ライフサイエンスコーパス: cystine

1 isease was negatively correlated with plasma cystine).

2 ls (e.g., l-cysteine) into disulfides (e.g., cystine).

3 antioxidant role by exporting glutamate for cystine.

4 etal-organic frameworks, calcite, urea and l-cystine.

5 uria by increasing the solubility of urinary cystine.

6 ysosomal accumulation and crystallization of cystine.

7 ystinosin rather than to the accumulation of cystine.

8 detecting and quantitating insoluble urinary cystine.

9 ntiporter that exports glutamate and imports cystine.

10 alyze the aerobic oxidation of l-cysteine to cystine.

11 other pair of the plesiotypic LU domain half-cystines.

12 logical concentrations of cysteine (10 mum), cystine (50 mum) and glutamate (100 mum) in order to pre

13 ioxidant production through the provision of cystine, a key precursor in glutathione biosynthesis.

14 unction of xCT, which mediates the uptake of cystine, a precursor for GSH biosynthesis.

15 We find that levels of a single nutrient, cystine, accounts for the differential dependence on glu

16 The source of cystine accumulating in kidney proximal tubular cells an

17 increasing evidence supports the notion that cystine accumulation alone is not responsible for the en

18 lysosomal cotransporter cystinosin, leads to cystine accumulation and cellular damage in various orga

19 utations of the cystinosin gene CTNS lead to cystine accumulation and crystals at acidic pH in patien

20 only a Ctns knockout mouse reported, showing cystine accumulation and late signs of tubular dysfuncti

21 efective cystinosin function, intralysosomal cystine accumulation and the development of cystinosis.

22 ions, extrarenal organs may be affected from cystine accumulation even in childhood, especially in pa

23 that lysosomal storage triggered by soluble cystine accumulation induces apical PTC dedifferentiatio

24 Lysosomal cystine accumulation leads to crystal formation and func

25 is is a multisystemic disease resulting from cystine accumulation primarily in kidney and many other

26 Early use of oral cysteamine to prevent cystine accumulation slows progression of nephropathic c

27 Cystinotic mutant larvae showed cystine accumulation, delayed development, and signs of

28 to examine hallmarks of cystinosis-including cystine accumulation, lysosome size, the autophagy pathw

29 everest form, cystinosis is characterized by cystine accumulation, renal proximal tubule dysfunction,

30 n cystinotic mice efficiently blocked kidney cystine accumulation, thereby preventing lysosomal defor

31 c cystinosis that are unrelated to lysosomal cystine accumulation.

32 We found that the cystine-addicted breast cancer cells and tumors have str

33 ctivating pre-existing oncogenic pathways in cystine-addicted TNBC with prominent mesenchymal feature

34 In addition, the cystine addiction phenotype can be abrogated in the cyst

35 The cystine addiction phenotype is associated with a higher

36 pe by modulating the signaling components of cystine addiction.

37 Together, our data reveal that cystine-addiction is associated with EMT in breast cance

38 ndependent breast cancer cells conferred the cystine-addiction phenotype by modulating the signaling

39 addiction phenotype can be abrogated in the cystine-addictive cells by miR-200c, which converts the

40 To test this hypothesis, we used the toxic cystine analogue selenocystine to initially characterize

41 Product analysis indicated cystine and cysteine sulfinic acid were the major photoo

42 ase (an engineered enzyme that degrades both cystine and cysteine) in combination with checkpoint blo

43 ulfidation in cells in response to exogenous cystine and evidence for the formation of polysulfides u

44 that added cysteine abiotically oxidizes to cystine and exponentially growing E. coli degrade high c

45 d transcriptional repression of system xc(-) cystine and glutamate antiporter via the JAK/STAT1 pathw

46 ansporter (system xC(-)) is an antiporter of cystine and glutamate.

47 y restored to the latter by a combination of cystine and glutamine.

48 ced (cysteine and glutathione) and oxidized (cystine and glutathione disulphide) aminothiols were qua

49 ynthesize cysteine persulfide (Cys-SSH) from cystine and H2S from cysteine and/or homocysteine.

50 llowing glucose deprivation, the import of l-cystine and its subsequent reduction to l-cysteine deple

51 in vitro screening of compounds similar to L-cystine and L-Glu.

52 High cystine and low glutathione levels (>+1 SD and <-1 SD, r

53 effect of adding tetra-sodium pyrophosphate, cystine and lysine as surimi gelation enhancers (Alaska

54 ical properties of the gels were determined, cystine and lysine were found to be the most effective a

55 Amino acid score ranged from 37 to 38 with cystine and methionine as limiting amino acid.

56 t form calcium oxalate, struvite, uric acid, cystine and other stone types.

57 s, oxidative stress markers (glutathione and cystine), and arterial stiffness were evaluated.

58 ellular l-cysteine and its oxidized dimer, l-cystine, and depletion of the antioxidant GSH.

59 Cysteine, cystine, and inflammatory chemokines and reactive oxygen

60 with this model, we found that the glutamate/cystine antiporter (xCT) is required for increased sensi

61 The glutamate/cystine antiporter solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SL

62 2 and SLC7A11, two subunits of the glutamate-cystine antiporter system x(c)(-), impairs the uptake of

63 Glutamate inhibits the xCT glutamate-cystine antiporter, leading to intracellular cysteine de

64 ter hydrochlorides of serine, threonine, and cystine as a nitrogen source.

65 ed to assess the effectiveness and safety of cystine as a smoking cessation aid in patients with tube

66 habitats have acquired the ability to import cystine as a sulfur source.

67 S. aureus acquires host-derived cysteine and cystine as sources of nutrient sulfur during systemic in

68 on and quantification of vitreous humor (VH) cystine as well as provide the portability for on spot d

69 establish CydDC as a reducer of cytoplasmic cystine, as opposed to an l-cysteine exporter, and furth

70 eabsorption that results in the formation of cystine-based urinary stones.

71 l-Cystine bismorpholide (1a) and l-cystine bis(N'-methylpiperazide) (1b) were seven and twe

72 l-Cystine bismorpholide (1a) and l-cystine bis(N'-methylpi

73 ound FliY, and maximally by l-cysteine- or l-cystine-bound FliY.

74 ngineered by introduction of a nonperturbing cystine bridge (FVIIa Q64C-sTF G109C) in the interface.

75 upied glycosylation sites and six intrachain cystine bridges with Cys-158 of the very flexible N-term

76 A mutant that grows on cystine but not sulfate could establish symbiosis, sugge

77 porter system x(c)(-), impairs the uptake of cystine by tumour cells, and as a consequence, promotes

78 there is a linear correlation between the VH cystine concentration and TSD as the concentration of cy

79 White blood cell cystine concentration is the current gold standard for t

80 D (the dependent variable), RGB intensity of cystine concentration till 24h (the independent variable

81 ore rapid and frequent monitoring of urinary cystine concentration would significantly improve the di

82 Intralysosomal cystine crystal accumulation, due to mutations in the CT

83 ), in vivo confocal microscopy score (IVCM), cystine crystal depth, contrast sensitivity (CS), photop

84 nt or response to therapy, change in corneal cystine crystal score (CCCS), in vivo confocal microscop

85 y other crystalline inflammasome activators, cystine crystal-induced IL-1beta secretion required acti

86 oxygen species, and potassium efflux reduced cystine crystal-induced IL-1beta secretion.

87 tine, respectively, effectively inhibiting l-cystine crystallization.

88 vel, amorphous lysosomal inclusions preceded cystine crystals and eventual atrophy without crystals.

89 ed PTC apoptosis allowed luminal shedding of cystine crystals and was partially compensated for by tu

90 Taken together, these data demonstrate that cystine crystals are endogenous inflammasome-activating

91 to other host-derived crystalline moieties, cystine crystals can induce IL-1beta production through

92 investigated the proinflammatory effects of cystine crystals in primary human PBMCs.

93 transaminase levels and liver biopsy showed cystine crystals in the liver.

94 ivating stimuli, suggesting a novel role for cystine crystals in the pathogenesis of nephropathic cys

95 Presence of corneal cystine crystals is the main ocular manifestation of cys

96 LPS-primed PBMCs stimulated with cystine crystals secreted IL-1beta in a dose-dependent m

97 Additionally, exogenous cystine crystals were internalized by monocytes, and inh

98 at is predominantly in its disulfide form, L-cystine (CSSC), via the xCT(-) transporter.

99 Cystine (Cys(2)), methionine (Met), and sulfate were als

100 n which sulfide produced by CdsH reacts with cystine (Cys-S-S-Cys), S-sulfocysteine (Cys-S-SO3 (-)),

101 dox systems including extracellular cysteine/cystine (Cys/CySS), intracellular glutathione/oxidized g

102 d to proliferate in medium supplemented with cystine, cysteine, or N-acetyl cysteine as the sole sulf

103 imported via xCT, xAG, or potentially other cystine/cysteine importing systems.

104 Although several cystine/cysteine transporters have been identified, our

105 t(e)inase, a drug that depletes cysteine and cystine, demonstrating a translatable means to induce fe

106 the platform's capabilities by identifying a cystine-dense peptide capable of inhibiting the YAP:TEAD

107 herapeutics is nature-inspired bioengineered cystine-dense peptides (CDPs) for various biological tar

108 Cystine-dense peptides (CDPs) have drawn recent interest

109 Cystine-dense peptides have the potential to disrupt suc

110 be a platform for identifying target-binding cystine-dense peptides using mammalian surface display,

111 platform provides the opportunity to screen cystine-dense peptides with drug-like qualities against

112 In terms of decreasing corneal cystine density, cysteamine (0.55%) was better than cyst

113 ld be ameliorated with cysteamine, the human cystine depleting therapy.

114 The cystine-depleting agent cysteamine significantly delays

115 Because treatment with the cystine-depleting drug cysteamine only slows disease pro

116 ions suggest that combination therapy with a cystine-depleting drug such as cysteamine and an mTOR pa

117 op new treatments not dependent on lysosomal cystine depletion alone for this devastating disease.

118 ailure, and progressive renal injury despite cystine-depletion therapies.

119 who had nephropathic cystinosis and corneal cystine depositions.

120 Together, our findings reveal that cystine deprivation in VHL-deficient RCCs presents an at

121 We found that cystine deprivation triggered rapid programmed necrosis

122 This screen revealed that cystine deprivation triggered rapid programmed necrosis,

123 Importantly, cystine deprivation triggered similar metabolic changes

124 genetic and mechanistic basis to explain how cystine deprivation triggers necrosis by activating pre-

125 oxa pathways that render them susceptible to cystine deprivation-induced necrosis.

126 -independent and exhibit little death during cystine deprivation.

127 t cells susceptible to necrosis triggered by cystine deprivation.

128 enotype is associated with a higher level of cystine-deprivation signatures noted in the basal type b

129 g of TNFalpha and MEKK4 dramatically reduces cystine-deprived death.

130 K1/RIPK3)-MLKL necrosis pathways potentiated cystine-deprived necrosis.

131 and twenty-four times more effective than l-cystine dimethyl ester (CDME) in increasing the metastab

132 aracterized by defective lysosomal efflux of cystine due to mutations in the CTNS gene encoding the l

133 coding cystinosin, a symporter that mediates cystine efflux from lysosomes.

134 densation of two nontoxic building blocks: L-cystine ester and versatile fatty diacids, which make th

135 p2-KO GCPs, the levels of both the glutamate-cystine exchanger Sc7a11 and glutathione were increased;

136 ease caused by inactivation of the lysosomal cystine exporter cystinosin(7-9).

137 Exchange of extracellular cystine for intracellular glutamate by the antiporter sy

138 transitioning between reduced and oxidized (cystine) forms.

139 e for transporting the disulphide amino acid cystine from the lysosomal compartment into the cytosol.

140 The cystine-glutamate antiporter xCT is frequently overexpre

141 abolism in cancer via phosphorylation of the cystine-glutamate antiporter xCT.

142 regulated by SLC7A11, a key component of the cystine-glutamate antiporter.

143 RNA sequencing revealed that inhibition of cystine-glutamate exchange leads to activation of an ER

144 SLC7A11 encodes a subunit of the xCT cystine/glutamate amino-acid transport system and has a

145 contrast, pharmacological inhibition of the cystine/glutamate antiporter dramatically attenuated isc

146 h control animals, mice lacking a functional cystine/glutamate antiporter exhibited reduced anoxic de

147 Finally, PET imaging showed increased cystine/glutamate antiporter function in ischemic rats.

148 Altogether, these data suggest that cystine/glutamate antiporter function is increased in is

149 The cystine/glutamate antiporter system x(c) (-) maintains t

150 The astrocytic cystine/glutamate antiporter system x(c)(-) represents a

151 zymes was unchanged, xCT, a component of the cystine/glutamate antiporter system x(c)(-), was signifi

152 dentified xCT, the functional subunit of the cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc(-), as a surface

153 System xc(-) is a heteromeric amino acid cystine/glutamate antiporter that is constitutively expr

154 genes, including SLC7A11, a component of the cystine/glutamate antiporter that regulates reactive oxy

155 levels dictate glutamine dependence via the cystine/glutamate antiporter xCT/SLC7A11.

156 SLC7A11), the light chain of system xc-, the cystine/glutamate antiporter, suggests that PCP also reg

157 xpression of SLC7A11, a key component of the cystine/glutamate antiporter.

158 up-regulation of xCT, the gene encoding the cystine/glutamate antiporter.

159 Here we explored the potential of targeting cystine/glutamate exchanger (SLC7A11/xCT), which contrib

160 he JCI, Soria and colleagues reveal that the cystine/glutamate exchanger is an important source of ex

161 The cystine/glutamate exchanger xCT is essential for amino a

162 was located in SLC7A11A, a gene involved in cystine/glutamate transport and the biosynthesis of glut

163 g substrate in glutathione biosynthesis, the cystine/glutamate transporter (system xc(-)) represents

164 tress, quantified by the plasma aminothiols, cystine, glutathione, and their ratio, is associated wit

165 Furthermore, the ratio of cystine/glutathione was also significantly associated wi

166 ludes product inhibition of the importer, so cystine import continues into cells that are already sat

167 urified Escherichia coli YecSC-FliY cysteine/cystine import system.

168 Targeting cystine import with an xCT transporter-lowering MEK inhi

169 uctive carboxylation, proline synthesis, and cystine import.

170 not by the lack of glucose, but rather by l-cystine import.

171 We show that cystine imported into Escherichia coli can transfer disu

172 Due to impaired repression of the cystine importer Slc7a11, S47 cells show increased gluta

173 teine exporter eamA, parallels that of the l-cystine importer tcyP.

174 ATR-FTIR) to detect and quantitate insoluble cystine in 22 cystinuric and 5 healthy control urine sam

175 e (SeMet), methyl-seleno-cysteine and seleno-cystine in extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) was developed a

176 , loss of MFSD12 reduced the accumulation of cystine in lysosomes of fibroblasts from patients with c

177 de-rich plasma proteins could be a source of cystine in proximal tubular cells, we used a mouse model

178 cystinosis, characterized by accumulation of cystine in the lysosomes, is caused by mutations in CTNS

179 ound that reintroducing the two missing half-cystines in uPAR DI caused the spontaneous formation of

180 oncentration and TSD as the concentration of cystine increases up to 96h+/-3.9h.

181 ntrast, luminal-type breast cancer cells are cystine-independent and exhibit little death during cyst

182 f epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cystine-independent breast cancer cells conferred the cy

183 Cystine is poorly soluble in urine with a solubility of

184 Actively importing cystine is potentially toxic due to its low solubility,

185 If cystine then becomes available, the cystine is rapidly overimported and reduced, leading to

186 To minimize this problem, the imported cystine is rapidly reduced.

187 le sulfur source, but are also apparent when cystine is used or in rich media.

188 xpression, in conjunction with environmental cystine, is necessary and sufficient to increase glutami

189 hesis, shown through [U-(13)C(6), U-(15)N(2)]cystine isotopic tracing.

190 The C-terminal cystine knot (CK) (CTCK) domain in von Willebrand factor

191 the toxin comprises a well-defined inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) backbone region and a flexible C-term

192 nvariably been associated with the inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) fold.

193 ins: N-TRTX-Preg1a, exhibiting an inhibitory cystine knot (ICK) motif, and N-BUTX-Ptr1a, a short scor

194 MR spectroscopy revealed a classic inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) motif.

195 reported to adopt a well-defined inhibitory cystine knot (ICK) scaffold structure.

196 ion to synthesize dimers of integrin-binding cystine knot (knottin) miniproteins with low-picomolar b

197 Cystine knot alpha-amylase inhibitors are cysteine-rich,

198 Similar to other knottins, cystine knot alpha-amylase inhibitors are highly resista

199 n together, our results expand membership of cystine knot alpha-amylase inhibitors in the Apocynaceae

200 Here, we show that cystine knot alpha-amylase inhibitors named alstotides d

201 oline bonds, characteristics shared by other cystine knot alpha-amylase inhibitors.

202 harmacologically active C-C-CC-C-C inhibitor cystine knot and CC-C-C motifs (168 and 44 toxins, respe

203 l receptor ectodomain (ECD) with the Spatzle cystine knot domain dimer.

204 that Hi1a comprises two homologous inhibitor cystine knot domains separated by a short, structurally

205 The conserved motif of the cystine knot is CX3CP.

206 The cystine knot is N-terminal to the collagen triple helix

207 ed by their head-to-tail cyclic backbone and cystine knot motif, which render them to be exceptionall

208 de peptide was consistent with an inhibitory cystine knot motif.

209 an ~30-amino acid-long cyclic backbone and a cystine knot motif.

210 First, the cystine knot of the alpha-subunit potentiates formation

211 ribe the engineering and validation of a new cystine knot peptide (knottin) that selectively recogniz

212 toxin guangxitoxin-1E (GxTX), an inhibitory cystine knot peptide that binds selectively to Kv2-type

213 Our results indicate that these cystine knot PET tracers may have potential utility in m

214 ligand is the human nerve growth factor-like cystine knot protein Spatzle.

215 e V-ATPase of pea albumin 1b (PA1b), a small cystine knot protein that shows exquisitely selective in

216 GVIIJ[C24S] adopts an inhibitor cystine knot structure, with two antiparallel beta-stran

217 The eight cystine knot topologies that are characterized by exclus

218 ions from several venoms and characterized a cystine knot toxin called JZTx-27 from the venom of tara

219 hypothesize parallel evolution of inhibitor cystine knot toxins from Araneomorphae and Mygalomorphae

220 cysteine-stabilized alpha/beta and inhibitor cystine knot types of fold.

221 was found to adopt the so-called "inhibitor cystine knot" or "knottin" fold stabilized by three disu

222 it potentiates formation of the beta-subunit cystine knot, and second, contacts between alpha-subunit

223 Norrin (Norrie Disease Protein) is a cystine-knot like growth factor.

224 The cystine-knot miniproteins present in tomato fruit (TCMPs

225 uvian green velvet tarantula is an inhibitor cystine-knot peptide and selective antagonist of the hum

226 Recently, we demonstrated that the cystine-knot peptide EETI-II is internalized into cells

227 Cystine-knot peptides are attractive templates in drug d

228 e tools to enhance the cytosolic delivery of cystine-knot peptides.

229 We have found that the structurally related cystine-knot protein, nerve growth factor beta (NGFbeta)

230 is a neuropeptide hormone consisting of two cystine-knot proteins (burs alpha and burs beta), respon

231 Two cystine knots are energetically preferred; however, all

232 pectroscopy revealed that roseltide rT7 is a cystine-knotted, six-cysteine hevein-like cysteine-rich

233 t the substrate-binding protein FliY binds l-cystine, l-cysteine, and d-cysteine with micromolar affi

234 We evaluated mice aged 6-9 months for kidney cystine levels and crystals; histopathology, with emphas

235 Decrease of lysosomal cystine levels by cysteamine did not rescue mTORC1 activ

236 Further, we show that cystine levels dictate glutamine dependence via the cyst

237 independent predictors for white blood cell cystine levels in patients of all ages with cystinosis;

238 cations and was superior to white blood cell cystine levels in predicting the presence of multiple ex

239 ic control (on the basis of white blood cell cystine levels of <2 nmol 1/2 cystine/mg protein or >=2

240 ls, these cystinosis models exhibit elevated cystine levels, increased apoptosis, and defective basal

241 isease progression by reducing intracellular cystine levels.

242 ophagy, but it does not rescue the defect in cystine loading.

243 entify a coupling between SLC7A11-associated cystine metabolism and the pentose phosphate pathway, an

244 h the resistance by altering glutathione and cystine metabolism in fibroblasts.

245 umour suppression based on p53 regulation of cystine metabolism, ROS responses and ferroptosis.

246 Amino acid analysis gave high levels of cystine/methionine, histidine and tyrosine/phenylalanine

247 with FAO/WHO recommended pattern except for cystine/methionine, isoleucine, tyrosine/phenylalanine,

248 ite blood cell cystine levels of <2 nmol 1/2 cystine/mg protein or >=2 nmol 1/2 cystine/mg protein, r

249 nmol 1/2 cystine/mg protein or >=2 nmol 1/2 cystine/mg protein, respectively).

250 cation of novel flower and palm-leaf like 3D cystine microstructures (CMs) with high uniformity havin

251 mprinted polymer two biocompatible monomers (cystine monomer and N-vinyl caprolactam) were used, whic

252 ing due to the progressive setting up of the cystine network.

253 In mouse models, depletion of cystine or cysteine by cyst(e)inase (an engineered enzym

254 with either lower cellular concentrations of cystine or glutamate, despite opposing the transport of

255 have novel roles in addition to transporting cystine out of the lysosome.

256 Levels of cystine (oxidized) and glutathione (reduced) were associ

257 % in children) and is the result of impaired cystine reabsorption in the renal proximal tubule.

258 disorder characterized by defective urinary cystine reabsorption that results in the formation of cy

259 tammetric current responses for the cysteine-cystine redox cycle in nondegassed aqueous buffer media

260 ults in marked accumulation of intracellular cystine, redox system collapse and rapid cell death, whi

261 ng the metastable supersaturation range of l-cystine, respectively, effectively inhibiting l-cystine

262 correlated with a depletion of intracellular cystine resulting from increased de novo glutathione bio

263 macological reprogramming of a small natural cystine-rich peptide by target cells.

264 ulating in kidney proximal tubular cells and cystine's role in disease progression are unknown.

265 dSTP can accurately identify a wide range of cystine stabilized peptide toxins directly from sequence

266 tional supplement alpha-lipoic acid inhibits cystine stone formation in the Slc3a1(-/-) mouse model o

267 can readily form microcrystals that lead to cystine stone formation, especially at low urine pH.

268 that results from the acquisition and use of cystine, the oxidized form of cysteine, as a source of c

269 D12 is required to maintain normal levels of cystine-the oxidized dimer of cysteine-in melanosomes, a

270 If cystine then becomes available, the cystine is rapidly o

271 However, this conversion of cystine to cysteine precludes product inhibition of the

272 A11 (SLC7A11(high)) to constitutively reduce cystine to the more soluble cysteine.

273 regulation of SLC7A11 augments intracellular cystine transport and increases intracellular levels of

274 Defective cystine transport leads to intralysosomal accumulation a

275 The cystine transporter (system xC(-)) is an antiporter of c

276 ciated point mutant CTNS-K280R, which has no cystine transporter activity.

277 results show a dual role for cystinosin as a cystine transporter and as a component of the mTORC1 pat

278 tions in the gene that encodes the lysosomal cystine transporter cystinosin cause the lysosomal stora

279 Mutations in CTNS-a gene encoding the cystine transporter cystinosin-cause the rare, autosomal

280 t chemotherapy induces the expression of the cystine transporter xCT and the regulatory subunit of gl

281 ions in the CTNS gene encoding the lysosomal cystine transporter, cystinosin.

282 romotes tumor development by stabilizing the cystine transporter, SLC7A11.

283 epends on 3MST, whereas the CysB-regulated l-cystine transporter, TcyP, plays the principle role in t

284 . aureus homologues of the Bacillus subtilis cystine transporters TcyABC and TcyP.

285 m urate, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and cystine trigger caspase-independent cell death in five d

286 Here we show that p53 inhibits cystine uptake and sensitizes cells to ferroptosis, a no

287 SLC7A11-mediated cystine uptake is critical for maintaining redox balance

288 Blocking cystine uptake significantly delayed xenograft growth of

289 rface transport system xC(-), which mediates cystine uptake, a pivotal step in glutathione synthesis

290 etion of xCT in tumor cells led to defective cystine uptake, accumulation of reactive oxygen species,

291 (mTOR) kinase, promotes glutamate secretion, cystine uptake, and incorporation into glutathione, link

292 Down-regulation of CD44/CD44v8-10 impaired cystine uptake, lowered intracellular reduced glutathion

293 e show that the import of oxidized cysteine (cystine) via system x(C) (-) is a critical dependency of

294 We observed that when cystine was provided and sulfide levels rose, E. coli be

295 Cystine was quantitated using its 1296 cm(-1) absorption

296 l-Cysteine and l-Cystine were determined with detection limit of 0.125% (

297 Strand-central cystines were found to be superior to the best designed

298 a high enzymatic activity in reduction of l-cystine, where the catalytic efficiency (2,217 min(-1)mi

299 o contribute to the growth of V. fischeri on cystine, which is the oxidized form of cysteine.

300 sulfasalazine, an FDA-approved inhibitor of cystine xCT antiporter, in culture and xenograft assays.