methods, thus lea

161 We used a propensity score to control for confounding factors related to the probability of receiv

162 s improved sensitivity to iron and mitigates confounding factors such as edema and fibrosis.

163 Here, we show how - when confounding factors such as extra-axonal water and axona

164 ddition, we were not able to control for all confounding factors such as maternal smoking.

165 hanism or genetic and familial environmental confounding factors that increase risk for both.

166 wild-type and live-attenuated ZIKV devoid of confounding factors typical associated with in vitro sys

167 All available knowledge related to relevant confounding factors was considered in this re-analysis.

168 While several confounding factors were associated with delayed activat

169 was marginally significant (p = 0.057) when confounding factors were considered.

170 ng analytes are poorly understood and may be confounding factors when developing diagnostic platforms

171 approach for deriving features invariant to confounding factors while accounting for intrinsic corre

172 ies using odds ratios adjusted for potential confounding factors, 2.01 (95% CI=1.57, 2.56).

173 After adjustment for potential confounding factors, elevated log10-transformed CSF tau

174 In an adjusted model for relevant confounding factors, grade III dysfunction was associate

175 s of CTG repeat length, and incorporation of confounding factors, greatly improves the predictive abi

176 had, in a dose-effect pattern, adjusting for confounding factors, higher scores for "emotional reacti

177 low-up ALCSD rate of change was adjusted for confounding factors, including age, intraocular pressure

178 Additionally, we identified several confounding factors, including male sex, NSAID coadminis

179 After adjustment for confounding factors, mean, peak, and fluctuation in HbA1

180 the consolidation period and other possible confounding factors, such as age and epilepsy duration.

181 sensitivity of radiomic features to several confounding factors, such as reconstruction settings, ma

182 s heterogeneity partially stems from genomic confounding factors, such as replication timing and chro

183 After adjustment for confounding factors, the femoral site was still associat

184 After adjusting for confounding factors, the frequency of alcoholic beverage

185 In males, after adjusting for confounding factors, the highest SUA level was significa

186 d to measure oral diseases, the treatment of confounding factors, the study design, the platforms emp

187 To overcome this and other confounding factors, we examine a well-powered subset of

188 When we adjusted for confounding factors, we found fecal microbiota compositi

189 After adjustment for potential confounding factors, we found that those of young age an

190 gle the causal effect of the expansions from confounding factors, we use unaffected control fisheries

191 oisson regression, controlling for potential confounding factors, with lagged and unlagged pesticide

192 y significant when corrected for potentially confounding factors.

193 s loss over time while adjusting for various confounding factors.

194 c symptoms were also independent of relevant confounding factors.

195 5% CI 1.29-1.89, P < 0.001), after adjusting confounding factors.

196 oven difficult because of the many potential confounding factors.

197 del COR study, n = 645) while adjusting for confounding factors.

198 by the Cox regression to identify potential confounding factors.

199 ness outcome while controlling for potential confounding factors.

200 multivariable linear regression adjusted for confounding factors.

201 teraction terms and independent of potential confounding factors.

202 real physiological signals, which introduce confounding factors.

203 y of SMTs over time, adjusting for potential confounding factors.

204 ar follow-up, after controlling for possible confounding factors.

205 6), even after full adjustment for potential confounding factors.

206 .23-2.16; P = 0.001 for trend) adjusting for confounding factors.

207 tions and metabolic diseases, independent of confounding factors.

208 was available on disease severity and other confounding factors.

209 gression analysis to control for potentially confounding factors.

210 ng for patient- and hospital-level potential confounding factors.

211 ontrolled situations, undisturbed by unknown confounding factors.

212 association persisting after accounting for confounding factors.

213 ive molecules require minimizing exposure to confounding foreign elements, like solvents.

214 gnostic tests and the potential for residual confounding from factors related to adherence to the mon

215 ndividuals can be biased due to uncontrolled confounding from familial effects.

216 ion of the knee osteoarthritis diagnosis and confounding from unmeasured obesity.

217 inferences-inferences immune to all possible confounding-from genetic data that include parents and o

218 tive well-being to address potential genetic confounding (gene-environment correlations) and gene-env

219 species may not follow this prediction, with confounding implications for tracking phenomena includin

220 acy records as covariates, we controlled for confounding in Cox models through inverse probability of

221 fectiveness given the potential for bias and confounding in observational data.

222 ng of pathophysiology, biases and unmeasured confounding in observational research, and failure to un

223 ully account for the fine-scale geographical confounding in the UK Biobank.

224 ection of a comparator cohort and addressing confounding, including confounding by indication and eff

225 Among other sources of 'artificial' confounding, including cyclical oscillations of the 'dir

226 Unmeasured confounding, incomplete laboratory data.

227 ies at both the sensor level (decoupling the confounding influence of flow rate variability on sensor

228 human Ig sequences while controlling for the confounding influence of selection, we show that the lik

229 n of disease progression without potentially confounding inter-individual variability(4).

230 analysis for adjusted marginal effects when confounding is present under various causal structures o

231 fections have failed to address time-varying confounding, likely leading to overestimation of their i

232 Biogenic and synthetic hydroxyapatites are confounding materials whose properties remain uncertain,

233 ere not randomised, and therefore unmeasured confounding may have influenced our findings.

234 ias cannot be ruled out; also, some residual confounding may persist.

235 Because 9 mothers took potentially confounding medications (fluorinated glucocorticoids and

236 Unmeasured confounding, missing data (namely incomplete laboratory

237 s remains a challenge; especially due to the confounding nature of population structure and the syste

238 whether a risk classification devoid of the confounding of age and INPC criteria will identify new p

239 od adversity, resulting in potential genetic confounding of such associations.

240 odels, adjusting for (measured) time-varying confounding of the mediator-outcome association.

241 There was no evidence for confounding of these genetic analyses by horizontal plei

242 e, but the impact of unmeasured geographical confounding on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of

243 Potential confounding or effect modification by steroid treatment

244 Alternatively, it may reflect residual confounding or lifestyle effects of parenthood that are

245 nship between UTI and ASB is poorly defined, confounding our understanding of microbial pathogenesis

246 kout (KO) of EphA4 in mice is limited due to confounding phenotypes with homozygous knockout.

247 source of microbiota variation, potentially confounding prior observations of gut microbiota alterat

248 uators due to a lack of diagnostic tools and confounding psychiatric illness.

249 s have yielded contradictory and potentially confounding results.

250 analyzed after exclusion of individuals with confounding risk factors for DED.

251 Confounding sex imbalances can create the appearance of

252 Also, the possibility of residual confounding should be considered.

253 information as possible without encoding any confounding signal.

254 regression can magnify bias from unmeasured confounding that might occur if important components of

255 y was often the only determinant of task set confounding the effects of stimulus probability and set

256 Plant cells often undergo endoreduplication, confounding the polyploid effect.

257 r isoform quantification errors, potentially confounding the results of these analyses.

258 cally informed methods to better account for confounding, this study aimed to better identify plausib

259 to correct misclassification and unmeasured confounding through probabilistic quantification of bias

260 tions in this study are potential unobserved confounding through selection into the program and linka

261 have shown that accounting for time-varying confounding through time-dependent Cox proportional haza

262 nd Mendelian randomisation methods to reduce confounding to assess the relationship between smoking a

263 ta and phenotype discrepancies contribute to confounding translation from preclinical animal models o

264 and delayed antibiotic prescribing, residual confounding underlying differences between patients who

265 s apparent after adjustment for family-level confounding using a sibling design.

266 Analyses were adjusted for confounding using inverse probability of treatment weigh

267 We accounted for unmeasured confounding using negative control outcomes to estimate

268 analysis was conducted to detect unmeasured confounding using non-parametric approach.

269 re remained significant after adjustment for confounding variables (beta= -0.08 P=0.04).

270 access to tissues from human patients and by confounding variables associated with sample accessibili

271 an diseases, matching cases and controls for confounding variables reduces observed differences in th

272 After controlling for confounding variables such as age and neurologic diagnos

273 h daptomycin monotherapy after adjusting for confounding variables using inverse probability of treat

274 gy intake, BMI, physical activity, and other confounding variables, 45 overlapping metabolites were i

275 a Lansing effect produced so far, potential confounding variables, and how the underlying mechanisms

276 After accounting for confounding variables, including race/ethnicity, age, se

277 After adjustments for confounding variables, individuals with PISA >490.56 mm(

278 ustment for only a small number of potential confounding variables, meaning there is a possibility of

279 We observed that after correction for confounding variables, most notably testing rates, there

280 e of the US population, after adjustment for confounding variables, participants with glaucoma more f

281 After adjustment for potential confounding variables, PMRT was not associated with a st

282 After adjustment for confounding variables, the presence of lymphopenia remai

283 were small and did not adjust for important confounding variables.

284 nce interval, 0.08-0.6) after adjustment for confounding variables.

285 tudies were not systematically corrected for confounding variables.

286 effect on ADR after controlling for multiple confounding variables.

287 g generalized linear models, controlling for confounding variables.

288 y, and analyses were adjusted for effects of confounding variables.

289 h cataract development after controlling for confounding variables.

290 crease of 1640% (p < .0001), controlling for confounding variables.

291 (P < 0.001) after adjustment for potentially confounding variables.

292 HRT use, subtypes, and duration of use; confounding variables; and asthma onset were defined by

293 Potential confounding variables; maternal age at conception, mater

294 Residual confounding was controlled through regression analyses.

295 were few controlled studies, and control for confounding was inadequate in observational studies.

296 To overcome unmeasured confounding, we use the prior year's sleeve gastrectomy

297 inverse probability weighting to account for confounding when estimating hazard ratios and counterfac

298 In addition to unmeasured confounding, which is commonly present in observational

299 c methods using observational data, residual confounding will remain; only variables that are measure

300 ctors of in-hospital mortality, adjusted for confounding with an a priori causation model.