ライフサイエンスコーパス: dendritic spine

1 n and long-term maintenance of dendrites and dendritic spines.

2 genetic methods for fluorescent labeling of dendritic spines.

3 or the structural stability of dendrites and dendritic spines.

4 an actin-associated protein in podocytes and dendritic spines.

5 of calcium-induced cAMP signaling pathway in dendritic spines.

6 s could be exploited to study the biology of dendritic spines.

7 , known to be involved in the maintenance of dendritic spines.

8 ssociated with the mislocalization of tau to dendritic spines.

9 mics of calcium-induced cAMP/PKA dynamics in dendritic spines.

10 ignaling and the morphological plasticity of dendritic spines.

11 2+) signaling is destabilization of neuronal dendritic spines.

12 alization relationships for cAMP dynamics in dendritic spines.

13 ng and long-timescale signal transduction in dendritic spines.

14 -cell communication and act as precursors of dendritic spines.

15 t within synaptic and cytoplasmic domains of dendritic spines.

16 controlling the formation and regulation of dendritic spines.

17 e kinetic model of CaMKIIalpha activation in dendritic spines.

18 ent kinase 5 prevents tau mislocalization to dendritic spines.

19 her small compartments like primary cilia or dendritic spines.

20 12 noon and processed for quantification of dendritic spines.

21 aMKII) plays a key role in the plasticity of dendritic spines.

22 or grown to adulthood to assess behavior and dendritic spines.

23 in synthesis-dependent structural changes of dendritic spines.

24 rmally elevated calcium transients in apical dendritic spines.

25 the mitochondria within spatially restricted dendritic spines.

26 lobules of CB (1) -KO with no changes in PC dendritic spines.

27 1.2%), followed by glia (37.7 +/- 2.5%), and dendritic spines (14.3 +/- 2.6%) in the matrix of the mo

28 T and PVT axon terminals generally contacted dendritic spines, a substantial number ended on dendriti

29 Taken together, our results suggest that the dendritic spine abnormalities are primary developmental

30 tes excessive protein synthesis and corrects dendritic spine abnormality in Fmr1 knockout mice.

31 kinases are contained in axon terminals and dendritic spines adjacent to the synaptic membrane, whic

32 dementia P301L mutant Tau immobilizes Fyn in dendritic spines, affecting its motion state distributio

33 sed fragmentation and reduced positioning to dendritic spines along with increased caspase 3 cleavage

34 lly, we performed single-unit recordings and dendritic spine analyses on striatal medium spiny neuron

35 ssion in brain tissue limits the fidelity of dendritic spine analysis and other indispensable techniq

36 hippocampal neurons cause enlargement of the dendritic spine and promote growth in spine endoplasmic

37 Dendritic spine and synapse impairments are features of

38 associated with fewer immature, thin-shaped dendritic spines and a greater proportion of mature, mus

39 tal process by inducing premature pruning of dendritic spines and allostatic atrophy of dendritic arb

40 Tau mislocalization to dendritic spines and associated postsynaptic deficits ar

41 ronic in vivo two-photon microscopy to image dendritic spines and axon "en passant" boutons of layer

42 ion, we identified changes in pyramidal cell dendritic spines and axon initial segments consistent wi

43 oach to the volumetric anatomical imaging of dendritic spines and axonal boutons in the mouse hippoca

44 nd (4) proportion of synapses established on dendritic spines and dendritic shafts.

45 that most of them were excitatory, targeting dendritic spines and displaying a macular shape, regardl

46 RAPed) showed an input-selective increase in dendritic spines and excitatory postsynaptic currents at

47 , as neurolastin knockout animals have fewer dendritic spines and exhibit a reduction in functional s

48 articularly enriched in the neck and base of dendritic spines and largely absent from spine heads.

49 ndently proposed roles of Tau in maintaining dendritic spines and mitochondrial fission biology, two

50 ling pathway that regulates the stability of dendritic spines and plays a role in memory formation.

51 Filopodia are precursors of dendritic spines and polarized cell migration.

52 ramatically exacerbated both the turnover of dendritic spines and presynaptic boutons as well as the

53 produces a similar increase in the number of dendritic spines and presynaptic modifications at the co

54 tau species and related signaling to protect dendritic spines and processes from Abeta-induced injury

55 learning-related remodelling of postsynaptic dendritic spines and reduced activity in cue-encoding ne

56 Drp1(ABCD) is enriched in dendritic spines and regulates postsynaptic clathrin-med

57 f PERK using GSK2656157 prevents the loss of dendritic spines and rescues memory deficits after TBI.

58 unction variants driving formation of larger dendritic spines and stronger glutamatergic transmission

59 ently increased MMP-9 activity around D1-MSN dendritic spines and synapse-proximal astroglial process

60 knock-in mice enabled thorough evaluation of dendritic spines and synapses on pathway-identified SPNs

61 LTP involves local remodeling of dendritic spines and synapses.

62 tion alone can induce tau mislocalization to dendritic spines and synaptic deficits in cultured rat h

63 g RGS14 binding to Galphai1, localization to dendritic spines, and inhibitory actions on LTP inductio

64 nd that both LASP1 and LASP2 are enriched in dendritic spines, and their knockdown impairs spine deve

65 el of Fragile X syndrome and demonstrate how dendritic spines are insensitive to a brief period of no

66 Dendritic spines are protrusions along neuronal dendrite

67 Dendritic spines are small protrusions on dendrites that

68 Dendritic spines are small, bulbous protrusions along de

69 Dendritic spines are specialized postsynaptic structures

70 Dendritic spines are the postsynaptic sites that receive

71 Dendritic spines are the primary excitatory postsynaptic

72 Dendritic spines are tiny membranous protrusions on the

73 disinhibition and elevated calcium levels in dendritic spines as important local-circuit alterations

74 , and more broadly the inhibitory control of dendritic spines, as a key microcircuit mechanism compro

75 ivities upon structural plasticity of single dendritic spines, as well as a broad range of subcellula

76 e and observed the dynamics of dendrites and dendritic spines at nanoscale resolution.

77 aptic markers and altered dynamic changes of dendritic spines, but the viability of neurons was not a

78 these calcium responses invade dendrites and dendritic spines by active backpropagation.

79 Dendritic spines change shape in response to input signa

80 Dendritic spines come in a variety of shapes that depend

81 ppocampal pyramidal cells, a small subset of dendritic spines contain endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

82 32/beta-adducin signaling and disrupting the dendritic spine cytoskeleton.

83 ck of OTR expression correlates with reduced dendritic spine densities in selected cortical regions o

84 of Cup/Rap, proliferation of type 1 NSCs and dendritic spine densities of adult-born neurons reverted

85 In addition, dendritic spine densities of adult-born neurons were sig

86 Previously, we demonstrated that dendritic spine density (DSD) in deep layer 3 of the pri

87 Dendritic spine density (DSD) is significantly different

88 her, AMPKalpha2 cKO mice exhibited decreased dendritic spine density and abnormal spine morphology in

89 expression of either EB3 or SRCIN1 increased dendritic spine density and altered the spine morphology

90 stimulation for 24 hr selectively increased dendritic spine density and AMPA-receptor-mediated EPSCs

91 s of dorsal hippocampally infused G-1 on CA1 dendritic spine density and consolidation of object reco

92 r Golgi-impregnation labeling showed reduced dendritic spine density and destabilized spines of hippo

93 Here, we demonstrate that GPER increases CA1 dendritic spine density and hippocampal memory consolida

94 mpanied by increased local p-tau, changes in dendritic spine density and morphology, and upregulation

95 g activity associated with an improvement of dendritic spine density and morphology.

96 ed down by SULT4A1 by specifically restoring dendritic spine density and rescuing NMDAR-mediated syna

97 erent cycle phases and found a congruence of dendritic spine density and spatial memory deficits, wit

98 l long-term potentiation (LTP) and increased dendritic spine density and synaptic markers compared wi

99 on and synaptic plasticity but had increased dendritic spine density compared with young WT.

100 red hippocampal-dependent memory and reduced dendritic spine density in CA1 neurons in mice; these ef

101 In addition, SorCS2 regulates dendritic spine density in CA2 neurons where SorCS2 expr

102 l (AIE) exposure diminishes neurogenesis and dendritic spine density in the dentate gyrus.

103 eonatal brain, and led to masculinization of dendritic spine density in the female POA.

104 s microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling and dendritic spine density in the medial PFC.

105 experience with high-fat consumption reduced dendritic spine density in the PFC at both time points.

106 amyloids are neurotropic and reduce neuronal dendritic spine density in vivo.

107 Overexpression of Pyk2 reduces dendritic spine density of hippocampal neurons by a kina

108 Lower dendritic spine density on layer 3 pyramidal cells in th

109 uced to the airway caused the most prominent dendritic spine density reduction, yet intraperitoneal i

110 We observed significant loss of dendritic spine density, abnormal spine morphology, redu

111 ls with simplified dendritic arbors, reduced dendritic spine density, and diminished excitatory synap

112 cts song development, adult song production, dendritic spine density, and dopamine-regulated synaptic

113 greater vGlut1/PSD95 colocalization, higher dendritic spine density, and enhanced evoked AMPAR and N

114 ream signaling, protein synthesis rates, and dendritic spine density, as well as impaired social inte

115 duced microglia activation, reduced neonatal dendritic spine density, decreased male-typical copulato

116 a recruits Ror2 and Ryk receptors to enhance dendritic spine density, leading to nociceptive sensitiz

117 ved cognitive function, synaptic plasticity, dendritic spine density, microglial morphology, and brai

118 ulin receptor function, synaptic plasticity, dendritic spine density, microglial morphology, brain mi

119 icient to decrease drug seeking and increase dendritic spine density, whereas drebrin knockdown poten

120 Tomo-1 overexpression increased dendritic spine density, whereas Tomo-1 knockdown (KD) d

121 al defeat stress, NAc MSNs exhibit increased dendritic spine density.

122 erations of microglia activation markers and dendritic spine density.

123 rked preservation of neuronal morphology and dendritic spine density.

124 and more complex basal dendrites with higher dendritic spine density.

125 both enhanced mEPSC frequency and increased dendritic spine-density.

126 Tau mislocalization to dendritic spines depends upon the phosphorylation of eit

127 tal cortex neurons leads to perturbations in dendritic spine development and hypoconnectivity, which

128 Dendritic spine development is crucial for the establish

129 ity (PSD), which is critical for synapse and dendritic spine development.

130 nation, and stabilizes ankyrin-G to maintain dendritic spine development.

131 Dendritic spines (DS) are actin-rich postsynaptic termin

132 3alpha occurs via its transient anchoring in dendritic spines during LTD induction.

133 that can drive shrinkage and elimination of dendritic spines during synaptic plasticity.SIGNIFICANCE

134 Ultimately, the relationship between altered dendritic spine dynamics and neuropathic pain may serve

135 urther investigations in vivo of spinal cord dendritic spine dynamics in the context of injury and di

136 t time, the ongoing, steady-state changes in dendritic spine dynamics in the dorsal horn associated w

137 the powerful utility of intravital study of dendritic spine dynamics in the superficial dorsal horn;

138 nflammatory myeloid cells, restores cortical dendritic spine dynamics, and improves the animals' neur

139 lization of synaptic markers and altered the dendritic spine dynamics.

140 rong structure-function relationship between dendritic spine dysgenesis and the presence of neuropath

141 and dendritic projection defects as well as dendritic spine dysgenesis may underlie disease pathogen

142 show that blood-derived fibrinogen leads to dendritic spine elimination and cognitive deficit via mi

143 ed the role of sleep in experience-dependent dendritic spine elimination of layer 5 pyramidal neurons

144 ctivating kinase-effector complex (RAKEC) in dendritic spines, enabling the persistence and confineme

145 dditionally, LTP and LTD are correlated with dendritic spine enlargement and shrinkage that are accom

146 ring action-outcome conditioning, and caused dendritic spine excess.

147 studies have reported downsizing and loss of dendritic spines following sleep deprivation.

148 n, is critical for the effects of cocaine on dendritic spine formation and for cocaine-mediated behav

149 h alterations influence cocaine's effects on dendritic spine formation remain unclear.

150 oenergetics, enhances synaptic viability and dendritic spine formation, and increases turnover of neu

151 n corticospinal neurons, where they regulate dendritic spine formation, axon elongation, and pontine

152 nd functional synaptic plasticity, including dendritic spine formation, neuronal facilitation, and lo

153 could be involved in membrane curvature and dendritic spine formation.

154 modulates neuronal branching complexity and dendritic spines formation.

155 Synaptopodin (SP) residing in dendritic spines has been associated with ryanodine rece

156 findings suggest a role for BBS proteins in dendritic spine homeostasis that may be linked to the co

157 itrosative stress, which also contributes to dendritic spine impairments in the PFC.

158 We analyzed dendritic spines in 4-week-old (P28) and 12-week-old (P8

159 Here we show that the ER visits dendritic spines in a non-random manner, targeting spine

160 small neuronal compartments, such as single dendritic spines in brain slices.

161 tsynaptic Pten loss provides an advantage to dendritic spines in competition over a limited pool of p

162 taneous glutamate release across hundreds of dendritic spines in mice at depths over 250 um and frame

163 We present a concise review of the role of dendritic spines in neuropathic pain and outline the pot

164 abnormal development of dendrite arbors and dendritic spines in newly generated dentate gyrus granul

165 nts, and reduces the preponderance of mature dendritic spines in PFC neurons.

166 y, length, and reduction in the width of the dendritic spines in Postnatal day 21 to 12-month-old LD

167 of Bbs results in a significant reduction of dendritic spines in principal neurons of Bbs mouse model

168 as associated with structural alterations of dendritic spines in the CeA and, moreover, whole-cell pa

169 AR levels at a subset of spatially clustered dendritic spines in the motor cortex.

170 and maintenance of newly formed postsynaptic dendritic spines in the mouse cortex after motor skills

171 The density and head diameter of dendritic spines in the MSNs of Het mice were also reduc

172 For example, dendritic spines in the primate dorsolateral prefrontal

173 f the dendritic arbor length and the lack of dendritic spines in the pyramidal cells of the prefronta

174 tex (OFC) and potentially, the plasticity of dendritic spines in this region.

175 First, tau mislocalizes to dendritic spines, in a manner that depends upon the phos

176 ins, as well as the detailed architecture of dendritic spines, in mouse brain circuitry.

177 fibrinogen deposits associated with loss of dendritic spines independent of amyloid plaques.

178 Dendritic spine injury underlies synaptic failure in man

179 lgi staining, we report that preservation of dendritic spine integrity as one of the mechanisms under

180 Structural plasticity of dendritic spines is a key component of the refinement of

181 aspartate type glutamate receptor (NMDAR) to dendritic spines is essential for excitatory synaptic tr

182 Dynamic turnover of dendritic spines is impaired in mutant mice and is accom

183 Structural and functional plasticity of dendritic spines is the basis of animal learning.

184 The growth and stabilization of dendritic spines is thought to be essential for maintain

185 ured primary rat hippocampal neurons reduced dendritic spine length through a myosin-based pathway, w

186 + transients were also generated on discrete dendritic spine-like structures on the melanocytes.

187 rization, augmented synapse numbers, doubled dendritic spine-like structures, and elevated synaptic N

188 Although PIP2 is also concentrated at the dendritic spines, little is known about the direct physi

189 ting that balanced nuclear import/export and dendritic spine localization are essential for RGS14 fun

190 CNS nerve tracts remodels circuitry through dendritic spine loss and hyper-excitability, thus influe

191 PS2APP;Trem2(ko) mice also exhibited more dendritic spine loss around plaque and more neurofilamen

192 This event leads to a decrease in dendritic spine loss by reducing dendritic localization

193 Downstream of Abeta, dendritic spine loss correlates most strongly with cogni

194 orphology demonstrated dendritic atrophy and dendritic spine loss in dorsal striatum D1-MSNs from mic

195 of neuronal elements and blocked CUS-induced dendritic spine loss in the medial PFC.

196 Dendritic spine loss is recognized as an early feature o

197 Further, we find that the significant dendritic spine loss observed in male mice following irr

198 Amyloid-beta oligomer-induced dendritic spine loss requires the Pyk2/Graf1 pathway.

199 Importantly, AbetaOs lead to similar dendritic spine loss to that observed in normal aging in

200 se in amyloid-beta oligomer (Abetao)-induced dendritic spine loss.

201 g in Norrie disease, contributes to cortical dendritic spine loss.

202 findings argue that CaMKII-actin networks in dendritic spines maintain spine size against physical st

203 its receptor Neuropilin 2 (Nrp2), influence dendritic spine maintenance, corticostriatal short-term

204 In addition, Tet3 cKO mice exhibit increased dendritic spine maturation in the ventral CA1 hippocampa

205 zes the scaffolding protein PSD95, promoting dendritic spine maturation.

206 rrelated with generation of multi-innervated dendritic spines (MISs), which are predominantly two-inp

207 live-cell imaging for fundamental studies of dendritic spine morphogenesis and function.

208 We, therefore, analyzed the dendritic spine morphologies in pyramidal neurons of the

209 es with immunoblotting and t-SP by measuring dendritic spine morphology and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-m

210 These data show that PCDH7 can regulate dendritic spine morphology and synaptic function, possib

211 Alterations in dendritic spine morphology are known in neurodevelopment

212 s exhibit immature evoked NMDAR currents and dendritic spine morphology in vivo.

213 on of actin filaments, leading to changes in dendritic spine morphology of NAc medium spiny neurons (

214 Here we use viral labeling to characterize dendritic spine morphology specifically in dopamine D2 r

215 s of t-SP were assayed during reinstatement: dendritic spine morphology, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-meth

216 functional synaptic plasticity and abnormal dendritic spine morphology, but little is known about ho

217 resolution microscopy we detect no change in dendritic spine morphology, indicating no structure-func

218 eduction alleviated AD-associated defects in dendritic spine morphology, postsynaptic density formati

219 ching complexity, synaptic connectivity, and dendritic spine morphology.

220 iverse effects on NADPH oxidase activity and dendritic spine morphology.

221 uch as nesting and marble burying as well as dendritic spine morphology.

222 Abetao-induced reductions in dendritic spine motility and chronic spine loss require

223 We used time-lapse two-photon imaging of dendritic spine motility in acutely prepared brain slice

224 These included synaptic proteins at dendritic spines, myelination along axons, and presynapt

225 ost-synaptic currents accompanied changes in dendritic spine nano-architecture, and single-synapse cu

226 Recovery is associated with preservation of dendritic spines, new patterns of cortical projections t

227 Dendritic spine number and morphology are altered as a c

228 and experimental TLE, and miR-135a regulates dendritic spine number and type through Mef2.

229 that irradiation induces significant loss in dendritic spine number, alters spine morphology, and is

230 ion alters their mobility and also decreases dendritic spine number.

231 impaired dendritic morphogenesis and reduced dendritic spine numbers in developing neurons.

232 he postsynaptic density and endosomes within dendritic spines of CA2 neurons.

233 easured the calcium oscillation frequency in dendritic spines of cultured hippocampal CA1 neurons and

234 determine the effect of sleep deprivation on dendritic spines of hippocampal CA1 neurons using geneti

235 otein that suppresses synaptic plasticity in dendritic spines of hippocampal neurons.

236 the somatic cytosol, nucleus, dendrites, and dendritic spines of lamina I neurons.

237 expressed in the nuclei, dendrites and near dendritic spines of mouse dorsal hippocampal CA1 neurons

238 Drug-induced morphological restructuring of dendritic spines of nucleus accumbens neurons is thought

239 binds the glutamate receptor, GluRdelta2, in dendritic spines of Purkinje cells.

240 ally evoked calcium transients in the apical dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons.

241 subunit Gnb5 as a PSD-95 complex partner at dendritic spines of rat hippocampal neurons.

242 dom-access two-photon calcium imaging of the dendritic spines of single V1 neurons with optogenetic s

243 Here, we quantified dendrites and dendritic spines of supragranular pyramidal neurons in t

244 ously found that polyribosomes accumulate in dendritic spines of the adult rat lateral amygdala (LA)

245 MIA increases plastic dendritic spines of the intrinsically bursting neurons a

246 terminals, presynaptic mitochondria, and in dendritic spines of xCT(-/-) mice.

247 g significantly increases the elimination of dendritic spines on apical dendrites of layer 5 pyramida

248 uncaging to induce plasticity at individual dendritic spines on hippocampal CA1 neurons from mice an

249 Opiate exposure reduces the density of dendritic spines on medium spiny neurons of the NAc; how

250 Formation of dendritic spines on newborn neurons was also impaired fo

251 branch-specific elimination of postsynaptic dendritic spines on prefrontal projection neurons.

252 in the development and adult maintenance of dendritic spines on striatal spiny projection neurons (S

253 triatal medium spiny neurons, the density of dendritic spines, or the density or ultrastructure of co

254 Here, we profiled the in vivo dynamics of dendritic spines over time on the same superficial dorsa

255 oxidative/nitrosative stress are part of the dendritic spine pathology and their modulation by atypic

256 a activation within their brains, downstream dendritic spine patterning on POA neurons, or grown to a

257 Dendritic spine plasticity is likely involved, yet relat

258 Together, our data indicate dendritic spine plasticity is MSN subtype specific, impr

259 However, it remains unclear if the dendritic spine plasticity is MSN subtype specific.

260 ur findings suggest that a proper balance of dendritic spine plasticity within the OFC is necessary f

261 donepezil (Aricept), reverses AIE effects on dendritic spines, possibly by interacting with inflammat

262 pansions in basal dendritic arborization and dendritic spine pruning during the transition from late

263 that caspase-2 deficiency led to deficits in dendritic spine pruning, internalization of AMPA recepto

264 Using Golgi staining, we investigate how dendritic spines rearrange following contextual fear con

265 ne kinase receptors Ror2 and Ryk to modulate dendritic spine rearrangement.

266 In dendritic spines receiving synaptic inputs, we show here

267 al horn neurons prevented activity-dependent dendritic spine remodeling and significantly reduced mec

268 advances have highlighted the importance of dendritic spine remodeling in driving synaptic plasticit

269 kinase II (CaMKII) has an important role in dendritic spine remodeling upon synaptic stimulation.

270 therapeutically targeting LIMK1 may provide dendritic spine resilience to Abeta and therefore may be

271 t pharmacologic inhibition of LIMK1 rendered dendritic spines resilient to Abeta(42) oligomers.

272 euronal populations at single-cell or single dendritic spine resolution in awake monkeys, the techniq

273 Assess occurrence of the dendritic spine scaffolding protein Drebrin as a pathoph

274 Our results indicate that postsynaptic CA1 dendritic spine shape and density do not change in adult

275 ion flow, in driving synaptic weakening and dendritic spine shrinkage during synaptic plasticity.

276 onformational signaling through the NMDAR to dendritic spine shrinkage during synaptic plasticity.

277 n-ionotropic NMDAR signaling pathway driving dendritic spine shrinkage, including the interaction bet

278 on long-lasting drug-induced adaptations in dendritic spine signaling and morphology in the nucleus

279 Furthermore, we found that average dendritic spine sizes were decreased and increased follo

280 racts with the RhoGAP protein Graf1 to alter dendritic spine stability via RhoA GTPase.

281 xerts a distinct role in dendritic arbor and dendritic spine stabilization.

282 erve injury-induced pain triggers changes in dendritic spine steady-state behavior in the spinal cord

283 ergic transmission, synaptic plasticity, and dendritic spine structure.

284 e morphogenesis of presynaptic terminals and dendritic spines, suggesting that glutamatergic neurotra

285 prevent P301L-induced tau mislocalization to dendritic spines, supporting redundant pathways that con

286 the NMDAR is required to maintain NMDARs at dendritic spine synapses and mediates the direct extrace

287 to form synapses and an increased number of dendritic spines that are not in contact with a presynap

288 ave specialized actin-rich structures called dendritic spines that receive and integrate most excitat

289 hat C. elegans motor neurons have functional dendritic spines that: (1) are structurally defined by a

290 ife knock-down also reduced the densities of dendritic spines, the primary sites of excitatory plasti

291 s synaptic AMPA receptor function and causes dendritic spines to adopt an elongated filopodia-like mo

292 nfarcts also instigate a prolonged period of dendritic spine turnover in peri-infarct cortex.

293 protein (encoded by Fmr1), which constrains dendritic spine turnover.

294 imaged CaMKIIalpha-CaM association in single dendritic spines using a new FRET sensor and two-photon

295 Such oligomycin A-mediated changes in dendritic spines were substantially prevented by the inh

296 ic density within the subsynaptic domains of dendritic spines, were each reduced with age.

297 HTau-S199-P mislocalizes to dendritic spines, which induces synaptic dysfunction at

298 a backpropagating action potential within a dendritic spine with respect to local Ca(2+) signaling.

299 al neurons exhibited an increased density of dendritic spines with an immature morphology.

300 syndrome, glutamate uncaging onto individual dendritic spines yields stronger single-spine excitation