ライフサイエンスコーパス: credit

1 policies, and the motivation to maximize the credit.

2 unt of power displaced and the corresponding credit.

3 , imbalance of power, and unequal sharing of credit.

4 ne C sequestration less a fossil fuel offset credit.

5 munity ties, and increase access to informal credit.

6 ore complex form of communication than given credit.

7 s but were required to do their own work for credit.

8 ablishes accountability, responsibility, and credit.

9 ing climatic debt with accrued environmental credit.

10 tary projects launched to earn carbon-offset credits.

11 n complete the accompanying CME quiz for 1.5 credits.

12 ed, with application of the U.S. federal tax credit 45Q to qualifying facilities.

13 In addition, the federal tax credit 45Q was applied for qualifying facilities (i.e.,

14 epitomizes the winner-takes-all economics of credit allocation and distorts the history of science by

15 % higher than the cost of the Production Tax Credit, an important federal subsidy for wind energy.

16 xperimental treatment using DOOR and partial credit analysis.

17 Credit and accountability cannot be assessed unless the

18 e identifies the standards used to determine credit and compensation in research, and applies them to

19 The premium tax credit and cost-sharing subsidies have made nongroup cov

20 e contributors, so that they can accept both credit and responsibility.

21 life sciences that provides authors with due credit and that can evolve via continual revision and tr

22 This analysis suggests most donors deserve credit and, contrary to current practice, some deserve c

23 n them have become more complex; and as both credit and, even more, responsibility have become obscur

24 is 25% lower, including end-of-life material credits and 22% lower, when credits are excluded.

25 Second, financial credits and health may have several unmeasured common ca

26 d short-term relationships between financial credits and health outcomes using conventional regressio

27 sites in New York City intended to maximize credits and reduce poverty.

28 se gas emissions by 400% (with sequestration credit) and water consumption by 80% when compared to co

29 eef supply chains, restrictions on access to credit, and expansion of protected areas appear to have

30 tice premium discounts, continuing education credits, and compensation for lost wages.

31 Incentives include financial support, tax credits, and perhaps most importantly, extended market e

32 Use of a performance measure that credits appropriate clinical action indicates that almos

33 sts have been slow to adopt ways of sharing "credit" appropriately.

34 boration, and appropriate models of academic credit are yet to be developed.

35 If government carbon-tax credits are available, or the oil price goes up or CO2 c

36 of-life material credits and 22% lower, when credits are excluded.

37 IN and California's Low Carbon Fuel Standard credits are incorporated.

38 work tax credit called the Earned Income Tax Credit as an instrument to estimate the association betw

39 The orbitofrontal cortex is also credited as a major player in a host of neuropsychiatric

40 t: allowing nonprofessional scientists to be credited as authors under a collective identity ('group

41 , a unique polyphenol produced by plants and credited as potentially being responsible for the 'Frenc

42 nsequential information can be retroactively credited as relevant, and therefore selectively remember

43 demy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology-are credited as the founders of the ABO.

44 der certain conditions, the use of financial credits as instruments could violate 2 key instrumental

45 assumption of learning theories is that the credit assigned to predictive cues is not simply determi

46 tion in which the lateral OFC is involved in credit assignment and representation of reward identity

47 sleep-dependent processing was required for credit assignment and the establishment of task-related

48 This implements a form of spatial credit assignment for reinforcement learning.

49 Existing approaches to credit assignment in AI cannot solve tasks with long del

50 l representation of information relevant for credit assignment in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

51 ks causes and effects.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Credit assignment is the process by which we infer the c

52 ave rise to the unexpected outcome, but this credit assignment may be problematic if stimuli differ o

53 ice biases are the behavioral byproduct of a credit assignment mechanism responsible for ensuring the

54 eward pairs, participants quickly solved the credit assignment problem and learned the implicit payof

55 tal problem in reinforcement learning is the credit assignment problem, or how to properly assign cre

56 Second, there is a credit assignment problem-action selection signals occur

57 a mechanistically tractable solution to the credit assignment problem.

58 ts should be improved; it needs to solve the credit assignment problem.

59 hat learning from movement errors involves a credit assignment problem: did I misestimate properties

60 om an object in the environment, they face a credit assignment problem: Did the absence of reward ref

61 gests two classes of algorithms solving this credit assignment problem: In classic temporal-differenc

62 sponse to any performance error results in a credit assignment problem: which timescale is responsibl

63 ntly, little is known about how humans solve credit assignment problems in the context of reinforceme

64 lesions do not lead to impairments in reward-credit assignment that are seen after lOFC lesions.

65 ures and stages of the task, consistent with credit assignment to low-level state-independent task re

66 ons were most stable early in learning, when credit assignment was most needed.

67 ned RL model which incorporates a particular credit assignment weighting procedure.

68 how and when the nervous system solves this 'credit assignment' problem.

69 tex activity meets these two key criteria of credit assignment, and does so independently from bottom

70 basic requirements of a system that performs credit assignment, and that spiking activity can serve a

71 We found that credit assignment, as indexed by the normal influence of

72 When the same features were not needed for credit assignment, these neuronal representations were m

73 th lateral orbitofrontal damage had impaired credit assignment, whereas damage to medial orbitofronta

74 he microstructure of sleep reactivations and credit assignment, with downscaling of non-causal activi

75 yses that make it possible to measure reward-credit assignment--a crucial component of reward-value l

76 urons conveyed the information necessary for credit assignment.

77 nique contributions to flexible behavior and credit assignment.

78 y, providing possible eligibility traces for credit assignment.

79 yed the necessary information for performing credit assignment.

80 which helps address the problem of long-term credit assignment: the question of how to evaluate the u

81 A Bayesian credit-assignment model with built-in forgetting accurat

82 namic response involves a difficult temporal credit-assignment problem because this signal is both de

83 l stimuli, creating a potentially nontrivial credit-assignment problem.

84 However, little is known about credit-assignment when state uncertainty is subsequently

85 d when actions were taken thus guiding an MF credit-assignment.

86 we show that the resilience of HIV-1 can be credited, at least in part, to a robust response to pert

87 We find that the crediting baselines assume consistently higher deforesta

88 elp inform these discussions, we compare the crediting baselines established ex-ante by voluntary RED

89 ransport from point of load reduction to the credit buyer.

90 " Subscribers can receive 1.5 category 1 CME credits by completing the CME quiz that accompanies this

91 e study of a program designed to earn carbon credits by distributing almost one million drinking wate

92 emissions and greatly increase the number of credits calculated.

93 nefits are not inherently included in carbon credit calculations, to achieve "win-win" outcomes, deli

94 urnal, Hamad and Rehkopf used an in-work tax credit called the Earned Income Tax Credit as an instrum

95 inuum of prevention services, and no partial credit can be given to achievement of one step in isolat

96 g., cover crop incentives and/or a CO(2) tax credit) can mitigate price increases caused by CDR techn

97 e a total of 83 purchase attempts, paying by credit card (n = 47) and by money order (n = 36).

98 more than four times less likely to pay off credit card balances in full.

99 t of asking for the payment of environmental credit card bills and implying delegation of centralized

100 persistent materials, all formulated under a credit card format, were incubated in an outdoor compost

101 at women are more reidentifiable than men in credit card metadata.

102 uccessfully received cigarettes for 93.6% of credit card purchase attempts and for 88.9% of money ord

103 n be interrogated in a manner analogous to a credit card reader.

104 We study 3 months of credit card records for 1.1 million people and show that

105 ith LED induced fluorescence detection and a credit card sized minicomputer to prove the concept of r

106 anism of lipid extrusion, distinct from the 'credit card swipe' model of other lipid transporters.

107 , gas-phase laser devices incorporated in a 'credit card' or even in a laser pointer.

108 A smartphone, digital thermometer, metallic credit card, and pen torch remained fully functional aft

109 The device, which is smaller than a credit card, can manipulate over 10 reagents in more tha

110 st, ultrathin format comparable in size to a credit card.

111 on-based microfluidic chip embedded within a credit-card-sized cartridge.

112 Patients used personal savings (53.9%) and credit cards (25.0%) to help offset these expenses, amon

113 A leading hypothesis is that credit cards reduce the pain of payment and so 'release

114 Tobacco Vendors Study project offices using credit cards.

115 odern hard-drive disks, or magnetic bands on credit cards.

116 ce on the empirical and policy importance of credit constraints in forming skills is examined.

117 reform until the provision of cheap external credit created cross-party alliances at the municipal le

118 isplay structural change at the onset of the credit crisis of 2008, but never before.

119 s affected by prior treatment (CAPTs) or the credits' cumulative impacts over time.

120 Credit Default Swaps (CDS) spreads should reflect defaul

121 on asset pairs and on a network of sovereign credit default swaps (CDS).

122 he expectations of the unrestricted (partial credit) derivation of the Rasch model.

123 tic work also translates into a multitude of credit-distribution arrangements, apparently dismissing

124 a program are: dedicate a coordinator, offer credit, diversify participation, create a tiered structu

125 The authors appropriately credit E.

126 me randomly or quasi-randomly from financial credits (e.g., tax credits or cash transfers) are increa

127 rning literature shows that organisms assign credit efficiently, even under conditions of state uncer

128 ed the associations of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) on child development and used an instrumen

129 ees C of warming was paid by a water-quality credit equivalent to 0.89 (+/-0.04) degrees C of cooling

130 existing units than purchasing emission rate credits (ERCs) from a trading market at an average credi

131 i) funding and (ii) the fair distribution of credit, especially for younger scientists.

132 tific and professional competition: to claim credit for a discovery, we publish it in a peer-reviewed

133 that must be computed correctly is who gets credit for a shared outcome; this assignment is crucial

134 tically, we must be able to correctly assign credit for any particular outcome to the causal features

135 When asked to report errors, typists took credit for corrected errors and accepted blame for inser

136 ormula that reflects the principle of "equal credit for equal improvement" resulted in a more equitab

137 When analyzed to give FDT credit for identifying glaucoma, macular disease, or dec

138 ve near vision--each deserves a share of the credit for its discovery.

139 zing the break-even costs to calibrate a tax credit for onshore wind, we find that the resultant wind

140 meaning that the feature deserving the most credit for outcomes is not always obvious.

141 ns about female authors not receiving proper credit for publications and suggest a need for journals

142 Carbon offsetting-receiving credit for reducing, avoiding, or sequestering carbon-ha

143 r consistent with a role in establishing how credit for reward should be assigned.

144 Credit for rewarding outcome thus appears to be assigned

145 relatively more concerned with assignment of credit for rewards to particular choices during value-gu

146 Tabor deserves a great deal of the credit for significantly advancing this burgeoning and i

147 able build plan is sensitive to the capacity credit for solar but insensitive to the value for wind p

148 Advanced eusociality sometimes is given credit for the ecological success of termites, ants, som

149 ed for urban metabolism should be given more credit for the role it can play in stabilizing future gl

150 ory of Western thought, deservedly receiving credit for the theory of evolution.

151 This effectively permits authors to claim credit for their Pfam curation and link them to their OR

152 al for openness, allowing editors to receive credit for their work and making errors introduced durin

153 he fuel produced from that system receives a credit for this displacement.

154 The credit for this knowledge is generally given to Ernst Br

155 than the target article recognises, or gives credit for.

156 sticated than many neuroscientists give them credit for.

157 A pathway named T(H)17 is now credited for causing and sustaining tissue damage in the

158 ia for selection of living kidney donors are credited for favorable outcomes, recent practice changes

159 lexible policy based on RFS2, which includes credits for chemical use of bioethanol (to produce bioet

160 The opportunity to apply for carbon credits for cookstove projects creates a source of fundi

161 sociation (AMA) has proposed a system of tax credits for the purchase of individually owned health in

162 Although capacity credits for wind power have been embodied in power syste

163 these communities by receiving feedback and credit from individuals who reuse their work.

164 usses the potential environmental debits and credits from dispersant use and concludes that, in most

165 Despite the application of credits from the existing federal tax code 45Q, a minimu

166 years of receiving New Zealand's Family Tax Credit (FTC) and self-rated health (SRH) in 6,900 workin

167 approach for reducing nutrient loads through credit generation from agricultural or point source redu

168 Excessive credit growth, the main cause of financial crises, is re

169 appear more ill than they actually are, and crediting hospitals for a sicker patient population.

170 te to buy more time for local adaptation and credit implementation.

171 untries, as well as when trying to attribute credit in multiauthored papers.

172 power sector, e.g., 500 ktCO(2)/yr, the tax credit incentivizes the capture of roughly 397 MtCO(2)/y

173 t scenarios for calculating cookstove carbon credits, including comparing different types of stoves u

174 One prominent question is how credit is assigned to environmental stimuli that are act

175 In sum, while credit is due to the nurses and music therapists who pio

176 uncertainties about assigning "credit where credit is due" serve as a disincentive for clinicians co

177 With a tax credit large enough to make coverage affordable and the

178 y making investment decisions, and had fewer credit lines.

179 A key element in estimating credit losses is the distribution of credit rating chang

180 atient in which he also used pulse tracings, credited Luciani with this discovery.

181 uable co-products are produced, but only tax credits make fuel ethanol commercially viable because oi

182 increases, and the concept of environmental credit may be a useful tool for communicating climate of

183 First, some financial credits may directly influence health, for example, thro

184 Awarding CO(2) offset credits may incentivize seagrass restoration projects an

185 , education, employment, earnings, benefits, credit, media, health care, and criminal justice.

186 of different assumptions made within carbon credit methodologies, 2) discussion around potential tra

187 Both the "rank-based" and "partial-credit" methods described in this paper allow researcher

188 s are sensitive to time spent on MOC and MOC credits obtainable from current continuing education act

189 hejiang, and Fujian) should merit a capacity credit of 12.9%, the fraction of installed wind capacity

190 The credit of the presented protocol includes high yields an

191 of the literature concerning tmRNA, careful crediting of tmRNA sequence identifications, and a split

192 tests of hypotheses concerning the effect of credit on productivity, the sharing of idiosyncratic ris

193 entity of anonymous reviewers to assign them credit or blame and, on this basis, inform future refere

194 cessful, he or she needs to be able to claim credit or priority for discoveries throughout their care

195 i-randomly from financial credits (e.g., tax credits or cash transfers) are increasingly being analyz

196 The evolutionary success of Bilateria is credited partly to the origin of bilateral symmetry.

197 re agents use recall of specific memories to credit past actions, allowing them to solve problems tha

198 ubject's own likely prediction, participants credited people more than algorithms for correct predict

199 ounting and generally calculated more carbon credits per scenario than the Clean Development Mechanis

200 air quality concerns, China issued the Dual Credit policy to improve vehicle efficiency and accelera

201 are expected to peak in 2032 under the Dual Credit policy.

202 s (ERCs) from a trading market at an average credit price above $28 per MWh under the final state sta

203 ficantly exceed current and projected carbon credit prices.

204 n action and reinforcement-the assignment-of-credit problem.

205 s used to examine the association of the tax credit program with rural hospital financial health.

206 the near-term, it would be beneficial if the credit provided the greatest economic benefit early on a

207 hether they qualify for health insurance tax credits provided by the Patient Protection and Affordabl

208 lity of digital methods that could apportion credit quantitatively, academic leaders, including fundi

209 versus Z, we demonstrate how this continuous credit rating approach and its dynamics can be used to e

210 imating credit losses is the distribution of credit rating changes, the functional form of which is u

211 ts came at the expense of employment, sales, credit ratings, or firm survival.

212 For continuous credit ratings, the Altman Z score, we find that P(Delta

213 DFs describe both the static and dynamics of credit ratings.

214 y infinite variance, models several multiple credit ratios used in financial accounting to quantify a

215 cific knowledge (crystallized intelligence), credit report data, and other measures of decision quali

216 nc., Dayton, Ohio), a commercially available credit reporting company, to construct residential histo

217 the propagation of defaults via counterparty credit risk.

218 ach and its dynamics can be used to evaluate credit risk.

219 Chinook eggs were sampled from the Credit River, ON, Canada, and brought to an aquaculture

220 e test if the same factors that lead to poor credit scores also lead to poor health.

221 ive ability, and self-control-predicted both credit scores and cardiovascular disease risk and accoun

222 members, we examined the association between credit scores and cardiovascular disease risk and the un

223 ion ( approximately 22%) of the link between credit scores and cardiovascular disease risk at midlife

224 approximately 45% of the correlation between credit scores and cardiovascular disease risk.

225 We find that credit scores are negatively correlated with cardiovascu

226 dit scoring has outpaced knowledge about why credit scores are such useful indicators of individual b

227 Credit scores are the most widely used instruments to as

228 Credit scoring has been so successful that it has expand

229 The pervasive application of credit scoring has outpaced knowledge about why credit s

230 1601 individuals in the Philippines through credit scoring.

231 Potentially important drivers such as credit, supply-chain strengthening, and social marketing

232 rall survival and progression-free survival, crediting tail of the curve gains, and assessing toxicit

233 ng the amount of an unconditional, universal credit that an individual or group has received as the i

234 with the goal of creating restoration-based credits that can be bought and sold.

235 which is due to legacy GHG flex-fuel vehicle credits that expire in 2016.

236 th two classes of intervention: (i) climatic credits that pay some of the debt, reducing the overall

237 he electric power system evaluating capacity credits that should be recognized for offshore wind reso

238 o develop new concepts without giving up the credit they deserve, because it is usually clear who did

239 We regretfully omitted to give credit to a previous figure upon which the surface-tensi

240 The intelligent assignment of credit to action execution versus action selection has c

241 ssignment problem, or how to properly assign credit to actions that lead to reward or punishment foll

242 ish new data in ways that ensure appropriate credit to all contributors; and 4) automate most steps i

243 ng approaches for cancer biomarker owes much credit to functionalized nanomaterials due to their uniq

244 n states passed tax deductions and one a tax credit to help defray potential medical, lodging and wag

245 r, improvement is defined so as to give less credit to initial low performers than initial high perfo

246 es evidence for assigning virus disinfection credit to similar MBRs used to reclaim wastewater for re

247 ce that a putative model-free system assigns credit to task representations that are irrelevant to an

248 that we do not come close to giving adequate credit to the great creativity of chemists in the field.

249 Credit to the multibore configuration, a 65% improvement

250 But, it gives insufficient credit to the possibility that the process of abstractio

251 The price of a single dose credited to a CBRHA was 3 birr ($0.17) and they provide

252 nd one-third intracellularly with the latter credited to cathepsin V.

253 This hypothesis, often credited to Charles Darwin, is a pattern widely assumed

254 ginally published, the image was incorrectly credited to Chelsea Anne Bar; it should have been to Bre

255 n factor (TF) binding regions can largely be credited to chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) technol

256 and host-immune response disparities may be credited to differential gene regulation rather than gro

257 ns in which the diagnosis is intentional and credited to hematologists, the discovery of MGUS is most

258 ve and other health effects of ALA have been credited to its precursor role in converting to EPA in t

259 rinic activation in the VTA can primarily be credited to M5R activation at postsynaptic plasma membra

260 ical effects of oxysterols have largely been credited to the activation of nuclear hormone receptors.

261 n is striking and must, at least in part, be credited to the lack of a clear conceptualisation of the

262 his highly efficient catalytic chemistry was credited to the tandem effect between the acidic Al modi

263 en correlates with poorer clinical outcomes, credited to their ability to suppress antitumor immunity

264 oring data to determine the number of carbon credits to be awarded.

265 stitution method, which assigns emissions or credits to byproducts based on emissions associated with

266 use an axiomatic approach to assign relative credits to the coauthors of a given paper, referred to a

267 rable outcome, 0% to the least, and "partial credit" to intermediate ranks.

268 can be supported by developing mechanisms to credit utilities for wider opportunity initiatives, buil

269 oring should be a key requirement for carbon credit verification in future international carbon tradi

270 roject-level evaluation of CO2 sequestration credits, we developed a geodatabase (CoBluCarb) and high

271 reported estimates used to determine carbon credits; we found 19% (n = 4,041) of households reported

272 reported estimates used to determine carbon credits; we found 19% (n = 4,041) of households reported

273 the inherent uncertainties about assigning "credit where credit is due" serve as a disincentive for

274 Moreover, history can help to assign credit where it is due and call attention to evolving et

275 Results were also analyzed using partial credit, which is analogous to scoring an academic test,

276 ol (vitamin A) activation into atRA has been credited widely as a mechanism of ethanol toxicity.

277 2021 included an expansion of the Child Tax Credit with advance payments beginning in July 2021, a "

278 ls present in the stationary phase have been credited with a role in determining peak shape.

279 The Green Revolution is credited with alleviating famine, mitigating poverty and

280 Alexander D. Langmuir is credited with articulating the concept of disease survei

281 Screening mammography is credited with contributing to the substantial decrease i

282 off, the "father of innate immunity," who is credited with discovering phagocytes in 1882.

283 Chemokines are credited with guiding the multistep recruitment of CD8(+

284 rkers (HEWs) at the community level has been credited with increased identification and referral of p

285 Resting B lymphocytes have been credited with inducing T cell tolerance to Ig-derived an

286 Old Italian violins are routinely credited with playing qualities supposedly unobtainable

287 a key role in screening colon cancer and is credited with preventing deaths through the detection an

288 in the central nervous system are generally credited with regulating extracellular levels of L-gluta

289 In the last few decades, pharmaceuticals, credited with saving millions of lives, have emerged as

290 Vitamin A distribution programs are now credited with saving the sight and lives of nearly half

291 rtain bacterial microbiota species have been credited with strong immunomodulatory effects.

292 Passive elastic structures are credited with supporting the LA, but recent evidence sug

293 atalysis in which metal-metal cooperation is credited with the ability to achieve multielectron photo

294 BMDCs are also credited with the creation of premetastatic niches to wh

295 In 1956, Jack Cannon is credited with the first animal orthotopic liver transpla

296 John Hughlings Jackson is widely credited with the first electrical theory of epilepsy (1

297 ion (PSS), fuelled by female promiscuity, is credited with the rapid evolution of sperm quality trait

298 , if any, public health interventions can be credited with this stability.

299 mation, participants preferentially assigned credit within a MF system to the lottery they retrospect

300 ging the Nobel Prize to more fairly allocate credit would reduce the potential for controversy and di