ライフサイエンスコーパス: costimulation

1 nd their development has been linked to CD28 costimulation.

2 ostly represent a subset of those induced by costimulation.

3 ion and induces cell death in the absence of costimulation.

4 -mediated trafficking and CD2/LFA-3-mediated costimulation.

5 eed on tactile localization before and after costimulation.

6 ndicating a lesser reliance on CD28-mediated costimulation.

7 4Ig and thus on the degree of available CD28 costimulation.

8 electively stimulates IFN-beta with low IL-8 costimulation.

9 t CAR structures providing CD28 and/or 4-1BB costimulation.

10 on (SICI) were recorded before and after the costimulation.

11 he magnitude of the response following IL-21 costimulation.

12 otype after recognizing Ag in the absence of costimulation.

13 e lymphocyte activation in response to IL-18 costimulation.

14 nticipated to be improved by adequate T cell costimulation.

15 pha is induced, whereas IL-6 is inhibited by costimulation.

16 bles the BCR to induce CSR in the absence of costimulation.

17 llergic patients, without requiring allergen costimulation.

18 nting gp96-chaperoned peptides and providing costimulation.

19 pha, and proliferate, in the absence of CD28 costimulation.

20 nt (TD) protein antigens and proinflammatory costimulation.

21 hway of cell death during anti-Siglec-8/IL-5 costimulation.

22 inhibitory member of the B7 family of T cell costimulation.

23 ness to immune checkpoint blockade or T cell costimulation.

24 to TCR signals, compared with CD28-mediated costimulation.

25 ttern recognition, antigen presentation, and costimulation.

26 involved in antigen presentation and T-cell costimulation.

27 and medullary deletion rely heavily on CD28 costimulation.

28 acellular signaling network by mono- or dual-costimulation.

29 antigen recognition, T cell activation, and costimulation.

30 esponse times were faster after at-resonance costimulation.

31 tope-specific CD8(+) T cell requirements for costimulation, all of which influence the immune respons

32 TLR-2 costimulation also dramatically reduced naive T cell pro

33 4-1BB/L costimulation amplified monocyte-mediated proliferation

34 e C3 opsonization of Ags responsible for the costimulation and activation of cognate B lymphocytes.

35 n immune-related processes, including T cell costimulation and antigen presentation.

36 The costimulation and antitumor activity of CD27 agonistic A

37 tes) has been shown to play a role in T cell costimulation and be involved in apoptosis of mononuclea

38 oimmunity in that CTLA-4-Ig blocks both CD28 costimulation and CTLA-4 coinhibition.

39 R)-engineered T cells depend on host-derived costimulation and cytokine signals for their full and su

40 y regulated by extracellular signals such as costimulation and cytokine signals.

41 ling by CTLA-4 has the potential to modulate costimulation and induce inhibitory signals.

42 also accumulated to support the role of CD28 costimulation and interleukin-2 in Treg homeostasis.

43 Belatacept blocks CD28-mediated T-cell costimulation and prevents renal transplant rejection.

44 on before T cell transfer also normalized DC costimulation and provided complete protection against G

45 Tfh cells provide both costimulation and stimulatory cytokines to B cells to fa

46 Functional convergence of CD28 costimulation and TCR signaling is critical to T-cell ac

47 e overwhelmingly involved in immune response costimulation and TCR signaling, PVAN-specific genes wer

48 ve leukemia, can be dampened both by limited costimulation and triggering of immunoregulatory checkpo

49 ed in sequence: (1) antigen recognition, (2) costimulation, and (3) cytokine-mediated differentiation

50 ter contacts with APC, are less dependent on costimulation, and are triggered by lower concentrations

51 ses, dependent on T cells and ICOS-dependent costimulation, and in which priming could be achieved wi

52 lity of dendritic cells (DCs) to provide Ag, costimulation, and inflammatory signal 3 cytokines; ther

53 immunity that extend beyond TCR engagement, costimulation, and priming cytokine production but are c

54 the roles of T-cell receptor signaling, CD28 costimulation, and signals through phosphatidyl inositol

55 production, antigen presentation to T cells, costimulation, and the production of immune stimulating

56 production, antigen presentation to T cells, costimulation, and the production of immune stimulating

57 Thus, p100 represses and p52 promotes costimulation, and the ratio regulates T cell dependence

58 could not rescue T cells silenced by TRAIL-R costimulation, and TRAIL-mediated inhibition of T cell p

59 ys and antimetabolites, modulators of T-cell costimulation are elected pharmacological tools to enabl

60 Cognate T-B cell interactions and CD40-CD154 costimulation are essential for productive humoral immun

61 roviding the second of these signals, termed costimulation, are often lacking in tumors.

62 highly sensitive to TCR stimulation without costimulation, as shown for Tmem in acute stimulations.

63 re errors and slower response times followed costimulation at above- or below-resonance, respectively

64 Costimulation at-resonance did not shift the digit regio

65 We further determine that CD28 costimulation augments, whereas 4-1BB costimulation redu

66 me inhibitor (PI) based desensitization with costimulation blockade (belatacept) to mitigate germinal

67 investigational arm using low-dose CNI plus costimulation blockade (belatacept) with intended CNI wi

68 ells (Tmem), particularly those resistant to costimulation blockade (CB), are a major barrier to tran

69 ich donor-specific tolerance is induced with costimulation blockade (CoB) plus donor-specific transfu

70 Belatacept, a B7-specific mediator of costimulation blockade (CoB), is clinically indicated as

71 s trial was conducted to determine whether a costimulation blockade (CoB)-based regimen could achieve

72 during the response to both inflammation and costimulation blockade (CoB).

73 red a proteasome inhibitor (carfilzomib) and costimulation blockade agent (belatacept) to six animals

74 ng protocol with ABT-737 in combination with costimulation blockade and low-dose cyclosporine A resul

75 We previously reported that costimulation blockade by abatacept limits the decline o

76 previously reported that continuous 24-month costimulation blockade by abatacept significantly slows

77 We tested whether peri-transplant costimulation blockade could prolong VCA survival and re

78 ntribution of Tregs to immune suppression by costimulation blockade depends on the concentration of C

79 monoclonal antibody-mediated coreceptor and costimulation blockade enables long-term engraftment and

80 cy of Th17 cells and conferred resistance to costimulation blockade following transplantation.

81 Last, the combination of aNotch-1 with costimulation blockade induced long-term tolerance in a

82 Moreover, short-term costimulation blockade led to robust immune tolerance th

83 er the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and that costimulation blockade may exert its beneficial therapeu

84 Importantly, costimulation blockade prevented the rejection of alloge

85 ensitization using proteasome inhibition and costimulation blockade reduces bone marrow plasma cells,

86 pproaches, but unexpectedly, the efficacy of costimulation blockade requires the presence of a radiat

87 tested whether T(FH) cells were decreased by costimulation blockade using the CTLA-4-immunoglobulin (

88 Costimulation blockade with belatacept did not provide s

89 We evaluated the combination of costimulation blockade with bortezomib in a sensitized n

90 We took cell/complement depletion, costimulation blockade, and serum transfer approaches to

91 y) total body irradiation and treatment with costimulation blockade, T-cell depletion, or rapamycin.

92 ss a full MHC disparity using peritransplant costimulation blockade-based approaches, but unexpectedl

93 ed-efficacy as in young recipients employing costimulation blockade-based or T-cell depletion-based c

94 gents currently available, in particular, by costimulation blockade-based regimens.

95 This study demonstrated that short-term costimulation blockade-induced dominant tolerance and th

96 e role of Foxp3 regulatory T (Treg) cells in costimulation blockade-induced dominant tolerance to por

97 Here we demonstrate that costimulation blockade-mediated tolerance after lung tra

98 Costimulation blockade-resistant rejection (CoBRR) is as

99 ral helper T cells, were highly sensitive to costimulation blockade.

100 sphamide in combination with CTLA4Ig-based T-costimulation blockade.

101 n of individuals most likely to benefit from costimulation blockade.

102 The costimulation blocker CTLA-4 Ig has been ineffective in

103 cells, does not involve CD40, OX40, or ICOS costimulation, but does involve B7/CD28 interactions.

104 f Immunity,Kawalekar et al. (2016) find that costimulation by a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) can c

105 olony-stimulating factor or FLT3 ligand) and costimulation by agonistic alpha-4-1BB or TLR 9 ligand,

106 Although costimulation by CD28, CD2, and CD27 increased cytokine

107 hat both mutations Y629F and Y662F abolished costimulation by CD6.

108 ent of a GADS/SLP-76 complex is required for costimulation by CD6.

109 he balance away from coinhibition and toward costimulation by combining anti-PD-L1 with agonistic Abs

110 complex dimensions are required for optimal costimulation by segregation from large inhibitory tyros

111 d Lck mobility and allowed functional T-cell costimulation by spatially separated CD3 and CD28.

112 Thus, CD27-mediated costimulation can synergize with coinhibitory checkpoint

113 TLR2-, but not TLR7-mediated costimulation, can enhance mRNA stability at low Ag leve

114 ng to antigen-experienced subsets, decreased costimulation capacity, and downregulation of genes invo

115 Antigen presentation, costimulation capacity, and transcription factor signatu

116 As with MAdCAM-mediated costimulation, cellular activation induced by gp120 V2 i

117 driven by CT25, in which both Tregs and PDL1 costimulation cooperate to control diabetogenic cells, w

118 lass II expression, coupled with appropriate costimulation, correlated with lower leukemic burden.

119 Such NA-mediated costimulation crucially induces Th2 differentiation by s

120 ludes T-cell receptor (TCR) self-reactivity, costimulation, cytokines, and antigen presentation by a

121 tization of MHC-disparate mouse strains with costimulation-deficient cells led to robust cytotoxicity

122 We reasoned that allosensitization with "costimulation-deficient" cells should induce DSA synthes

123 lying mechanisms of this differential T cell costimulation dependence and found that the viral contex

124 proteasome-dependent manner, explaining the costimulation dependence of anergy prevention.

125 However, this costimulation does not prevent the ability of CD8(+) T c

126 CAR T cells with different costimulation domains have proven clinical efficacy in l

127 ated that the phenotype of impaired negative costimulation, due to reduced levels of V-set domain-con

128 4 T cell help, CD40 signaling and CD28-based costimulation during allosensitization and could be reve

129 clear whether poxviruses dedicatedly subvert costimulation during infection.

130 wever, stimulating the BCR in the absence of costimulation (e.g., CD40) does not induce CSR; thus, it

131 In conclusion, TLR-mediated costimulation effectively potentiates T cell effector fu

132 Most importantly, TRAIL-R costimulation efficiently inhibited alloantigen-induced

133 In both age groups, TLR-2 costimulation elicited activation of naive CD4(+) T cell

134 Additionally, costimulation enhanced mesangial cell proliferation comp

135 M4, induced C3 secretion from the cells, and costimulation enhanced this effect.

136 In addition, costimulation experiments revealed a synergistic effect

137 distinctive propensity to use TLR-2-mediated costimulation for development into proinflammatory Th1 e

138 etermined the dependence on CD28/B7-mediated costimulation for expansion of naive and memory CD8(+) T

139 , PTEN-deficient T cells still required CD28 costimulation for IL-2 production and remained susceptib

140 quirement for actin remodeling, initiated by costimulation, for full TCR signaling.

141 ice showed impaired expression of inducer of costimulation (ICOS) ligand, programmed death receptor 1

142 of cell surface CD46 inhibited CD28-mediated costimulation, identifying autocrine CD46 signaling as d

143 ntain CD28, and, thereby, may provide T cell costimulation in an immune-suppressive environment, repr

144 In order to assess the role of B7 costimulation in DIO in a non-Treg-lacking environment,

145 anscription factor PLZF did not require CD28-costimulation in either of the thymic NKT subsets, under

146 activation that highlights the role of CD28 costimulation in host defense against poxvirus infection

147 ency demonstrates the critical role of 4-1BB costimulation in host immunity against EBV infection.

148 , our results identify a novel role for ICOS costimulation in imprinting the functional stability of

149 led the Cxcl10 gene as a target of CD27/CD70 costimulation in newly activated CD8/ T cells.

150 al immune processes; however, the role of B7 costimulation in obesity-related liver inflammation is u

151 y, these results suggest a key role for CD28 costimulation in promoting a central Treg to eTreg trans

152 fy critical molecular targets of T cell dual-costimulation in the context of cancer immunotherapy.

153 type of cell death, ranging from deficits in costimulation in the context of necrosis to a suboptimal

154 Our study demonstrates a dual role of B7 costimulation in the course of obesity-related sequelae,

155 part, by a differential requirement for CD28 costimulation in the development or differentiation of e

156 rtant implications for therapies that target costimulation in type 2 diabetes.

157 Importantly, TLR2 costimulation increases the percentage of polyfunctional

158 age of p100, upregulation of p52, and T cell costimulation independence.

159 , resulting in B cell hyperplasia and T cell costimulation-independence.

160 mponent of noncanonical NF-kappaB, were also costimulation independent, consistent with the negative

161 Blocking T cell costimulation induced long-term graft acceptance in both

162 Costimulation induced on microbe-infected antigen presen

163 f the CSK/CD28 interaction prior to TCR/CD28 costimulation induces a signaling response which mimics

164 entiation and function, including migration, costimulation, inhibitory receptors and cytokines, via m

165 T cell costimulation is a key component of adaptive immunity to

166 ibited a low diffusion rate, suggesting that costimulation is controlled by a balance between the tra

167 To understand why CD28 costimulation is dispensable for gammadelta T cell activ

168 Thus, CD4+ T cell-dependent "negative" TIM-3 costimulation is essential for hepatic homeostasis and r

169 omatin-modifying enzyme Ezh2 induced by CD28 costimulation is essential for regulatory T (Treg) cell

170 CD28 costimulation is essential for the development of thymic

171 we show that unlike in innate cells, T-cell costimulation is induced even by non-CpG DNA and by self

172 In summary, the effectiveness of CD28 costimulation is inversely proportional to the dimension

173 d utilization by gammadelta T cells, as CD28 costimulation is known to promote glycolysis in alphabet

174 T cell costimulation is mediated by the interaction of a number

175 re, we analyzed how TRAIL-receptor (TRAIL-R) costimulation is modulating TCR-mediated activation of h

176 We conclude from these studies that CD28 costimulation is required for corneal destructive immune

177 Taken together, these data suggest that CD28 costimulation is required for HSK but that while initial

178 Costimulation is required for optimal T cell activation,

179 Therefore, the ability of CD70 to trigger costimulation is self-regulated when it binds its comple

180 g cytokines and antigen-presenting-cell free costimulation, is a flexible therapeutic approach as pol

181 ation requires local delivery of both Ag and costimulation, is inhibited by rapamycin treatment durin

182 ignaling adaptor required for 4-1BB-mediated costimulation, is lost from chronically stimulated virus

183 In the present study, we show that CD46 costimulation leads to amplified microRNA (miR) expressi

184 signals that mimic a T cell response (IL-21 costimulation), ligation of CD32b, but not CD19, inhibit

185 ls (DCs) and increased surface expression of costimulation markers and production of interleukin (IL)

186 Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell costimulation mediated by CD28 and 4-1BB is essential fo

187 ts elucidate a mechanism of intrinsic immune costimulation mediated by DNA threads released by activa

188 by imposing requirements for SP T cells and costimulation-mediated cross-talk in generation of the m

189 citinib as compared with abatacept, a T-cell costimulation modulator, in patients with rheumatoid art

190 tional CD4 T cells expressed lower levels of costimulation molecules and other activation markers.

191 iven T-cell activation through the accessory costimulation molecules ICOSL and OX40L.

192 This explains why in vivo B7 costimulation neutralization efficiently silences a vari

193 nd chemokine inhibition, and the blockade of costimulation now also appear highly promising and very

194 Having previously shown that costimulation of B cells via TLR 9 and the TLR-related r

195 Remarkably, our functional data shows that costimulation of both receptors by agonists reduces cell

196 Costimulation of CD4(+) T cells by HLA-DR(+) NK cells pr

197 ating NK cell receptors that plays a role in costimulation of CD8 T cells.

198 of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), whereas costimulation of CD80 and PD-1 ameliorates GVHD.

199 , in splenocytes of DNA.HTI-vaccinated mice, costimulation of HTI peptides and a DR3 agonist (4C12) i

200 In inflammatory conditions, costimulation of human brain endothelial cells by NMDA a

201 Costimulation of human mesangial cells with M4 and galac

202 In this study, we show that costimulation of human naive CD4(+) cells through CD97/C

203 importance of ligand dimensions for optimal costimulation of IL-2 production by T cells and suggest

204 in airway epithelial cells without excessive costimulation of IL-8 if the RIG-I/MAVS pathway is stimu

205 l and synaptic activation of NMDARs, whereas costimulation of ionotropic non-NMDAR glutamate receptor

206 However, costimulation of MCMV-memory NK cells with IL-12 and m15

207 Costimulation of P2X1 and P2Y1 receptors generated a sup

208 In vitro, costimulation of PBMC with DR3-specific mAb increased th

209 We show in this study that costimulation of preselection double-positive thymocytes

210 esting cytomegalovirus genomes, we show that costimulation of protein kinase A and C-delta signaling

211 BP-J imposes a requirement for ITAM-mediated costimulation of RANKL or TNF-alpha-induced osteoclastog

212 and antigen-presenting cells led to reduced costimulation of T cells through CD137, reducing IFN-gam

213 We decided to determine if CD28 costimulation of T cells was required in HSK.

214 ing RBP4-Ox mice with CTLA4-Ig, which blocks costimulation of T cells, is sufficient to reduce AT inf

215 ace molecules involved in the activation and costimulation of the immune cells.

216 Costimulation of the receptors P2Y(1) and P2Y(12) genera

217 Differently, costimulation of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR7/8 enhances IL-1bet

218 Importantly, this costimulation of TLR2-induced cytokine secretion was dep

219 of adaptive memory cells, the roles of CD28 costimulation on established memory T lymphocytes and th

220 The effect of TIM-4 costimulation on T cell activation remains unclear.

221 ously treated with an agent targeting T-cell costimulation or checkpoint pathways.

222 Specific blockade of T cell costimulation pathway is a promising immunomodulatory ap

223 Whereas the CD28 costimulation pathway predominantly controls priming of

224 ering novel agents that block the CD40/CD154 costimulation pathway, such as an anti-CD40 mAb, suppres

225 odies directed against the CD40/CD154 T cell costimulation pathway.

226 is has led to exploring the blockade of some costimulation pathways as an efficient immunosuppressive

227 Here, we report that CD2 costimulation plays a critical role in target cell killi

228 s study was to evaluate the role that T cell costimulation plays both in corneal disease and in contr

229 Taken together, dual costimulation programs tumor-unrelated CD4 T cells to de

230 han wild type T cells, and in the absence of costimulation proliferated to a degree intermediate betw

231 SLAMF3 costimulation promotes Treg differentiation from naive C

232 Whereas the costimulation properties of Th1 cells are well studied,

233 s found in many other disease conditions, B7 costimulation reduced adipose inflammation by maintainin

234 t CD28 costimulation augments, whereas 4-1BB costimulation reduces, exhaustion induced by persistent

235 ntitative integration of antigen display and costimulation regulates downstream checkpoints responsib

236 ction of nucleic acids (NAs)-mediated T cell costimulation remains unclear.

237 the patches increased following at-resonance costimulation, reproducing the increased fMRI connectivi

238 Taken together, these data demonstrate CD28-costimulation requirement for CD8 T cell rescue and sugg

239 tudied, relatively little is known about the costimulation requirements of microbe-elicited Th17 cell

240 CAR-mediated CD28 and 4-1BB costimulation resulted in similar levels of T cell persi

241 ostimulatory receptor CD2 and that CD2/LFA-3 costimulation results in a more robust and polyfunctiona

242 ll receptor (TCR) coreceptor CD3 and CD28, a costimulation signal essential for cell activation.

243 primed CD8/ T cells in response to CD27/CD70 costimulation, signals to other primed CD8(+) T cells in

244 LY108 costimulation similarly increased human iNKT cell activa

245 ts in T cell activation, particularly in the costimulation step, have been associated with many autoi

246 Indeed, LTbetaR costimulation synergistically enhanced the late RelA/NF-

247 ammadelta T cells are less dependent on CD28 costimulation than alphabeta T cells.

248 inducing Th1 cells operated by affecting DC costimulation that amplified TCR signaling.

249 les important for Ag presentation and T cell costimulation, that is, beta2-microglobulin, MHC II, CD4

250 tion for IL-36R in vivo, we showed that dual costimulation therapy reduced B16 melanoma tumor growth

251 indicate that RBP-J suppresses ITAM-mediated costimulation, thereby limiting crosstalk between ITAM a

252 Costimulation through 4-1BB (CD137) receptor generates r

253 bition of cathepsin S molecules, blockade of costimulation through administration of abatacept and in

254 Costimulation through CD28 is critical for optimal activ

255 ddition to TCR stimulation, the provision of costimulation through ligation of TNFR family members, s

256 Evidence indicates that inhibiting costimulation through the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is central

257 ared the impact of anti-CD3 stimulation plus costimulation through TLR-2 performed in the absence of

258 ation of several proteins involved in T cell costimulation, thus impairing virus-specific CD8(+) T ce

259 nd - in the case of second-generation CARs - costimulation to augment T cell functionality and persis

260 APCs) capable of providing early priming and costimulation to CD4(+) T cells.

261 lls dramatically boosted the ability of dual costimulation to control the growth of established B16 m

262 Thus, neutralizing B7 costimulation uncovers an essential role for Tregs in se

263 In contrast, inhibition of B7 costimulation under conditions where Tregs are present m

264 cytoskeleton pharmacologically or providing costimulation via CD28 'rescued' those defects.

265 lf-peptide ligand in a way that conventional costimulation via CD28 could not.

266 CR alone to WT levels but had no effect when costimulation via CD28 was provided.

267 constructs revealed that the most effective costimulation was achieved in IFPs containing a dimerizi

268 B7-costimulation was also necessary for effective PD-1 ther

269 riomeningitis virus (LCMV), CD28/B7-mediated costimulation was dispensable for accumulation of LCMV-s

270 We found that ICOS costimulation was important for the functional maintenan

271 Unexpectedly, CD70-CD27 costimulation was not needed for memory CD8 T cell gener

272 ed B cell receptor (BCR) signaling, but IL-4 costimulation was sufficient to restore BCR-induced prol

273 urrent stimulation approach (iTBS-gamma tACS costimulation), we demonstrate that driving gamma oscill

274 Through our studies of T cell costimulation, we generated transgenic mice expressing a

275 cope movies of GFP-tagged T cells undergoing costimulation, we learned models containing putative cau

276 d helper functions and are less dependent on costimulation when compared with naive T cells.

277 genous mechanism of defective VTCN1 negative costimulation, which affects both lymphoid and periphera

278 lls are uniquely sensitive to TLR-2-mediated costimulation, which enabled them to produce equivalent

279 n antigen processing/presentation and T-cell costimulation, which massively reduced T-cell subset ske

280 ts (CTLA4-Ig), FR104 selectively blunts CD28 costimulation while sparing CTLA-4 and PD-L1 coinhibitor

281 Ig), selective CD28 antagonists blunt T cell costimulation while sparing CTLA-4 and PD-L1-dependent c

282 Inhibition of CD28-mediated costimulation with abatacept does not seem to alter the

283 In contrast, costimulation with anti-CD28 failed to enhance Egr-2 bin

284 hat the kinase PKC-theta was sumoylated upon costimulation with antigen or via the TCR plus the corec

285 with enhanced expression of Duox1 following costimulation with BCR agonists together with IL-4, wher

286 Costimulation with catecholamines, carcinoembryonic anti

287 ging tumor-unrelated CD4 T cells during dual costimulation with CD134 plus CD137 that provide help vi

288 We demonstrate that in the absence of costimulation with CD28, corneal disease does not take p

289 rat heart allograft model, preventing T cell costimulation with CD40Ig leads to indefinite allograft

290 Costimulation with CXCL9 desensitized the chemotaxis of

291 bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin infection and costimulation with IFN-gamma, we observed that MPhi argi

292 urvival and antibody secretion, whereas CD40 costimulation with IL-21 or IFN-gamma promotes a T-bet+

293 cellular Toll-like receptor 9 was induced by costimulation with interleukin-8 and ammonia.

294 In contrast, costimulation with LPS plus insulin drives robust anti-i

295 rentiated to macrophage-like cells (D-U1) by costimulation with phorbol esters and urokinase-type pla

296 Costimulation with R-spondin and its binding to HS chain

297 Costimulation with the ligand of GITR elicited dose-depe

298 Intranasal costimulation with the lipopeptide Toll-like receptor (T

299 Costimulation with TNF-alpha and TGF-beta1 significantly

300 f primitive neural stem cells, we found that costimulation with vasoactive intestinal peptide (V) and