ライフサイエンスコーパス: diabetic macular edema

1 Aflibercept, Bevacizumab and Ranibizumab for Diabetic Macular Edema).

2 in DR severity scale score or development of diabetic macular edema.

3 lying capillary nonperfusion in eyes without diabetic macular edema.

4 dothelial growth factor for the treatment of diabetic macular edema.

5 se in diabetic retinopathy in the absence of diabetic macular edema.

6 injections during 6 months in patients with diabetic macular edema.

7 postoperative macular edema in patients with diabetic macular edema.

8 either proliferative diabetic retinopathy or diabetic macular edema.

9 e nonsurgical management options in treating diabetic macular edema.

10 er-reviewed literature regarding therapy for diabetic macular edema.

11 al therapeutic approach for the treatment of diabetic macular edema.

12 mproving visual acuity in some patients with diabetic macular edema.

13 ical trials for the treatment of uveitis and diabetic macular edema.

14 otentially abate or restore vision loss from diabetic macular edema.

15 rs a protective effect on the development of diabetic macular edema.

16 (1.38-8.78) for no prior laser treatment for diabetic macular edema.

17 ascular age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema.

18 vascular age-related macular degeneration or diabetic macular edema.

19 al expenses associated with the treatment of diabetic macular edema.

20 lation (PRP) continue to lose vision without diabetic macular edema.

21 with the population undergoing treatment for diabetic macular edema.

22 al injection of ziv-aflibercept in resistant diabetic macular edema.

23 xudative retinal diseases including nAMD and diabetic macular edema.

24 vascular age-related macular degeneration or diabetic macular edema.

25 d vascular leakage observed in patients with diabetic macular edema.

26 of optical coherence tomography detection of diabetic macular edema.

27 diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the absence of diabetic macular edema.

28 vascular age-related macular degeneration or diabetic macular edema.

29 ates with increased vascular permeability in diabetic macular edema.

30 such as age-related macular degeneration or diabetic macular edema.

31 lar degeneration, retinal vein occlusion and diabetic macular edema.

32 ) and other factors is an important cause of diabetic macular edema.

33 (3-fold) and serum samples of patients with diabetic macular edema (1.6-fold) measured by Western bl

34 turn, newly diagnosed complications included diabetic macular edema (14.4%), neovascular glaucoma (0.

35 Of 124 eyes analyzed, 60 (48.4%) had diabetic macular edema, 32 (25.8%) had neovascular age-r

36 ge-related macular degeneration (12.9%), and diabetic macular edema (5.6%).

37 related macular degeneration (107 scans) and diabetic macular edema (66 scans), covering the full ran

38 omenon of temporary paradoxical worsening of diabetic macular edema after insulin treatment has been

39 eakage from the retinal vasculature leads to diabetic macular edema, an important cause of vision los

40 Approximately one third of diabetic macular edema and age-related macular degenerat

41 n severe vision-threatening diseases such as diabetic macular edema and age-related macular degenerat

42 of randomized trial data on 660 adults with diabetic macular edema and decreased VA (Snellen equival

43 and bevacizumab may blunt the progression of diabetic macular edema and diabetic retinopathy.

44 Pars plana vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema and for traction retinal detachme

45 s (of 486 participants) with center-involved diabetic macular edema and no preexisting open-angle gla

46 In eyes with center-involved diabetic macular edema and no prior open-angle glaucoma,

47 re nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema and of a normal nondiabetic eye w

48 e understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetic macular edema and other ocular diseases with ou

49 ly available to treat patients with nAMD and diabetic macular edema and others that are in developmen

50 f endothelial dysfunction, which can lead to diabetic macular edema and proliferative diabetic retino

51 evealed increased PTX3 expression in DR with diabetic macular edema and proliferative retinopathy, wh

52 ed retinal vascular leakage in patients with diabetic macular edema and reduced the rate of sustained

53 iseases associated with BRB leakage, such as diabetic macular edema and retinopathy.

54 nosed as having diabetic retinopathy without diabetic macular edema and underwent fluorescein angiogr

55 treal Aflibercept Injection in Patients With Diabetic Macular Edema) and VIVID (Intravitreal Afliberc

56 treal Aflibercept Injection in Patients With Diabetic Macular Edema) and VIVID (Intravitreal Afliberc

57 nts with retinal disease, including uveitis, diabetic macular edema, and age-related macular degenera

58 wet or dry age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, and diabetic retinopathy (DR), a

59 eovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, and diabetic retinopathy.

60 raded 3 to 7 times for diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema, and image gradability by a panel

61 ctions for age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, and macular edema secondary to r

62 eovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, and macular edema secondary to r

63 th nonreferable diabetic retinopathy, ie, no diabetic macular edema, and no diabetic retinopathy or m

64 ular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic macular edema, and retinal vein occlusion.

65 eovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, and retinal venous occlusive dis

66 Diabetic macular edema, anti-VEGF, ranibizumab, bevacizu

67 ascular age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema are leading causes of vision loss

68 ase C (PKC) inhibitors for the management of diabetic macular edema are underway.

69 cizumab, and ranibizumab in the treatment of diabetic macular edema are unknown.

70 improved vision in eyes with center-involved diabetic macular edema, but the relative effect depended

71 In a subset of patients, diffuse diabetic macular edema can result from a taut and conden

72 Diabetic macular edema causes impairment of vision in pa

73 n included age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, central and branch retinal vein

74 thy individuals and those with macular hole, diabetic macular edema, central serous chorioretinopathy

75 Because eyes with center-involved diabetic macular edema (CI-DME) and good baseline visual

76 c retinopathy (NPDR) without center-involved diabetic macular edema (CI-DME) has not been clearly est

77 d with anti-VEGF therapy for center-involved diabetic macular edema (CI-DME) in a 2-year randomized c

78 Center-involved diabetic macular edema (ci-DME) is a major cause of visi

79 c retinopathy (NPDR) without center-involved diabetic macular edema (CI-DME) reduce development of vi

80 Patients with center-involved diabetic macular edema (CI-DME) with good visual acuity

81 ent neovascularization), (2) center-involved diabetic macular edema (CI-DME), or (3) >= 2-step Diabet

82 Subjects in diabetic macular edema clinical trials in the United Sta

83 ized the treatment of clinically significant diabetic macular edema (CSDME); yet these agents are exp

84 who had at least 1 eye with central-involved diabetic macular edema, defined as Stratus central subfi

85 R without macular edema (PDR) (10 eyes), and diabetic macular edema (DME) (14 eyes).

86 s were higher in the Indigenous subgroup for diabetic macular edema (DME) (8.7% vs. 2.7%, P = 0.02) a

87 gns of retinopathy (n = 9) and patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) (n = 31) were compared with

88 States, making diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME) a major epidemiological con

89 7 mg (DEX 0.7) was approved for treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME) after demonstration of its

90 The prevalence of persistent diabetic macular edema (DME) after months of anti-vascul

91 10 eyes of healthy subjects, 10 eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME) and 10 eyes with neovascula

92 proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), or diabetic macular edema (DME) and procedure codes for ret

93 iography (OCTA) in treatment-naive eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME) and to compare it with find

94 proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) or diabetic macular edema (DME) and type 2 diabetes were in

95 Patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) are at high risk of vascula

96 cation and characterization of patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) are important for individua

97 mpairing (VA 20/32 or worse) center-involved diabetic macular edema (DME) at baseline were required t

98 average, a shorter duration of diabetes and diabetic macular edema (DME) at baseline, were less like

99 Diabetic macular edema (DME) can be treated with differe

100 Diabetic macular edema (DME) can be treated with either

101 e was labeled using the International DR and diabetic macular edema (DME) Classification Scale by 4 c

102 brovascular accidents (CVA) in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) compared with diabetic pati

103 f CRA with respect to non - center involving diabetic macular edema (DME) differentiated by various s

104 travitreal aflibercept injections (IAIs) for diabetic macular edema (DME) during the phase III VISTA

105 Panretinal photocoagulation rates in diabetic macular edema (DME) eyes did not significantly

106 Panretinal photocoagulation rates in diabetic macular edema (DME) eyes did not significantly

107 s (IDI) in naive and previously treated (PT) diabetic macular edema (DME) eyes in a real-life setting

108 helial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy for diabetic macular edema (DME) favorably affects diabetic

109 oal of this work is to assess progression of diabetic macular edema (DME) following intravitreal rani

110 Diagnosing diabetic macular edema (DME) from monocular fundus photo

111 The treatment for diabetic macular edema (DME) has revolutionized during t

112 and decreased macular thickness in eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME) in clinical trials.

113 wth factor agents are effective for treating diabetic macular edema (DME) involving the center of the

114 ), and ranibizumab (0.3 mg) for treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME) involving the center of the

115 Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a leading cause of visio

116 Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a leading cause of visio

117 For example, diabetic macular edema (DME) is a leading cause of visio

118 Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a leading cause of visua

119 Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a major cause of visual

120 ntravitreal dexamethasone implant therapy in diabetic macular edema (DME) is associated with long-ter

121 Treatment for diabetic macular edema (DME) is continuously evolving.

122 Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the major cause of visio

123 Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the most common cause of

124 Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the most common cause of

125 Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the predominant cause of

126 he response to treatment among patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) may vary depending on basel

127 flibercept, bevacizumab, and ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema (DME) might influence interpretat

128 In contrast, diabetic macular edema (DME) morphology-related measures

129 The potential effect of treatments for diabetic macular edema (DME) on driving should be of val

130 ry VA, age <75 years, absence of preexisting diabetic macular edema (DME) or postvitrectomy persisten

131 with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic macular edema (DME) or retinal vein occlusion (

132 d aqueous pro-permeability factors (PPFs) in diabetic macular edema (DME) patients before and after i

133 tereoscopic fundus photographs, we evaluated diabetic macular edema (DME) progression and DR progress

134 Patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) received three intravitreal

135 Diabetic macular edema (DME) remains a leading cause of

136 proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and diabetic macular edema (DME) requires reliable patient f

137 According to subgroup analyses, in diabetic macular edema (DME) studies, a higher risk was

138 Having a better understanding of how long diabetic macular edema (DME) takes to resolve in patient

139 MAs may be more likely to be associated with diabetic macular edema (DME) than those without flow.

140 itial monthly dosing period) (2q8) and other diabetic macular edema (DME) therapies at doses licensed

141 ser, and sham in the first-line treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME) to inform technology assess

142 pathy severity score (DRSS) in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) treated with intravitreal r

143 o evaluate the real-world visual outcomes of diabetic macular edema (DME) treatment in patients with

144 factor (VEGF) medicines have revolutionized diabetic macular edema (DME) treatment.

145 e of cysts and non-perfusion areas (NPAs) in diabetic macular edema (DME) using two different Optical

146 inal zones (P < 0.001); eyes with noncentral diabetic macular edema (DME) versus no DME had higher me

147 Presence of diabetic macular edema (DME) was assessed using OCT.

148 rogression to PDR and rate of development of diabetic macular edema (DME) were compared between patie

149 Patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) were randomized 1:1:1 to br

150 Patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) who received sham control o

151 dexamethasone (DEX) implant in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) whose macular edema persist

152 (PDR) without macular edema, and 27 eyes had diabetic macular edema (DME) with either NPDR or PDR.

153 Diabetic macular edema (DME) with neurosensory retinal d

154 t-effectiveness analysis of the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME) with ranibizumab plus promp

155 and functional characteristics in eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME) with subfoveal neuroretinal

156 dothelial growth factor therapy in eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME) with vision loss after macu

157 dothelial growth factor therapy in eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME) with vision loss after macu

158 H), tractional retinal detachment (TRD), and diabetic macular edema (DME) within 1 year and 5 years f

159 ure visual acuity (VA) in eyes with baseline diabetic macular edema (DME) would substantively improve

160 nonproliferative DR (NPDR), 51 with NPDR and diabetic macular edema (DME), and 18 with proliferative

161 Retinal hypoxia also contributes to diabetic macular edema (DME), and because of the absence

162 es, the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), diabetic macular edema (DME), and foveal avascular zone

163 lar age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), diabetic macular edema (DME), and macular edema due to r

164 ular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic macular edema (DME), and retinal vein occlusion

165 diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), with or without diabetic macular edema (DME), and temporarily lost to fo

166 lar age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), diabetic macular edema (DME), branch retinal vein occlus

167 ular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic macular edema (DME), central and branch retinal

168 Thickening of the center of the retina, diabetic macular edema (DME), is the most common cause o

169 evidence of DR, (3) nonproliferative DR with diabetic macular edema (DME), or (4) proliferative DR.

170 clinically significant macular edema (CSME), diabetic macular edema (DME), or ocular surgery.

171 useful therapeutic target for patients with diabetic macular edema (DME), perhaps in combination wit

172 lar age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), diabetic macular edema (DME), retinal vein occlusion, ch

173 or exclusion criteria were: center-involving diabetic macular edema (DME), significant media opacity,

174 al acuity (BCVA) is a measure used to manage diabetic macular edema (DME), sometimes suggesting devel

175 In diabetic macular edema (DME), the correlation between vi

176 Diabetic macular edema (DME), the leading cause of visio

177 The majority of patients with diabetic macular edema (DME), the most common cause of v

178 with DR of varying severity, with or without diabetic macular edema (DME), using en face Doppler OCT.

179 Diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema (DME), vision-threatening diabeti

180 lting in peripheral vision loss or worsening diabetic macular edema (DME).

181 ogical activity of AKB-9778 in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME).

182 review and meta-analysis of dyslipidemia and diabetic macular edema (DME).

183 yes with current or resolved center-involved diabetic macular edema (DME).

184 and recent changes in treatment paradigm for diabetic macular edema (DME).

185 vision-related function after treatment for diabetic macular edema (DME).

186 al macular thickness (CMT) in a patient with diabetic macular edema (DME).

187 e treatment of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME).

188 l acuity outcomes in patients suffering from diabetic macular edema (DME).

189 ributes significantly to the pathogenesis of diabetic macular edema (DME).

190 asurements in subjects with center-involving diabetic macular edema (DME).

191 proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and diabetic macular edema (DME).

192 se of OCT in the diagnosis and management of diabetic macular edema (DME).

193 aflibercept, ranibizumab and bevacizumab in diabetic macular edema (DME).

194 in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or diabetic macular edema (DME).

195 age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and diabetic macular edema (DME).

196 ative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and 32% had diabetic macular edema (DME).

197 Aqueous IL-6 levels, HbA1c, DR severity, Diabetic macular edema (DME).

198 iferative DR (NPDR) or worse retinopathy, or diabetic macular edema (DME).

199 rative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and 7 with diabetic macular edema (DME).

200 etic complications such as sight-threatening diabetic macular edema (DME).

201 (VEGF-A), with ranibizumab in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME).

202 al diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema (DME).

203 proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) or diabetic macular edema (DME).

204 ibercept for suboptimal response in treating diabetic macular edema (DME).

205 generative and vascular disorders, including diabetic macular edema (DME).

206 ) in detecting diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME).

207 ecome standard of care for the management of diabetic macular edema (DME).

208 s to include different severities of DR, and diabetic macular edema (DME).

209 Total of 456 patients with center-involved diabetic macular edema (DME).

210 (PDR), with or without concomitant baseline diabetic macular edema (DME).

211 ula-in the study of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema (DME).

212 anaging diabetic retinopathy (DR), including diabetic macular edema (DME).

213 laser photocoagulation for center-involving diabetic macular edema (DME).

214 ith aflibercept monotherapy for treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME).

215 angiography (OCTA) and treatment response in diabetic macular edema (DME).

216 t age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic macular edema (DME).All patients were operated

217 re are reported benefits from vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema (DME); however, data precede anti

218 elated macular degeneration (nAMD, n = 4) or diabetic macular edema (DME, n = 1) between June 2023 an

219 related macular degeneration (AMD, n = 400), diabetic macular edema (DME, n = 400), or retinal vein o

220 its major visual-threatening complications (diabetic macular edema [DME] and proliferative diabetic

221 ith type 2 diabetes and severe stages of DR (diabetic macular edema [DME] and proliferative diabetic

222 rative DR [NPDR], proliferative DR [PDR], or diabetic macular edema [DME]) or "any DR" (further subcl

223 n occlusion (RVO), diabetic retinopathy (DR; diabetic macular edema, DME), or noninfectious uveitis (

224 n occlusion (RVO), diabetic retinopathy (DR; diabetic macular edema, DME), or noninfectious uveitis (

225 vascular age-related macular degeneration or diabetic macular edema does not respond to an initial an

226 vascular age-related macular degeneration or diabetic macular edema does not respond to an initial an

227 included 5 pregnant women who presented with diabetic macular edema during pregnancy in the period fr

228 (Ozurdex) is effective for the treatment of diabetic macular edema, even in refractory cases that ha

229 or a blinding disease (diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema, exudative age-related macular de

230 ) grade during the Fluocinolone Acetonide in Diabetic Macular Edema (FAME) A and B Phase III clinical

231 ctiveness of ranibizumab in the treatment of diabetic macular edema has been proven with large clinic

232 acular laser, other treatment modalities for diabetic macular edema have been evaluated.

233 Trials of ranibizumab in diabetic macular edema have demonstrated excellent effic

234 ferative DR (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.97-1.15) or diabetic macular edema (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.95-1.01) but

235 cept for age-related macular degeneration or diabetic macular edema in a 9-member retinal specialty p

236 tently prevents or reverses visual loss from diabetic macular edema in all patients.

237 omated detection of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema in retinal fundus photographs.

238 There was an elevated risk of diabetic macular edema in the OSA group at all time poin

239 of treatment of moderate vision loss due to diabetic macular edema involving the center of the macul

240 ess levels to have reasonable certainty that diabetic macular edema involving the CSF is present usin

241 Diabetic macular edema involving the foveal center that

242 Diabetic macular edema involving the foveal center was o

243 we randomly assigned eyes in adults who had diabetic macular edema involving the macular center and

244 ed 660 adults (mean age, 61+/-10 years) with diabetic macular edema involving the macular center to r

245 Diabetic macular edema is a major complication of diabet

246 Diabetic macular edema is one of the leading causes of v

247 Diabetic macular edema is the most common vision-threate

248 Although the pathophysiology of diabetic macular edema is unknown, various demographic,

249 is of proliferative diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema, leading causes of vision loss in

250 eovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, macular edema associated with re

251 reomacular separation occurring in eyes with diabetic macular edema may facilitate spontaneous resolu

252 s and improve visual acuity in patients with diabetic macular edema (ME).

253 ore, evaluating the effects of therapies for diabetic macular edema on development or worsening of PD

254 ade, and presence of morphologic features of diabetic macular edema on Spectralis optical coherence t

255 or severe diabetic retinopathy as defined by diabetic macular edema or proliferative diabetic retinop

256 ded 5424 patients with diabetic retinopathy (diabetic macular edema or proliferative diabetic retinop

257 nd referable diabetic retinopathy (including diabetic macular edema or proliferative diabetic retinop

258 A literature search for "diabetic macular edema" or "diabetic maculopathy" was pe

259 te and worse diabetic retinopathy, referable diabetic macular edema, or both, were generated based on

260 isease (proliferative diabetic retinopathy), diabetic macular edema, or prior ocular intervention (in

261 ex(R) in patients with different subtypes of diabetic macular edema over a 6-month follow-up period.

262 Diabetic macular edema patients with VMA have a greater

263 protocol for diabetic retinopathy grade and diabetic macular edema presence; 19 images were deemed u

264 Diabetic macular edema prevalence in T1D is substantial,

265 Combination With Laser Photocoagulation for Diabetic Macular Edema), Protocol S (Prompt Panretinal P

266 In diabetic macular edema, ranibizumab has shown greater ef

267 Diabetic macular edema represents an important cause of

268 Diabetic macular edema required the greatest number of o

269 agnosis of exudative macular degeneration or diabetic macular edema requiring bilateral anti-vascular

270 Diabetic macular edema, resulting from increased microva

271 tment of various neovascular diseases (e.g., diabetic macular edema, retinal vein occlusion, choroida

272 3 different patient populations: those with diabetic macular edema, retinal vein occlusion, or epire

273 dothelial growth factor agent ranibizumab in diabetic macular edema, retinal vein occlusion, pseudoph

274 ted neutrally or positively in 86% to 92% of diabetic macular edema scans and 53% to 87% of age-relat

275 Ranibizumab therapy in the treatment of diabetic macular edema seems to improve retinal function

276 Patients with diabetic macular edema, severe or proliferative diabetic

277 Diabetic macular edema severity was classified as mild,

278 making process based on patients' adherence, diabetic macular edema status, and preference.

279 In eyes with diabetic macular edema, the relative efficacy of adminis

280 d may become an interesting novel target for diabetic macular edema therapy.

281 and protocols) and to other diseases (e.g., diabetic macular edema), to ultimately improve wide-scal

282 The Diabetic Macular Edema Treated with Ozurdex (DMEO) Trial

283 ar endothelial growth factor agents to treat diabetic macular edema warrant further assessment.

284 Diabetic macular edema was considered center involved if

285 Diabetic macular edema was defined as absent or present

286 of ophthalmoscopic and imaging examinations diabetic macular edema was diagnosed.

287 Diabetic macular edema was not associated with depressiv

288 Diabetic macular edema was present in 136 eyes; 93 cases

289 ohort (individuals with diabetes but without diabetic macular edema) was enrolled.

290 (MMP-9), which is increased in patients with diabetic macular edema, was capable of cleaving netrin-1

291 ar degeneration, retinal vein occlusions, or diabetic macular edema were included.

292 CF photographs of 30 eyes (20 patients) with diabetic macular edema were obtained.

293 ic retinopathy (PDR) without center-involved diabetic macular edema were recruited at the Moorfields

294 in optical coherence tomography features of diabetic macular edema were seen with ranibizumab therap

295 Patients with center-involving diabetic macular edema were treated with subthreshold la

296 c (H) ethnicity aged 18 years and older with diabetic macular edema who received intravitreal injecti

297 Long-term visual outcomes for treatment of diabetic macular edema with ranibizumab are excellent, b

298 ee eyes of 33 patients with center-involving diabetic macular edema, with best corrected visual acuit

299 CT is a useful tool to detect and to measure diabetic macular edema without the need for pupil dilata

300 rated clinical efficacy for the treatment of diabetic macular edema without visible signs of retinal