ライフサイエンスコーパス: cyt c

1 eriments, electron transfer capable cytb 5 - cyt c complexes were formed in the presence of bicelles

2 d NMR parameters were used to map the cytb 5-cyt c binding interface.

3 The tetraheme cytochrome c(554) (cyt c(554)) from Nitrosomonas europaea is believed to fu

4 ine if it confers new properties to cyt c, a cyt c mutant (M80A) was constitutively expressed in cell

5 ntrations and denaturation rates of adsorbed cyt c are dictated by specific manipulation of the indiv

6 cyt c interaction may be sufficient to allow cyt c permeation of mitochondrial membranes and that cyt

7 degraded rapidly in infected cells, allowing cyt c to cause caspase activation and early apoptosis.

8 e interaction between full-length cytb 5 and cyt c for the first time.

9 ng restraints generated from both cytb 5 and cyt c, a complex structure was generated and a potential

10 yeast mutant, we found that tBid binding and cyt c release were dramatically enhanced by transfer acq

11 between the bis-imidazole model complex and cyt c in ferrous and ferric oxidation states show quanti

12 a bis-imidazole porphyrin model complex and cyt c.

13 ansfer and complex formation between FBD and cyt c are investigated.

14 rmation of dynamic complexes between FBD and cyt c on a fast exchange time scale.

15 Pore formation and cyt c leakage were significantly reduced in the presence

16 05.1, 6.5, 6.4 and 5.1 for chy, BSA, lyz and cyt c, respectively.

17 ions of cyt c as an electron transporter and cyt c reduction by Complex III are strongly inhibited.

18 2 nM to 150 microM) was better than the anti-cyt c/CNT/PPy (detection limit 10 nM; linear range: 10 n

19 tive site of cyt c selectively bound to anti-cyt c nanocomposite modified SPE.

20 ith previously published results for aqueous cyt c.

21 Surprisingly, as cyt c concentration is further increased, we find a regi

22 classic approach which consists of attaching cyt c onto an active self-assembled monolayer (SAM) prio

23 Bacterial cyt c biogenesis pathways (Systems I and II) appear to r

24 dues in alpha helix-1, which mimic bacterial cyt c, are poorly matured by human HCCS.

25 to CXXCH of mitochondrial but not bacterial cyt c even though they are functionally conserved.

26 nability is due to residues in the bacterial cyt c N terminus, but the molecular basis is unknown.

27 These include most of the basic cyt c residues previously implicated in chemical modific

28 ectron transfer rate constant, k(2), between cyt c(2) and native or mutant RCs was examined.

29 o propose a mechanism of interaction between cyt c monomers responsible for limiting the binding of c

30 protein, resulting from interactions between cyt-c and CL.

31 We also found that kinetics of both cyt c(1) and c(2) measured by the DW approach were signi

32 of the heterogeneous cardiolipin (CL)-bound cyt c ensemble with added ATP.

33 ave uncovered two distinct types of CL-bound cyt c conformations, extended and compact.

34 The heterogeneous CL-bound cyt c ensemble is difficult to characterize with traditi

35 l a conformational diversity of the CL-bound cyt c ensemble with distinct populations of the polypept

36 nate the peroxidase activity of the CL-bound cyt c ensemble.

37 xidase activity and the fraction of CL-bound cyt c markedly increase, suggesting that CL may act as a

38 The high peroxidase activity of CL-bound cyt c with added ATP suggests binding interactions that

39 uncover structural features of the CL-bound cyt c, rationalize previous findings, and implicate the

40 sis-relevant peroxidase activity of CL-bound cyt c.

41 ree-dimensional MAS NMR spectra the CL-bound cyt-c displays a spectral resolution, and thus structura

42 ts show that the peripherally membrane-bound cyt-c experiences significant dynamics, but also retains

43 y play a role in cardiolipin peroxidation by cyt c during apoptosis.

44 ratory electron shuttle, ferri-cytochrome c (cyt c) acts as a peroxidase; i.e., it catalyzes the oxid

45 ircuit based on photosystem I, cytochrome c (cyt c) and human sulfite oxidase (hSOX).

46 S(Met) bond is also present in cytochrome c (cyt c) and is generally thought to increase the reductio

47 ree variants of a heme protein cytochrome c (cyt c) and show that the method yields a wealth of therm

48 nsor contains the heme protein cytochrome c (cyt c) as sensing element whose spectral response enable

49 Cytochrome c (cyt c) binds to and penetrates lipid structures containi

50 roxidase catalytic function of cytochrome c (cyt c) by anionic lipids is associated with destabilizat

51 te the early folding states of Cytochrome c (cyt c) by monitoring the distance between the tryptophan

52 ents in sensing technology for cytochrome c (cyt c) detection, at point-of-care (POC) application.

53 ms, are employed to immobilize cytochrome c (cyt c) for electrochemical analysis.

54 The release of cytochrome c (cyt c) from mitochondria is an important early step duri

55 accompanied by the release of cytochrome c (cyt c) from the intermembrane gap and subsequent cell de

56 Native cytochrome c (cyt c) has a compact tertiary structure with a hexacoord

57 Horse heart cytochrome c (cyt c) has emerged as a paradigm for the study of protei

58 xidase form of pentacoordinate cytochrome c (cyt c) in a complex with a mitochondria-specific phospho

59 umin (BSA), lysozyme (lyz) and cytochrome c (cyt c) in singular and competitive manner and the select

60 s79Gly/Met80X mutants of yeast cytochrome c (cyt c) in which Cys78 becomes one of the axial ligands t

61 Cytochrome c (cyt c) is a heme-containing protein that participates in

62 Cytochrome c (cyt c) is a small hemoprotein involved in electron shutt

63 Cytochrome c (cyt c) is a small soluble heme protein characterized by

64 though the primary function of cytochrome c (cyt c) is electron transfer, the protein caries out an a

65 Cytochrome c (cyt c) is known for its role in the electron transport c

66 Cytochrome c (cyt c) is one of the most widely studied biomolecules, b

67 ria-specific cardiolipin (CL), cytochrome c (cyt c) loses its tertiary structure and its peroxidase a

68 ynthase (HCCS) is required for cytochrome c (cyt c) maturation and therefore respiration.

69 orption of chemically-modified cytochrome c (cyt c) onto bare gold electrodes.

70 o investigate the integrity of cytochrome c (cyt c) photo-cross-linked via MPE.

71 lipin (CL) by its complex with cytochrome c (cyt c) plays a crucial role in triggering apoptosis.

72 The multifunctional protein cytochrome c (cyt c) plays key roles in electron transport and apoptos

73 sted that the alkaline form of cytochrome c (cyt c) regulates function of this protein as an electron

74 Cytochrome c (cyt c) release from mitochondria is accepted to be the p

75 Cytochrome c (cyt c) release upon oxidation of cardiolipin (CL) in the

76 ng a collection of dye-labeled cytochrome c (cyt c) variants, we identify transformations of the hete

77 Cytoplasmic cytochrome c (cyt c) was released early in both cases, but the antiapo

78 Interactions of cytochrome c (cyt c) with cardiolipin (CL) are important for both elec

79 Interactions of cytochrome c (cyt c) with cardiolipin (CL) partially unfold the protei

80 unosensor for the detection of cytochrome c (cyt c), a heme containing metalloprotein using its speci

81 Cytochrome c (cyt c), a mitochondrial intermembrane electron shuttle b

82 Globular proteins, such as cytochrome c (cyt c), display an organized native conformation, mainta

83 Cytochrome c (cyt c), required for electron transport in mitochondria,

84 equired role for mitochondrial cytochrome c (cyt-c).

85 he mesh is functionalized with cytochrome-c (cyt-c) and incorporated as a working electrode to measur

86 Circulating cyt c levels represents a novel in-vivo marker of mitoch

87 In the presence of CL, cyt c peroxidase activity is activated at lower H(2)O(2)

88 idase in its native state, when bound to CL, cyt c catalyzes CL peroxidation, which contributes to th

89 Our results suggest that the CL-cyt c interaction may be sufficient to allow cyt c perme

90 These findings suggest that electrostatic CL/cyt c interactions are central to the initiation of the

91 Further, CL/cyt c complexes are not effective in scavenging superoxi

92 At low ionic strength and high CL/cyt c ratios, peroxidase activity of the CL/cyt c comple

93 /cyt c ratios, peroxidase activity of the CL/cyt c complex was increased >50 times.

94 and ferrous forms of the heme group of a CL:cyt c complex exist as multiple conformers at a physiolo

95 tion of molecular oxygen with the ferrous CL:cyt c complex in addition to the well-described reaction

96 de insights into the function of CPR and CPR-cyt c interaction on a structural basis.

97 is protein with that of a c-type cytochrome (cyt c(556)) led to high yields of fully matured and corr

98 eated animals showed substantially decreased cyt c release and AP was more potent than PROG in inhibi

99 x contains two covalent links, HCCS-DeltaM13 cyt c contains only one thioether attachment.

100 ere the first cysteine should be in DeltaM13 cyt c An engineered cyt c with a CQCH motif in the Delta

101 Focusing on DeltaM13 cyt c, we co-purified this variant with HCCS, demonstrat

102 gies available in the laboratories to detect cyt c.

103 L in the mitochondrial membrane, diminishing cyt c's electron donor/acceptor role and stimulating its

104 tosystem I (PSI) functions as a light-driven cyt c(6)-ferredoxin/oxidoreductase located in the thylak

105 designing and development of electrochemical cyt c biosensors for the quantification of cyt c are als

106 he presence of membrane, cytb 5 only engaged cyt c at its lower and upper clefts while the membrane-f

107 ne should be in DeltaM13 cyt c An engineered cyt c with a CQCH motif in the DeltaM13 background is ma

108 nd flow cytometry have been used to estimate cyt c.

109 lar mechanisms behind this gain and eventual cyt c autoinactivation via its release from mitochondria

110 The structural model of the FBD-cyt c complex indicates two possible orientations of com

111 We ruptured the bond in ferrous cyt c using an optical laser pulse and monitored the bon

112 here a direct visualization of a fluorescent cyt c crossing synthetic, CL-containing membranes in the

113 yields of fully matured and correctly folded cyt c-b(562).

114 luence on the compressibility calculated for cyt c, although a slightly larger compressibility is pre

115 l properties that are readily engineered for cyt c adsorption and electroactivity (Faradaic current).

116 t electron-transfer rate constant, k0ET, for cyt c photo-cross-linked onto an indium-doped tin oxide

117 potential mechanism for the requirement for cyt c in the assembly/stability of complex IV.

118 residues 21-25, which may be responsible for cyt c destabilization upon binding.

119 Mitochondria from cyt c knockout mouse cells lacked fully assembled comple

120 In nonlinear mode ultrasharp PT spectra from cyt c and the lateral resolution of 120 nm during calibr

121 dansyl (Dns)-labeled variants of horse heart cyt c.

122 changes in oxidized and reduced horse heart cyt-c bound to CL-containing lipid bilayers.

123 Under pro-apoptotic conditions, however, cyt c gains cardiolipin peroxidase activity, translocate

124 nd by naturally occurring mutations of human cyt c that, along with mutations at the level of the mat

125 a terminal film layer results in near-ideal cyt c voltammetry, attributed to a high degree of molecu

126 ying self-assembled monolayers to immobilize cyt c.

127 hough somewhat slower than other immobilized cyt c studies, most likely due to unoptimized entrapment

128 heme and a conserved CXXCH motif of cyt c In cyt c, histidine (His19) of CXXCH acts as an axial ligan

129 In addition, a novel structural change in cyt c is reported, involving residues 21-25, which may b

130 nificant structural and solvation changes in cyt c(1) triggered by ligand binding.

131 Thus, membrane binding results in cyt-c gaining the increased peroxidase activity that rep

132 calibration led to kinetics of flash-induced cyt c(1) oxidation measured with the DW method which wer

133 ic acid (PA) were most effective in inducing cyt c peroxidase activity.

134 d to the potency of these lipids in inducing cyt c's structural destabilization.

135 of toroidal lipid pores is driven by initial cyt c-induced negative spontaneous membrane curvature an

136 w detection limit is achieved by introducing cyt c in a random medium, enabling multiscattering that

137 er H(2)O(2) concentrations than for isolated cyt c molecules.

138 Cyt c H19M, the first bis-Met liganded cyt c, is compared with other axial ligand variants (M81

139 adding support for a role of the Lys-ligated cyt c in the apoptotic mechanism.

140 creates a solution mimic of the Lys-ligated cyt c that has enhanced peroxidase activity, adding supp

141 olution crystal structure of a Lys73-ligated cyt c conformation that reveals intricate change in the

142 ERS) to determine whether photo-cross-linked cyt c retains its well-characterized Fe(II/III) heme red

143 The photo-cross-linked cyt c samples demonstrate apparent Michaelis-Menten para

144 activity specifically at photo-cross-linked cyt c structures.

145 Further, M80A cyt c may up-regulate protective responses to nitrative

146 M80A-cyt c has increased peroxidase activity and is spontaneo

147 of CYC-2.1 and CYC-2.2 to those of mammalian cyt c suggest that C. elegans proteins, particularly the

148 e addressed the effect of removing mammalian cyt c on the integrity of the respiratory complexes in m

149 Moreover, we examined peroxide-mediated cyt c heme degradation to gain insights into the mechani

150 ntually observed at relatively high (microM) cyt c concentrations due to widespread pore formation in

151 In apoptotic mitochondria, cyt-c gains a new function as a lipid peroxidase that ca

152 potent than PROG in inhibiting mitochondrial cyt c release at 24 h post-CCI and -MCAO.

153 e mtPTP, it should prevent the mitochondrial cyt c release seen in stroke and TBI.

154 chor (mercaptoundecanoic acid, MUA) modified cyt c directly adsorbed on gold.

155 re gold electrode directly modified with MPA-cyt c to hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) was evaluated by a

156 n (native cyt c) or a critical distance (MUA-cyt c).

157 tion, and is exerted by the so-called native cyt c in the intermembrane mitochondrial space of health

158 In contrast, native cyt c is six-coordinate, as the distal coordination site

159 propriate orientation of the protein (native cyt c) or a critical distance (MUA-cyt c).

160 It thus seems counterintuitive that native cyt c would exhibit peroxidase activity.

161 nent for the peroxidase activity of "native" cyt c.

162 Moreover, M80A models endogenously nitrated cyt c because nitration of WT-cyt c is associated with i

163 cherichia coli Focusing on HCCS E159A, novel cyt c variants in quantities that are sufficient for bio

164 ctron transfer pathway mediated by Lys-13 of cyt c.

165 as E159A are enhanced in release (step 4) of cyt c from the HCCS active site; thus, we term these "re

166 between Glu-213/Glu-214 of FBD and Lys-87 of cyt c, which may be essential for the formation of the c

167 Peroxidase activation of cyt c did not require complete protein unfolding or brea

168 (2) can switch on the peroxidase activity of cyt c and CL oxidation in mitochondria-a required step i

169 the H(2)O(2)-mediated peroxidase activity of cyt c both in the presence and absence of tetraoleoyl ca

170 zed the activation of peroxidase activity of cyt c by CL and hydrogen peroxide.

171 pening is enhanced by peroxidase activity of cyt c gained upon its complexation with cardiolipin in t

172 CL-induced peroxidase activity of cyt c has been found to be important for selective CL ox

173 The NO reductase activity of cyt c(554) may be important during ammonia oxidation in

174 tion catalyzed by the peroxidase activity of cyt c.

175 fectively inhibit the peroxidase activity of cyt c.

176 not eliminating, the peroxidase activity of cyt c.

177 We observed strong binding of cyt c to CL in phospholipid vesicles and bursts of cyt c

178 positive charge in Lys, abrogates binding of cyt c to negatively charged CL.

179 mers responsible for limiting the binding of cyt c to only one molecule per bc dimer by altering the

180 CS that facilitate increased biosynthesis of cyt c in recombinant Escherichia coli Focusing on HCCS E

181 to CL in phospholipid vesicles and bursts of cyt c leakage across the membrane.

182 Comparison of cyt c-deficient HeLa cells and mouse embryonic cells wit

183 s with those expressing a full complement of cyt c demonstrated the involvement of cyt c peroxidase a

184 s alternative functions and conformations of cyt c.

185 The successful spectral deconvolution of cyt c(1) and c(2), and inclusion of both cytochromes in

186 urate, selective, and sensitive detection of cyt c.

187 latforms were evaluated for the detection of cyt c; (i) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on gold nanopa

188 ction center, especially the dissociation of cyt c(2) from the reaction center.

189 The activation energy of cyt c peroxidase changed in parallel with stability ener

190 donors, H(2)O(2)-induced oligomeric forms of cyt c positively stained for 3-nitrotyrosine confirming

191 Whereas the primary function of cyt c is essentially conserved, its secondary function v

192 H metabolism may be an important function of cyt c that is associated with elimination of toxic FFA-O

193 Consequently, functions of cyt c as an electron transporter and cyt c reduction by

194 Thus, both redox properties and functions of cyt c change upon interaction with CL in the mitochondri

195 the difference in the secondary functions of cyt c obtained from horse heart (mammalian) and Saccharo

196 uncated Bid (tBid) and Bax for generation of cyt c-traversable pores.

197 (PIP3) appeared to be a stronger inducer of cyt c structural changes than PIP2, indicating a role fo

198 l systems, we investigate the interaction of cyt c with cardiolipin (CL)-containing membranes using t

199 tion of kinetically trapped intermediates of cyt c was performed by correlating the ion-neutral colli

200 ent of cyt c demonstrated the involvement of cyt c peroxidase activity in selective catalysis of pero

201 ncentrations strongly affect the kinetics of cyt c binding and conformational exchange.

202 We found that the kinetics of cyt c(1) and c(2) are significantly different from those

203 The conformational landscape of cyt c has been found to be heterogeneous, consisting of

204 uption of methionine 80 (M80)-Fe ligation of cyt c under nitrative stress has been reported.

205 Further, the measurement of cyt c release in cell lysates of cardiomyocytes using th

206 useful models for examining the mechanism of cyt c-CL interactions in live organisms.

207 s relative to that at adsorbed monolayers of cyt c on glass substrates.

208 between heme and a conserved CXXCH motif of cyt c In cyt c, histidine (His19) of CXXCH acts as an ax

209 A redox-deficient mutant of cyt c was unable to rescue the levels of complexes I and

210 Inspired by our previous observation of cyt c crossing the membrane barrier of giant unilamellar

211 ectrometry, we demonstrate the occurrence of cyt c self-oxidation in the presence of H2O2.

212 to all processes leading to the oxidation of cyt c(1) after light activation of the photosynthetic re

213 rations, we show that the redox potential of cyt c shifts negatively by 350-400 mV upon binding to CL

214 The electrochemical properties of cyt c at MPC films, including ET rate constants that are

215 l cyt c biosensors for the quantification of cyt c are also discussed.

216 ent method, the label-free quantification of cyt c is based on the direct electron transfer between F

217 reactivity of NO toward tyrosyl radicals of cyt c.

218 not the reductase, because the reduction of cyt c by cyt P450 reductase in the presence of Mn-cyt b5

219 variation of the pre-apoptotic regulation of cyt c observed from different sources.

220 The release of cyt c from mitochondria is a key initiative step in the

221 mechanism may be responsible for release of cyt c from mitochondrial membranes and ensuing inactivat

222 ctivity ultimately results in the release of cyt c into the cytosol for the engagement of apoptosis.

223 nd peptide surrogates without restoration of cyt c oxidation.

224 containing liposomes to evaluate the role of cyt c-CL complex formation in the induction and stimulat

225 n Fe (III)/Fe (II)-heme redox active site of cyt c selectively bound to anti-cyt c nanocomposite modi

226 hanism at potential FFA-OOH binding sites of cyt c (but not for H(2)O(2) or t-BuOOH).

227 terminant of the conformational stability of cyt c.

228 learly resolved the early transient state of cyt c, which is populated within the dead time of the mi

229 ts in the accumulation of a compact state of cyt c.

230 The transformation of folding states of cyt c in the early 500 mus of refolding was revealed on

231 to two different partially folded states of cyt c, the two slower processes are now understood to re

232 ormation in the induction and stimulation of cyt c peroxidase activity.

233 indicating that details in the structure of cyt c beyond simply possessing a cationic net charge are

234 le it has become clear that the structure of cyt c changes, the extent and sequence of conformational

235 ve determined the X-ray crystal structure of cyt c-b(562) at 2.25 A and characterized its physical, c

236 ents the true peroxidase-active structure of cyt c.

237 ional ensemble and structural transitions of cyt c as it transitions from a respiratory role to a pro

238 structural and conformational transitions of cyt c remain undercharacterized.

239 ate the structure and peroxidase activity of cyt-c in its membrane-bound state.

240 nic acid, MPA) were chemically introduced on cyt c protein shell via its lysine residues enabling the

241 mics revealed >50 oxidative modifications on cyt c upon peroxide reduction.

242 of previous chemical and physical results on cyt c.

243 tulated that CL oxidation mobilizes not only cyt c but also CL itself in the form of hydroperoxide (C

244 These largely open cyt c structures likely dominate the peroxidase activity

245 Here we report that peroxidase cyt c/CL complexes can utilize free fatty acid hydropero

246 This review also highlights the POC cyt c biosensors developed recently, that would prove of

247 We reconstituted cyt-c with CL-containing lipid vesicles, and determined

248 The folding of reduced cyt c induced by photodissociation of CO from the CO-bou

249 to cytochrome c, thus generating the reduced cyt c stoichiometrically.

250 n compared with full-length CPR, FBD reduces cyt c at a higher rate in both the semiquinone and hydro

251 ting that CL may act as a switch to regulate cyt c's mitochondrial functions.

252 is used to produce reproducible and reusable cyt c spots which are stable for several days.

253 cytochrome c from Rhodothermus marinus (Rma cyt c) were found to form carbon-boron bonds in the pres

254 Directed evolution of Rma cyt c in the bacterial catalyst provided access to 16 no

255 This robust cyt c model system provides access to all four forms of

256 the cytochrome c binding site on the second cyt c monomer.

257 bit pro-apoptotic oxidative events, suppress cyt c release, prevent cell death, and protect mice agai

258 rmeation of mitochondrial membranes and that cyt c may contribute to its own escape from mitochondria

259 LC-MS techniques, we have demonstrated that cyt c/CL complexes split FFA-OOH predominantly via a het

260 We discovered that cyt c plays another critical role in early apoptosis as

261 We find that cyt c can permeabilize CL-containing membranes by induct

262 We found that cyt c is associated with both complex IV and respiratory

263 We show here that cyt c(554) also has significant NO reductase activity.

264 Our results suggest that cyt c major structural unfolding is associated with the

265 s formed between the N(delta)H of Im and the cyt c(1) protein, or with a water molecule sequestered w

266 rom the opening of lipid pores formed by the cyt c-CL conjugate.

267 namic hydrogen bonds and salt bridges in the cyt c-c interface.

268 enhance the bioelectrical performance of the cyt c expressing E. coli, allowing the construction of m

269 The rate of formation of the cyt c(1)-Im complex exhibited three separated regions of

270 e first molecular dynamic simulations of the cyt c-bc complex interaction.

271 mulations demonstrate the suitability of the cyt c/H2O2 reaction system for the real-time sensing of

272 enhances the optical trajectory through the cyt c spot.

273 Interaction of NO with the cyt c.CL complex inhibited its peroxidase activity with

274 d variants (M81A, M81H) and single thioether cyt c variants.

275 Thus, cyt c detection is not only serving as an apoptosis biom

276 cyts c and c(2) suggested that Im binding to cyt c(1) is assisted by formation of hydrogen bonds with

277 Imidazole binding to cyt c(1) substantially lowers the midpoint potential of

278 where wild type CcP makes closest contact to cyt c.

279 Electron transfer from CPR to cyt c has been extensively used as a model reaction to a

280 domain (FBD) is the direct electron donor to cyt c.

281 Electron transfer from FBD to cyt c occurs at distinct rates that are dependent on the

282 modifications confer additional functions to cyt c has not been explored.

283 ar translocation and confer new functions to cyt c in nonapoptotic cells.

284 nd determine if it confers new properties to cyt c, a cyt c mutant (M80A) was constitutively expresse

285 These findings closely relate to cyt c folding dynamics and suggest a general strategy fo

286 TOCL/cyt c complex was found more resistant to dissociation b

287 decreases the population of largely unfolded cyt c conformers, but its effects are distinct from thos

288 Here, using cyt c as a surrogate for cytP450, we report the effect o

289 Although ATP weakens cyt c-CL binding interactions, it also boosts the apopto

290 e hydrophobic interactions are involved when cyt c's tertiary structure is lost.

291 hold significance for the mechanism by which cyt c escapes into the cytosol of cells during apoptosis

292 o gain insights into the mechanisms by which cyt c self-limits its peroxidase activity.

293 f FBD involved in the binding interface with cyt c, most of which are located in proximity to the sol

294 mer crossed the membrane simultaneously with cyt c, although larger dextrans did not.

295 Although an HCCS-WT cyt c complex contains two covalent links, HCCS-DeltaM13

296 ously nitrated cyt c because nitration of WT-cyt c is associated with its translocation to the cytopl

297 t Zn(II) porphyrin in Zn(II)cytochrome c (Zn cyt c) is a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET

298 ough protein denaturation studies of five Zn cyt c variants labeled with Alexa660 in different positi

299 mophore in zinc-substituted cytochrome c (Zn-cyt c) and an Alexa Fluor dye attached to specific surfa

300 ic surface sites was used to characterize Zn-cyt c unfolding.