ライフサイエンスコーパス: discount

1 cluding rebates, coupon cards, and any other discount).

2 2, discounted) and 50.12 QALYs (16.42 QALYs, discounted).

3 8, discounted) and 48.93 QALYs (16.09 QALYs, discounted).

4 or direct purchasers but do not account for discounts.

5 een helminths and allergy outcomes cannot be discounted.

6 n intermixing for the metallic interface are discounted.

7 what is predicted by rational (exponential) discounting.

8 of striatal dopaminergic function with delay discounting.

9 analysis; accounting for policy uptake; and discounting.

10 effects of L-DOPA on loss aversion and delay discounting.

11 There were no effects on delay discounting.

12 attern becoming optimal under multiplicative discounting.

13 tion of reward magnitude effects on temporal discounting.

14 ized by positive correlations between DA and discounting.

15 theories of reinforcement learning and delay discounting.

16 between conditions predicted differences in discounting.

17 to commonly debated decisions regarding time discounting.

18 al [CrI], euro7323/LY-euro11231/LY) under 3% discounting.

19 abilistic uncertainty and in enhancing delay discounting.

20 th other findings about control and temporal discounting.

21 elationship between deprivation and temporal discounting.

22 7 or TCS-OX2-29, respectively) altered delay discounting.

23 ip between increased prospection and reduced discounting.

24 djusted life-years ([QALY]; 0.41 LY) with 3% discounting.

25 st described using a concave model of effort-discounting.

26 entalizing about the target than nonrational discounting.

27 ntext, reflected in reduced strategic effort discounting.

28 or measuring individual differences in delay discounting.

29 rner that can be approximated by exponential discounting.

30 2016 US$/quality-adjusted life years (QALY), discounted 3% annually, from the healthcare sector and s

31 All costs were discounted 3% per annum and adjusted for inflation to 20

32 lesale prices of medications; all costs were discounted 3% per annum and adjusted for inflation to 20

33 inflation to 2019 United States dollars and discounted 3% per annum over a 16-year time horizon.

34 d incremental cost-effectiveness ratios with discounted (3% per year) costs and life expectancy from

35 We discount a simple possible mechanism by showing that the

36 ace behaviour as deep dives or shallow dives discounts a significant amount of important variation.

37 ased targeting also minimized total and time-discounted AIDS deaths over 25 years.

38 receptor antagonist haloperidol on temporal discounting and choice dynamics during the decision proc

39 measuring individual differences in temporal discounting and correlating them with explore-exploit be

40 We find a clear correlation between temporal discounting and directed exploration, with more temporal

41 gest a nuanced relationship between temporal discounting and explore-exploit behavior that may be med

42 ggest two psychological mechanisms, temporal discounting and feeling of resource scarcity, for explai

43 Behavioral measures from delay discounting and flanker tasks supported a role for the v

44 evidence of a relationship between temporal discounting and model-based control in a large new data

45 ly, we find no relationship between temporal discounting and random exploration.

46 We observed reduced temporal discounting and substantially faster nondecision times u

47 scounting Questionnaire to estimate temporal discounting and the Horizon Task to quantify two strateg

48 be driven by a correlation between temporal discounting and uncertainty seeking at short time horizo

49 cifically related to the ADHD trait, delayed discounting and working memory were related to both ADHD

50 To account for discounts and rebates, we used the average sales prices

51 management with PKP were Can$2675 (Can$1508, discounted) and 48.93 QALYs (16.09 QALYs, discounted).

52 CXL were estimated to be Can$5530 (Can$4512, discounted) and 50.12 QALYs (16.42 QALYs, discounted).

53 oice rule in inter-temporal choice (temporal discounting) and risky choice (probability discounting)

54 ead to psychological changes such as reduced discounting, and did these changes facilitate the innova

55 levels of self-report impulsivity and delay discounting, and increased risk-taking on the Cambridge

56 ive outcomes may activate impulsivity, delay discounting, and reward seeking.

57 h limited accumulation of evidence and delay discounting are forms of decisional impulsivity.

58 e specific contributions of the PrL to delay discounting are unknown.

59 et analysis, robust supply chains, and price discounts are critical for ICS diffusion.

60 Significant discounts are necessary to meet conventional cost-effect

61 ogic failure (0.1%-0.6%/month), and Medicaid-discounted ART costs ($15 200-$39 600/year).

62 more reactive isomeric sulfonium ion 22 was discounted as being responsible for the observed reactiv

63 ts due to chip-scale ultrasound delivery was discounted as the sole mechanism in stimulation, with ef

64 ely they are to explore, with less 'temporal discounting' associated with more exploration.

65 tertemporal choice models such as hyperbolic discounting assume that reward amount and time until del

66 rs) and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), discounted at 3% annually.

67 rward from age 57 were approximately $7,300, discounted at 3% per year.

68 Costs and quality-adjusted life years were discounted at 3%.

69 Effects and costs were discounted at 3.5% per year.ResultsDBT resulted in a gai

70 Costs and QALYs were discounted at 5%, converting future costs and QALYs into

71 ominated in 2017 international dollars (I$), discounted at a 3% annual rate, and health effects were

72 All future costs were discounted at an annual rate of 3%.

73 Costs and utilities were discounted at an annual rate of 3%.

74 lation size and sums only each time period's discounted average wellbeing.

75 lt in a total cost saving ( pound1.0 billion discounted), avert 25% of HIV infections (42% of which w

76 S)-bearing paralogues in the NMCP1-clade was discounted based on recovery of a crwn4-2 missense allel

77 xcess of about 10 metres, however, have been discounted because these require a contribution from the

78 p between measures of DA function and reward discounting behavior.

79 increased across blocks, reflecting classic discounting behavior.

80 f past events, however, were associated with discounting behaviors selectively in Mandarin speakers.

81 ized by negative correlations between DA and discounting, but other clinical conditions, such as Park

82 th several brain regions implicated in delay discounting, but the specific contributions of the PrL t

83 All costs and savings were discounted by 3% annually and adjusted for inflation to

84 ign optimization (ADO), in the area of delay discounting by comparing its test-retest reliability, pr

85 However, temporal discounting can also arise from internal uncertainty in

86 Discounted cash flow analysis of intravitreal anti-VEGF

87 Discounted cash flow modeling with scenario analysis was

88 behavioral flexibility during probabilistic discounting caused by acute toluene exposure.

89 owing validated decision-making tasks: delay discounting (choices between smaller rewards now vs larg

90 Temporal discounting coefficients are an important example of tas

91 in this instance, may have led scientists to discount compelling evidence.

92 nondecision time) and higher-level (temporal discounting) components of the decision process.SIGNIFIC

93 Meta-analytic results for temporal discounting corroborated our empirical finding for minim

94 ve provided weak evidence that propensity to discount cost imposed on drug seeking is associated with

95 ompartmental model and used it to assess the discounted costs (in 2015 US dollars), health outcomes (

96 d HIV infections, changes in HIV prevalence, discounted costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), a

97 nted quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and discounted costs.

98 al DA that in turn leads to a steeper effort-discounting curve because of reduced perceived ability (

99 ss threshold of US$500 per DALY averted, and discounted DALYs and costs at 3% per year.

100 Discounted damages due to delayed mitigation action rise

101 Delay discounting (DD), the tendency to discount the value of

102 g: attentional inhibition, motor inhibition, discounting, decision-making, and reflection impulsivity

103 ween individual differences in DA and reward discounting depend on clinical features.

104 Delay discounting describes the phenomenon whereby the subject

105 n of stratification in academic careers that discounts diversity's role in innovation and partly expl

106 The discounted dollars per disability-adjusted life-year ave

107 or significant publication bias only for the discounting domain, after an outlier study was excluded.

108 e data were best accounted for by a temporal discounting drift diffusion model with nonlinear trialwi

109 First, we applied combined temporal discounting drift diffusion models to examine choice dyn

110 rs lead to significant increases in the mean discounted economic effect of climate change: +4.0% ($24

111 Our results discount electron shuttling by dissolved flavins, and in

112 er controlling for covariates, the effect of discount eligibility was significant on dental treatment

113 Mean +/- SD age was 72.1 +/- 0.79 y for the discount-eligible group and 68.9 +/- 0.78 y for the none

114 During the past 12 mo, significantly more discount-eligible participants had visited dental servic

115 People often discount evidence that contradicts their firmly held bel

116 in the New England Journal of Medicine that discounted evidence linking sucrose consumption to blood

117 The discount factor has been a major focus of debate in rece

118 of the environment and its management on the discount factor has been largely ignored.

119 and therefore, they depend critically on the discount factor, which determines the relative values gi

120 k on decision-making, the difference in time discount factors may modulate the response strategies fo

121 ocial welfare, policymakers need to consider discount factors that depend on changes in natural resou

122 onse strategies for SAT under different time discount factors.

123 ation, human observers tend to downweight or discount features that are relatively outlying or devian

124 to the impaired performance in probabilistic discounting following acute toluene exposure.

125 At a 50% discount for generic F/TDF ($8300 per year) and a societ

126 enting win signals effectively blocked value discounting for the large, uncertain outcome as the prob

127 2099 totaled $5.5 billion (2015 dollars, 3% discount) for RCP8.5 and $4.2 billion for RCP4.5, sugges

128 , their novel contributions are devalued and discounted: For example, novel contributions by gender a

129 odel is developed to compute impact based on discounted foregone profits and losses in investment.

130 This results in a novel discount formula that implies significantly higher value

131 rchers, who compare features across options, discount future options less and are more susceptible to

132 The tendency to discount future rewards over time has long been discusse

133 ple value future rewards, i.e. how much they discount future rewards relative to immediate rewards, a

134 ses to account for parameter uncertainty and discounted future costs and benefits at 3.5% per year.

135 We discounted future costs and quality-adjusted life-years

136 s who represented the future as more distant discounted future rewards more strongly.

137 0.48) and attentional (g = 0.55) inhibition, discounting (g = 0.66), and decision-making (g = 0.63) t

138 This discounting has diminished as tools have improved and re

139 erms; uninformative priors; the inclusion of discounted historical data for not-yet-observed time poi

140 OI); use of uninformative priors; the use of discounted historical data for not-yet-observed time poi

141 The discounted ICER comparing CXL to conventional management

142 Axonal sources are typically discounted in modeling and data analysis because their c

143 the brain structural correlates of temporal discounting in a large cohort (n = 1830) of 14- to 15-ye

144 difference findings related to DA and reward discounting in clinical samples may not be reliably gene

145 he results suggest that trait differences in discounting in healthy adults do not appear to be strong

146 or antagonist haloperidol (2 mg) on temporal discounting in healthy female and male human participant

147 finding for minimal effect of DA measures on discounting in healthy individuals but suggested that as

148 A and time, probability, and physical effort discounting in human adults.

149 We suggest that steep intertemporal discounting in individuals of low socioeconomic status (

150 uced our previous results regarding temporal discounting in vmPFC/mOFC patients and 2) showed in a pr

151 Outcomes included list and net prices and discounts in Medicaid and other payers.

152 ggest, however, that the emphasis on "future-discounting" in this paper downplays the importance of d

153 Discounts increased from 40% to 76% in Medicaid and from

154 impulsivity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In delay discounting, individuals discount the value of a reward

155 In delay discounting, individuals discount the value of a reward

156 Humans tend to discount information that undermines past choices and ju

157 rt on a natural field experiment on quantity discounts involving more than 14 million consumers.

158 synthesize evidence indicating that temporal discounting is a functional, adaptive response to depriv

159 ntribute to reward decisions during temporal discounting is not clear.

160 Temporal discounting is related to regions of the brain involved

161 olutionary framework to argue that "temporal discounting" is an appropriate response to low socioecon

162 he inherent costs of social distancing while discounting its public health benefits.

163 and directed exploration, with more temporal discounting leading to less directed exploration.

164 Behaviorally participants discounted less in self-choices compared with the prosoc

165 Discounted life expectancy was 16.69 years for SOC, 16.9

166 Health outcomes were measured in discounted life years and discounted quality-adjusted li

167 life saved, or $352 (95% CI 104 to -268) per discounted life-year saved, and had a 72% chance of bein

168 In Brazil, PGT gained 19 discounted life-years (23 QALYs) and cost $11 064 per 10

169 Compared to SQ, all strategies increased discounted lifetime cost for the entire population ($170

170 We projected discounted lifetime costs and quality-adjusted life year

171 Main outcomes were undiscounted life years, discounted lifetime costs, discounted quality-adjusted l

172 DBT screening led to incremental discounted lifetime effects of 5.09 LYGs (95% confidence

173 ay play an important role in the deprivation-discounting link.

174 We conclude that some aspects of temporal discounting may result from a cognitively plausible adap

175 es of brain regions associated with temporal discounting mediate the relation between adverse life ev

176 Further, a quasi-hyperbolic discounting model, a form of hyperbolic discounting with

177 how that, because exponential and hyperbolic discounting models are unable to account for the attract

178 Greater temporal discounting (more impulsivity) was associated with 1) lo

179 at studies of pyrethroid efficacy should not discount mosquitoes that survive insecticide exposure wi

180 6780 for the trial participants) or with the discounted net price of $10311 in patients with low-dens

181 PD+HS patients showed reduced discounting of erotic delayed rewards, compared to both

182 mine the brain systems involved during delay-discounting of erotic rewards in hypersexual patients wi

183 Our findings point to reduced delay discounting of erotic rewards in PD+HS, both at the beha

184 r psychometric conscientiousness and steeper discounting of future rewards at age 14 also predicts pr

185 Discounting of future rewards is traditionally interpret

186 vior, promoting comparative search decreased discounting of future rewards substantially and speeded

187 er, greater readiness to quit and less steep discounting of future rewards were consistently among th

188 were not associated with time or probability discounting of monetary rewards in healthy humans, and a

189 domains of impulsivity, 4 parameters (delay discounting of rewards area under the curve and average

190 t activation, movement initiation and effort discounting of rewards.

191 ity are not consistently related to monetary discounting of time, probability, or physical effort in

192 cost-saving for the base price (euro15,000) discounts of at least 75% applied in patients with F0-F2

193 Increases in discounts offset 62% of list price increases.

194 st and net prices were substantial, although discounts offset an estimated 62% of list price increase

195 ies living near a national park, with clinic discounts offsetting costs historically met through ille

196 59%) for antineoplastic agents (n = 44), but discounts only offset 41% of list price increases, leadi

197 egions associated with effort activation and discounting oppositely predicted striatal encoding of ef

198 d effort discounting rather than probability discounting or decision consistency.

199 s of cognitive training on measures of delay discounting or risk sensitivity.

200 prices and do not account for point-of-sale discounts or price matching that may be offered by small

201 ependent on how payers are able to negotiate discounts or rebates.

202 of distinct subprocesses, including temporal discount, outcome utility, instrumental learning rate, i

203 This occurred mainly because of high discounts over international DAA prices due to negotiati

204 omologues, but this hypothesis is now widely discounted, owing largely to the presumed distinct embry

205 ive net present value (NPV); at $0.39/m(3) a discounted payback period of six years and a positive NP

206 elective for risky decision-making, as delay discounting performance was not predictive of phasic dop

207 JUHI copayment discount policy increases oral health service utilizatio

208 to investigate the causal effect of the JUHI discount policy on dental visits based on cross-sectiona

209 gy that the brain has implemented to rapidly discount potential distractors.

210 CER of $268637 per QALY gained ($165689 with discounted price of $10311 based on mean rebate of 29% f

211 e of 4.2 per 100 patient-years ($270192 with discounted price of $10311) and $483800 if no cardiovasc

212 erial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) and delay discounting procedures.

213 cause of PrEP), and lead to a gain of 40 000 discounted QALYs over an 80-year time horizon.

214 RC cases and 6-7 CRC deaths and gained 27-28 discounted QALYs while saving $163,700-$445,800.

215 n then be back-calculated using the lifetime discounted quality-adjusted life year (which includes ef

216 unted life years, discounted lifetime costs, discounted quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and incr

217 tcomes included health benefits expressed as discounted quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), costs in

218 tions averted, change in HIV prevalence, and discounted quality-adjusted life years [QALYs]), and inc

219 The discounted quality-adjusted life years with UDCA and OCA

220 s were measured in discounted life years and discounted quality-adjusted life years.

221 Outcome Measures: Discounted quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and disco

222 Outcome measures were discounted quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), costs, a

223 yielded increasing benefits (6.034 to 6.221 discounted quality-adjusted life-years [QALYs] per patie

224 We used the 27-item Delay-Discounting Questionnaire to estimate temporal discounti

225 to the limit of the discounted values as the discount rate goes to 0.

226 to a decision analytic model, with an annual discount rate of 3% applied.

227 rspective, with a 15-year time horizon and a discount rate of 3%.

228 erspective with a 15-year time horizon and a discount rate of 3%.

229 how humans adjust SAT depending on the time discount rate of expected gain.

230 A 3% discount rate was applied to both future costs and benef

231 he health-care sector perspective, 3% annual discount rate).

232 remental cost-effectiveness ratio (3% annual discount rate).

233 We used a 20 year time horizon, a 3% discount rate, and a cost-effectiveness threshold of US$

234 20-year period from 2019 to 2039, used a 3% discount rate, and a cost-effectiveness threshold of US$

235 uncertainties surrounding flood hazards, the discount rate, the house lifetime, and the fragility can

236 t had a relevant impact on ICER included the discount rate, visual acuity before CXL, and healthcare

237 itive to SLB cost, lifetime, efficiency, and discount rate, whereas the GWP and CED were affected by

238 ted life-year gained, we applied a 3% annual discounting rate to costs and effects and performed 1-wa

239 .95 or higher test-retest reliability of the discounting rate within 10-20 trials (under 1-2 min of t

240 ocial cost of carbon (SCC) under alternative discount rates and estimates of the GIS dynamics.

241 ICURs were most sensitive to discount rates and MMRV price.

242 s suggested this was due to decreased effort discounting rather than probability discounting or decis

243 Discounting relapses, children acquired equal numbers of

244 They discount research showing nonoptical influences on visua

245 People tend to discount rewards or losses that occur in the future.

246 ne EDVR self-reported lower impulsivity, and discounted rewards as a function of delay more strongly

247 This thesis was put forward after discounting several O2 production mechanisms in comets,

248 d via optimally weighted recombinations that discount spectrotemporal regions where sources heavily o

249 tions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sensory systems discount stimulation caused by an animal's own behavior.

250 individuals vary in neural representation of discounted subjective value.

251 ing, in contrast to several previous reports discounting T-channels as major contributors to subicula

252 Mandarin speakers in China completed a delay discounting task and organized past and future world eve

253 on the stop signal task along with the delay discounting task as control at baseline (randomized acro

254 uman participants completed a monetary delay discounting task during an fMRI scan and on a separate v

255 on making was assessed using a probabilistic discounting task in which well trained male rats chose b

256 25 women) completed a novel cognitive effort-discounting task that required choices between task and

257 le Sprague-Dawley rats using a probabilistic discounting task.

258 screte cue and lever press events in a delay discounting task.

259 Impulsivity was estimated with a temporal discounting task.

260 Time discounting (TD), a tendency to assign less value to fut

261 he PrL in encoding reward value during delay discounting that is influenced by goal-directed context

262 he PrL in encoding reward value during delay discounting that is influenced by individual differences

263 rring neurons and a failure to appropriately discount the activity of neurons that prefer the distrac

264 py based Ising models have been suggested to discount the effect of indirect interactions and give go

265 nt the near future, but the less they should discount the far future.

266 gher financial need; they may thus appear to discount the future more heavily.

267 Although we cannot discount the importance of this peptide, our study indic

268 harvests today, the more policymakers should discount the near future, but the less they should disco

269 phical areas and time periods, and we cannot discount the potential existence of other unsampled rese

270 Although we cannot discount the potential therapeutic role of antidromic M1

271 STATEMENT In delay discounting, individuals discount the value of a reward based on the delay to its

272 In delay discounting, individuals discount the value of a reward based on the delay to its

273 Delay discounting (DD), the tendency to discount the value of delayed versus current rewards, is

274 ex slightly decreased under dimming, thereby discounting the fertilization effect on crop yields.

275 ing choices away from effortful actions, and discounting the value of obtained rewards.

276 the genetic architecture of CRC and probably discounts the existence of further major high-penetrance

277 This discounts the possible influence of common biasing facto

278 at cognitive control demand as a cost, which discounts the value of rewards in a similar manner as ot

279 households that received a negligible price discount, the upgraded supply chain alone induced a 28 p

280 ort- vs. long-term sexual strategy, temporal discounting, the Arizona life history battery, past and

281 enced these phenomena and are less likely to discount their likelihood.

282 for parasites, but traditional research has discounted this variation, partly because modeling such

283 as the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (discounted US$ per disability-adjusted life-year averted

284 l discounting) and risky choice (probability discounting) using hierarchical Bayesian parameter estim

285 k and measured decisional impulsivity (delay discounting) using the Monetary Choice Questionnaire (MC

286 of response to encode information about the discounted value of offered rewards.

287 envelope that changes gain according to the discounted value of the offer, describes the rate of spi

288 e domain-general network also encodes effort-discounted value, linking cognitive effort closely with

289 nging from positive to negative according to discounted value.

290 ved that competitive stochastic games have a discounted value.

291 dulated activity to encode information about discounted value.

292 he value, which is equal to the limit of the discounted values as the discount rate goes to 0.

293 ess by which the value of delayed rewards is discounted varies from person to person.

294 One national discount variety store chain (DVS) that is often located

295 lore two approaches to valuing population: a discounted version of total utilitarianism (TU), which c

296 hat offer membership programs with access to discounted visits for recurring fees and the characteris

297 Discounting was steeper for low versus high reward magni

298 umans, and associations with physical effort discounting were inconsistent across adults of different

299 ccounting for manufacturer rebates and other discounts, which have substantially increased in the las

300 olic discounting model, a form of hyperbolic discounting with separate components for short- and long