ライフサイエンスコーパス: counterion

1 t position 7 of the heterobicycle and on the counterion.

2 by stabilizing the corresponding carboxylate counterion.

3 ia a transition structure with a complicated counterion.

4 the presence of a hydrogen bond to the Cl(-) counterion.

5 ized by protons, with chloride acting as the counterion.

6 the cationic Au(I) center and the phosphate counterion.

7 rmed in the presence of the "superweak" TFPB counterion.

8 is controlled by pH, concentration, and the counterion.

9 ed with tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate as counterion.

10 and the resulting phosphate acts as a chiral counterion.

11 d and subsequently ring-opened by the iodide counterion.

12 on the choice of the halogen atom and on the counterion.

13 -dinitrogen complex, stabilized by a lithium counterion.

14 eraction between the hydrated proton and its counterion.

15 emain associated with the reaction site as a counterion.

16 er)) in both the presence and absence of the counterion.

17 ent-separated ion triplet with two potassium counterions.

18 vent interface more effectively than smaller counterions.

19 Th-nitrate solutions in the presence of A(+) counterions.

20 n different crystalline salts using suitable counterions.

21 lecular structure, basepairing, and explicit counterions.

22 esized with selected ammonium or phosphonium counterions.

23 water, the ionic surfactant headgroups, and counterions.

24 organic solution in the presence of typical counterions.

25 hat the genomes are largely packaged without counterions.

26 cerning the positions of H atoms and lighter counterions.

27 on in water is controlled exclusively by its counterions.

28 ectrostatic coupling between the DNA and its counterions.

29 the helicate promoted by the use of sulfate counterions.

30 nding on the temperature and the size of the counterions.

31 mental property of DNA: its interaction with counterions.

32 es interact directly with the lipid and with counterions.

33 are associated with different binding of the counterions.

34 permeate through, with no detectable flow of counterions.

35 RNA molecules cannot fold in the absence of counterions.

36 charge the surface by releasing the adsorbed counterions.

37 to be stable in the presence of alkali metal counterions.

38 eferential binding site in the CIP with K(+) counterions.

39 composites in the presence of added calcium counterions.

40 6 crystals containing either BF4(-) or Br(-) counterions.

41 ticular conjugated polymers, (2) dopants and counterions, (3) insulating polymers, and (4) conductive

42 ith tetrakis(perfluoro-tert-butoxy)aluminate counterions (~6000 dyes per NP), and bearing 65 acceptor

43 proximal electronic bias imposed by external counterions, a practical limitation in the use of molecu

44 y of the mechanism reveals that the benzoate counterion acts as a proton shuttle to enable transfer h

45 We demonstrate by a simple model that counterions adsorption sites located on the inner face o

46 ained by slower depletion of co-ions than of counterions along the pore.

47 and causes the local accumulation of soluble counterions, altering the local pH and the concentration

48 ic motion of the ammonium cation and bromine counterion, although the overall number of active modes

49 D121-H87 cluster of the retinal Schiff base counterion and a glutamate at position 132 that acts as

50 ntimately connected with the presence of the counterion and not just hydration water.

51 ions must take into account the roles of the counterion and of concentration.

52 role in this transition, likely serving as a counterion and proton acceptor at least at high and neut

53 ontrol) and (iii) the nature of Cu catalyst (counterion and solvent dependence) will favor the C-C cl

54 -6)THF(2) }(+) and {K(18-crown-6)THF(2) }(+) counterions and crystallographically characterized.

55 acitor charging takes place by adsorption of counterions and desorption of co-ions from the pores.

56 sis facilitated irreversible partitioning of counterions and DNA.

57 gh either addition or extraction of chloride counterions and is readily visualized in the separation

58 ction promotes ion pairing with longer-chain counterions and more effective screening.

59 CPEs with smaller counterions and shorter side chains exhibit higher dopin

60 is only weakly coordinated to two carborate counterions and that is soluble in low polarity organic

61 furthermore the cations may be perturbed by counterions), and the generation of gas-phase carbocatio

62 The novel results including ligand, counterion, and solvent effects uncovered during the cou

63 The effect of ligands, counterions, and additives on Lewis acidity is quantifie

64 n into an entropic component, due to loss of counterions, and an enthalpic component, stemming from C

65 factors such as solvent polarity, number of counterions, and sizes of the MNPs.

66 A wide variety of gold catalysts, counterions, and solvents were examined to elucidate the

67 eties, the [Nb6O19](8-) polyanion, its Cs(+) counterions, and the DMMP substrate, were tracked under

68 e facile displacement of at least one of the counterions, and this near nakedness of the cation resul

69 nds with DMA guests residing in the pores as counterions, and thus ideally suited for proton conducti

70 th increasing ion-pairing contact with their counterions, and thus provides a rare opportunity to obs

71 hiral ligand and the chiral TADDOL-phosphate counterion are described.

72 ted charged substituents with an appropriate counterion are found to enhance their Bronsted acidities

73 ganocatalyst, substrate, additive, and metal counterion are reaction partners that can be held togeth

74 Cationic compounds with chloride as counterion are soluble in water (70-100 mg/mL).

75 s several orders of magnitude when exogenous counterions are added to DNA.

76 Cp*2M(+) counterions are much less effective than protons at stab

77 creases several orders of magnitude when DNA counterions are removed by dialysis against deionized wa

78 e for pyrene in BlueCage(6+) when the PF6(-) counterions are replaced by much bulkier anions.

79 g a mechanical work, both water and hydrated counterions are squeezed out from the nanoconfined solut

80 ing electrode as AgX, while their respective counterions are transported across the perm-selective me

81 These counterions are very difficult to remove from DNA; there

82 ssed theoretically by explicitly considering counterions around the macromolecules.

83 both individual ligands and a suitably sized counterion as template.

84 s vary with the diffusion coefficient of the counterion, as well as with cation concentration and ele

85 acroions are largely affected by the type of counterions, as shown by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR

86 transition from overscreening to crowding of counterions at the interface at the highest applied pote

87 neutralized by an accumulation of dissolved counterions at the interface.

88 ion solvation to maintain a nearly spherical counterion atmosphere around each micelle, while maximiz

89 asis is on the distribution of added calcium counterions between the polymeric phases seen in changes

90 is a modular MOF; five new variants in which counterions (BF(4) (-) , CMOM-2S) or mandelate ligands a

91 on to the hydrophobic pocket of the host and counterion binding to its external carboxylate groups su

92 aggregates cannot easily escape their dopant counterion, but at higher dopant concentrations, holes b

93 s indicate that the replacement of the Na(+) counterion by bmim(+) in AOT RMs alters the rates of rea

94 more uniform: removal of strongly bound DNA counterions by electro-dialysis against deionized water.

95 t as the proton source and the corresponding counterion can help enhance the reactivity and selectivi

96 oach to perform realistic modeling of chiral counterion catalysis in solution.

97 electric to enforce ion pairing to a SbF6(-) counterion changes the regioselectivity by up to a facto

98 t recent experimental studies of the role of counterion charge, structure, and chemistry.

99 The counterion cloud around the nanoparticles is proposed to

100 ions (Na(+)) preferentially partition to the counterion cloud around the strongly hydrated anion (SO(

101 ent enhancement phenomena because associated counterion cloud is believed to increase the ion density

102 coupled dynamics of macromolecules and their counterion clouds in salt-free conditions are shown to l

103 lved reaction mechanism, and the role of the counterion cluster of RPSB, remain uncertain.

104 ning of the interaction between RPSB and its counterion cluster.

105 iport mechanism, in which both substrate and counterion compete for a shared binding site in the tran

106 etwork between chromophore, Schiff base, and counterion complex explaining the altered optical and ki

107 ed, suggesting structural changes within the counterion complex upon mutation.

108 introduction of other mutations into the KR2 counterion complex, and further, these modifications wer

109 tion of the charge separation in the RSBH(+)-counterion complex.

110 onated retinal Schiff base (RSBH(+)) and its counterion complex.

111 plays a significant role in acidity, as does counterion complexation to the outer surfaces of the cap

112 c field promoted the dissociation of the DNA-counterion complexes, while dialysis facilitated irrever

113 how zeta potential trends for varying pH and counterion concentration and demonstrate that SEBS has a

114 Moreover, additional counterion condensation (physisorption) occurs on the NT

115 Moreover, we measured counterion condensation on highly negatively charged hep

116 ically bound to the RNA, as predicted by the counterion condensation theory.

117 Counterion condensation triggered a cooperative binding

118 e switching states of the device whereas the counterions control the hysteresis.

119 surface potential is better compensated when counterion crowding happens.

120 ing V-ATPase requires charge compensation by counterion currents that are commonly attributed to chlo

121 ere only observed in leak mutants if the KR2 counterions, D116 and D251, were deprotonated, which was

122 drogen bonds of internal water molecules and counterions (D238 and Cl(-)) in the active site induce c

123 We propose that the chiral ammonium counterion differentiates between rapidly equilibrating

124 mix in blends with a common ion is caused by counterion dissociation competition from the common ion.

125 ielsen equations were adapted to predict the counterion distribution between the polymeric phases tha

126 Counterintuitively, when deprived of counterions, DNA precipitated from the solution into amo

127 nse coacervate phase and a 1D confinement of counterions due to patterns along polymers in the supern

128 te reagent, transferable ligand, and cuprate counterion (e.g., Li(+) vs MgX(+)).

129 protonated tetrafluoroborate salts, a strong counterion effect was demonstrated by means of theoretic

130 of a cationic Co(I)-intermediate, ligand and counterion effects on the reactions, can be expected to

131 vities imposed by the different anilines and counterions employed.

132 These results highlight counterion engineering as a versatile strategy to tailor

133 oteins significantly compensates for the low-counterion environment of the cell.

134 l trifluoromethanesulfonate, we can effect a counterion exchange of the catalytic nickel complex, suc

135 s such as F(4) TCNQ is primarily to keep the counterions far from the polymer backbone.

136 s the gold catalyst with more basic triflate counterion favor boryl migration toward C3-borylated fur

137 In contrast, fluoride as a counterion favors dual hydrogen bonding to both hydroxy

138 e the conditions (e.g., fabrication methods, counterions, flow rates, concentrations of reagents) for

139 striated muscle, TRIC-A produces most of the counterion flux required during excitation-contraction c

140 r element, accompanied by outward and inward counterion fluxes.

141 translation initiation and functioning as a counterion for ATP.

142 c activation, the chiral phosphate acts as a counterion for the Lewis acidic zinc ion, which provides

143 Using a Hofmeister series of counterions for a common polycation, poly(diallyldimethy

144 We therefore suggest that sulfatides act as counterions for interstitial ammonium facilitating its r

145 upon exchanging four triflate or triflimide counterions for two oxocarbon anions, resulting in stron

146 Additionally, these counterions form a weak but attractive electrostatic bri

147 ges on its surface, DNA condenses cations as counterions, forming the so-called "ion atmosphere".

148 makes available a new class of dipole-rich, counterion-free, pH insensitive polymer interlayers with

149 Veverimer, a non-absorbed, counterion-free, polymeric drug candidate selectively bi

150 Veverimer, a non-absorbed, counterion-free, polymeric drug, selectively binds and r

151 effective in blocking solvent molecules and counterions from crossing over for extended period of ti

152 lations indicate that PAH pulls in condensed counterions from solution to avoid charge-repulsion alon

153 n the relaxations of polyelectrolyte chains, counterions from the polymer and added salt, and co-ions

154 x nonlinear electrostatic phenomenon whereby counterions from the solvent effectively overscreen and

155 We investigated whether removal of counterions from the strongly bound counterion layer wou

156 an acylpyridinium donor and its carboxylate counterion further promoted site-divergent functionaliza

157 w identical peaks denoting that there are no counterions, further reinforcing the accuracy of the ass

158 that protein into an allosteric ligand- and counterion-gated conformational molecular switch.

159 ating the in situ formation of a bicarbonate counterion (HCO(3)(-)).

160 net effect being dependent on the choice of counterion, i.e. bromide vs tetrakis(1-imidazolyl)borate

161 al group density, mechanical properties, and counterion identity.

162 (i) DNA can form very stable complexes with counterions, (ii) these complexes can be dissociated by

163 rior studies, these results suggest that the counterion in Drosophila Rh1 may not be located at Glu-1

164 he proposal that Glu-181 may function as the counterion in other invertebrate visual pigments as well

165 tudy illustrates the deleterious role of the counterion in tail-to-head carbocationic polycyclization

166 chanism and reveal the role of the phosphate counterion in the CAPT catalysis.

167 iologic anion may compensate for the missing counterion in the E194Q mutant.

168 state with greater charge separation by the counterion in the ion paired case.

169 is found that the chiral phosphate acts as a counterion in the stereocontrolling event rather than th

170 monstrate that the presence of iodide as the counterion in the triazole moiety has direct influence o

171 e demonstrated that Glu-181 functions as the counterion in this pigment.

172 Also, significant displacement of counterions in an extended solid may result from the cha

173 de secondary structure and interactions with counterions in HILIC.

174 These results show that charge screening by counterions in solution enables negatively charged side

175 roached the interface together with chloride counterions in solvent-shared ion pairs.

176 ractions in determining the locations of the counterions in the current system.

177 tability of the junction and distribution of counterions in the junction interior.

178 nusual charge neutrality of both Schiff base counterions in the P2 (380) conducting state suggests th

179 tinction between the hydration states of the counterions in the Stern layer; we propose counterions t

180 pike events are observed when chaotropes are counterions in the stimulation solution, and the values

181 The role of counterions in these solutions, however, is often consid

182 nanoparticles with a variety of hydrophobic counterions including oleic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic

183 Recent studies of counterion-induced condensation of nucleic acid helices

184 state model capable of rationalizing chiral counterion-induced enantioselectivity.

185 raphy, and confirms the presence of a PF6(-) counterion inside its cavity.

186 the structure of the auxiliary and the metal counterion involved.

187 es contain a lipophilic cation for which the counterion is initially Cl(-).

188 ascade in which size and coordination of the counterion is key.

189 with precipitation of its protecting Bi(3+)-counterions, it rapidly aggregates to ~22 angstrom spher

190 r-order magnesiate) and on the nature of the counterion (K(+) > Ca(2+)).

191 -established theories, little is known about counterions' lateral organization at the surface of the

192 moval of counterions from the strongly bound counterion layer would elicit any novel DNA properties o

193 s due to entropic-stabilization of condensed counterion layers.

194 The presence of these counterions leads to novel structures of these crystals,

195 We find that the number of counterions liberated upon DNA unfolding is a nonmonoton

196 ure of the attractive force among macroions (counterion-mediated attraction), to the blackberry forma

197 ures in their dilute solution, driven by the counterion-mediated attraction.

198 This work confirms that the long-range counterion-mediated electrostatic attraction is sensitiv

199 sphere around each micelle, while maximizing counterion-mediated electrostatic cohesion among the ens

200 Herein, a counterion-mediated O-alkylation method for the generati

201 mental evidence, a unique combination of the counterion-mediated translocation of CPPs with the under

202 ults also add much corroborative support for counterion-mediated uptake as the productive mode of act

203 of biopolymer flexibility, excluded volume, counterion mobility, and coupled membrane deformations.

204 zothiadiazole) backbones, but with different counterions (Na(+), K(+), vs tetrabutylammonium) and len

205 ning and also with substitution of different counterions (Na:AOT, K:AOT, and Mg:AOT) that consequentl

206 The actinyl peroxide clusters have counterions not only external, but internal to the hollo

207 per describes the role of tetraalkylammonium counterions [NR4(+), R = -CH3, -CH2CH3, -(CH2)2CH3, or -

208 In the solid state, depending on the counterion, O-protonated or N-protonated cations can be

209 hobicity) often involves simply altering the counterion of the organic salt.

210 The tetrafluoroborate counterion of the palladium catalyst is proposed to play

211 yde also allows control of the nature of the counterion of the pyridinium with no need for additional

212 FT) calculations revealed the cyclopropenium counterion of this Au(I)-precatalyst imparts stability t

213 rosophila Rhodopsin 1 (Rh1) may serve as the counterion of this visual pigment.

214 single-crystal cation metathesis, the Ca(2+) counterions of a preformed chiral MOF of formula Ca6(II)

215 close inspection reveals that the six PF6(-) counterions of BlueCage(6+) occupy the cavity in a fleet

216 ces when alkyl-ammonium ions are used as the counterions of DNA.

217 The metal halides, which serve as counterions of positively charged surfactant heads, scre

218 tate of glutamic acid E163 (Ci1), one of the counterions of the RSBH(+).

219 ffect in gold catalysis explains the role of counterion on Au/Ag-catalyzed regiodivergent pathways.

220 ction has uncovered a surprising role of the counterion on stereoselectivity.

221 In summary, the chemical structure of the counterion on the catanionic surfactant alters the inter

222 The important role of the tetraphenylborate counterion on the stability and accessibility of the vin

223 The dipoles arising from adsorbed counterions on polymer backbones can form many pairwise

224 demonstrated the impact of the alkali metal counterions on the geometry of the [Ce horizontal lineN(

225 reveals the distinct effect of the nature of counterions on the structural features of diradical dica

226 ns (S85D and D108A) was designed to move the counterion one alpha-helical turn into the transmembrane

227 nvestigated leisurely, and in the absence of counterions or other perturbing effects, by various form

228 teractions such as secondary coordination of counterions or solvent molecules.

229 and elucidates that they result from denser counterion packing in micropores.

230 We show that through counterion pairing, organic salt nanoparticles can be tu

231 established based on catalyst structure and counterion pairing, thus enabling polymerization reactio

232 The concept of counterion partition (p(c)) is introduced to the literat

233 The number of counterions per molecule plays a major role in determini

234 Although the density distribution of counterions perpendicular to the interface obeys well-es

235 anwhile, the radioactive element thorium and counterions phosphate and citrate were separated effecti

236 The Cu-counterions play a role in both selecting different path

237 The nucleophile counterion plays a critical role by ensuring high reacti

238 he swelling from excluded volume effects and counterion pressure with elasticity of the microgel, we

239 ormation of ion pairs with these hydrophobic counterions, producing nanoparticles with exceptionally

240 bifurcation, and long-range dispersion, the counterion promotes considerable structural changes and

241 cal steps as well as mass-transport rates of counterions, protons, and reactants toward catalytically

242 Counterion release is observed as an increase in the app

243 provided through the measurement of API and counterion release profiles using high-performance liqui

244 l entropy of the mobile solution ions, i.e., counterion release.

245 cient, which directly provides the number of counterions released upon DNA-protein association.

246 ecause their completion requires solvent and counterion reorganization.

247 ly specific and may be important for meeting counterion requirements during excitation-contraction co

248 - particles are stiffer than Ad5-wt, but DNA-counterions revert this difference, indicating that VII

249 ene) to complexes containing noncoordinating counterions ([Rh(cod)2X]; X = OTf, BF4, PF6; cod = 1,5-c

250 This result indicates that bulkier counterions screen repulsive interactions at the ligand/

251 atin, a mechanism in consonance with reduced counterion screening in vitro and phosphorylated LH in v

252 sted, sulphonic acid bonded silica with H(+) counterion (SCX) proved to be the most efficient one for

253 ubstituting polyamines in place of elemental counterions significantly enhanced the structural rigidi

254 local deviations in surfactant headgroup and counterion solvation to maintain a nearly spherical coun

255 The effect of the counterion stability on the outcome of the reaction is i

256 However, counterions such as ammonium rearrange those structures

257 of reaction barriers through templation with counterions, such as potassium.

258 controlled by the ionic gradients of mobile counterions surrounding the 'jammed' nanoparticles.

259 vel mechanism whereby Lewis acid undergoes a counterion swap with the complex which favors isomerizat

260 ES23) with Li(+), Na(+), Cs(+), or NBu(4)(+) counterions synthesized from step-growth polymerization.

261 thiolate-capped [Au23(SR)16](-) nanocluster (counterion: tetraoctylammonium, TOA(+)).

262 tions by acting as a flexible macromolecular counterion that locally screens repulsive electrostatic

263 transient surfactant dimers mediated by the counterions that promote the stabilization of cylindrica

264 We have designed chiral counterions that systematically bias the reactivity and

265 The roles of the counterion, the solvent, and the type of Au(III) complex

266 Surrounding counterions then provide a background source of charge b

267 e thermopower, compared to those with larger counterions, thereby leading to a higher power factor.

268 Depending on the counterion, this face-capped tetrahedral capsule is solu

269 The proximity of a counterion to a charged catalyst in an ion paired comple

270 This reaction employs a chiral ammonium counterion to direct the acylation of an in situ generat

271 This process uses a chiral counterion to direct the addition of thiophenolate to a

272 with silyl triflates by binding the triflate counterion to form a stable, yet highly Lewis acidic, co

273 sidue (the homolog of Arg-82) form a complex counterion to the protonated retinylidene Schiff base, a

274 e counterions in the Stern layer; we propose counterions to be inner- and outer-sphere calcium ions,

275 g29(S2R)12, and Ag44(SR)30 (often with a few counterions to compensate charges) are known now.

276 of the tetrahedron that allows the necessary counterions to freely flow in and out of the host.

277 d)(2)(PhCO(2))(4)}(+) units with six nitrate counterions to give the neutral cluster.

278 f this strategy involves the use of divalent counterions to temporarily perturb the packing features

279 low temperatures increase adsorption of salt counterions to the surface, thus neutralizing it.

280 t stands as a unique model system, absent of counterions, to study the transformation of clusters to

281 Both dilution and exchange of counterions, transforms this cuboctahedron into two iden

282 tained by proton pumps in combination with a counterion transporter such as the Cl(-)/H(+) exchanger,

283 Although the release of counterions upon DNA-protein association has been postul

284 ctroscopy and directly detect the release of counterions upon DNA-protein association.

285 Tethering a metal complex to its phosphate counterion via a phosphine ligand enables a new strategy

286 n between AZD2811 and pamoic acid as a model counterion was investigated using solubility enhancement

287 n solution with Na(+), K(+), Rb(+), or Cs(+) counterions, we mathematically decompose the scattering

288 In order to remove the tightly bound counterions, we used dialysis against deionized water in

289 exes including metal catalysts, ligands, and counterions were assessed due to their importance to asy

290 was turned off but readily redissolved when counterions were reintroduced.

291 Radioactive counterions were used to track the ratio of positive to

292 ged ionic surfactants without their original counterions, were used to create the RMs.

293 10 and 6G dyes paired with bulky hydrophobic counterions, which prevent dye self-quenching and ensure

294 re labile and sensitive to interactions with counterions, which vary with processing and application

295 as also isolated by encapsulation of a Cs(+) counterion with 2.2.2-cryptand.

296 noparticles could be controlled by employing counterions with various hydrophobicities and structures

297 correlated with the activities of water and counterions within spatially confined compartments.

298 ion data reveal the highly dynamic nature of counterions within the ion atmosphere around DNA.

299 ged polyelectrolyte repeat units balanced by counterions-within thin films of polyelectrolyte complex

300 leofuge (PPh(3) or P(p-Cl-C(6)H(4))(3)), the counterion (X(-) = BF(4)(-), SbF(6)(-), Cl(-), or Br(-))