ライフサイエンスコーパス: dopamine neuron

1 tter release and rhythmic firing activity of dopamine neurons.

2 fundamental static and dynamic properties of dopamine neurons.

3 ing the wide range of signals transmitted by dopamine neurons.

4 ables are organized across the population of dopamine neurons.

5 resultant grafts contain a small fraction of dopamine neurons.

6 e and accelerated spontaneous firings of VTA dopamine neurons.

7 observed both in vivo and in vitro in rodent dopamine neurons.

8 on of alpha-synuclein pathology in implanted dopamine neurons.

9 ease with walking was particularly strong in dopamine neurons.

10 ntained in the pattern of firing across many dopamine neurons.

11 or were abolished in mice lacking AdipoR1 in dopamine neurons.

12 regions or how it regulates the activity of dopamine neurons.

13 irectly or indirectly via tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons.

14 ptic regulation that control the activity of dopamine neurons.

15 and reinstated by optogenetically activating dopamine neurons.

16 ced reduction of GABAergic inhibition in VTA dopamine neurons.

17 ion leading to disinhibition of mesostriatal dopamine neurons.

18 DAT-mediated increases in firing activity of dopamine neurons.

19 ibitory pauses in subpopulations of midbrain dopamine neurons.

20 PA receptor (AMPAR)/NMDAR ratios in midbrain dopamine neurons.

21 X6 to be required for development of gastric dopamine neurons.

22 decreases the normal chronic activity of the dopamine neurons.

23 bution of these receptors in living midbrain dopamine neurons.

24 tablished that RPEs are signaled by midbrain dopamine neurons.

25 5-HT2B receptors are expressed by mesolimbic dopamine neurons.

26 t extracellular recordings of identified VTA dopamine neurons.

27 als with pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived dopamine neurons.

28 f how intrinsic conductances shape pauses in dopamine neurons.

29 euron subtypes locally inhibited neighboring dopamine neurons.

30 ice in which Synaptotagmin-1 is removed from dopamine neurons.

31 racterized by alpha-synuclein aggregation in dopamine neurons.

32 s, particularly ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons.

33 lozapine-n-oxide to bidirectionally modulate dopamine neurons.

34 r the physiological function and survival of dopamine neurons.

35 ology, boosts VGluT2 expression in surviving dopamine neurons.

36 roduction and positioning of periventricular dopamine neurons.

37 ng reduces presynaptic calcium transients in dopamine neurons, a finding consistent with reciprocal c

38 e in which RIMs are selectively removed from dopamine neurons, action potentials failed to evoke sign

39 e that adiponectin can directly modulate VTA dopamine neuron activity and anxiety behavior, and that

40 ses the restraint stress-induced increase in dopamine neuron activity and anxiety behavior.

41 lutamate neurotransmission in modulating VTA dopamine neuron activity and behavioral reinforcement.

42 ificantly impair postingestive-dependent VTA dopamine neuron activity and food seeking, whereas optog

43 Unexpectedly, VTA dopamine neuron activity in high alcohol drinking (HAD)

44 establish a necessary role of vagus-mediated dopamine neuron activity in postingestive-dependent food

45 ingestive sucrose sensing and vagus-mediated dopamine neuron activity in the ventral tegmental area (

46 Dopamine neuron activity in vivo deviated from single-sp

47 During oestrus, ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neuron activity is enhanced and drives post tra

48 c drugs have been shown previously to reduce dopamine neuron activity through action on D(2) autorece

49 d cotransmission convey discrete patterns of dopamine neuron activity to striatal neurons.

50 onoylglycerol (2-AG) in midbrain, increasing dopamine neuron activity via disinhibition.

51 demonstrate that serotonin neurons modulate dopamine neuron activity via glutamate co-transmission a

52 It is unclear whether aripiprazole reduces dopamine neuron activity via inhibition or, as seen foll

53 l modulators of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neuron activity, but how this metabotropic sign

54 us nerve neurons significantly increases VTA dopamine neuron activity.

55 nal interaction between DAT and Kv2.1 affect dopamine neuron activity.

56 the vHipp-mPFC pathway, normalized aberrant dopamine neuron activity.

57 cocaine potency are driven by alterations in dopamine neuron activity.

58 ine system, which may be utilized to protect dopamine neurons against Parkinson's disease pathology.

59 we showed that chemogenetic manipulation of dopamine neurons alters cocaine consumption in a manner

60 quired for adiponectin-induced inhibition of dopamine neurons and anxiolytic effects.

61 ert a primary inhibitory drive onto midbrain dopamine neurons and are excited by a variety of aversiv

62 n severe motor impairment, selective loss of dopamine neurons and increased astrocyte activation, whe

63 es neuroprotection for substantia nigra (SN) dopamine neurons and increases BDNF in the nigrostriatal

64 ficantly attenuated the MPTP-induced loss of dopamine neurons and motor behavioral deficits.

65 Because loss of adult dopamine neurons and motor impairments are features of P

66 able in the pre-outcome activity of midbrain dopamine neurons and of medial prefrontal cortical neuro

67 neuron-derived IGF-1 acts as a regulator of dopamine neurons and regulates dopamine-mediated behavio

68 focused on sex differences in the anatomy of dopamine neurons and relative dopamine levels between ma

69 slocalized to the nucleus in PD iPSC-derived dopamine neurons and repressed genes early in the diseas

70 administration protected against loss of SN dopamine neurons and striatal dopamine levels, reduced a

71 ate intracellular target for amphetamines in dopamine neurons and support a model in which distinct p

72 gical alpha-syn conformers in human midbrain dopamine neurons and tested their contribution to the ag

73 rs control subtype-specific mesodiencephalic dopamine neurons and their appropriate axon innervation.

74 Together with the topography between dopamine neurons and their projections, this specializat

75 Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopamine neurons and their targets are involved in addic

76 n of expression of the transgene in midbrain dopamine neurons and validation of its effectiveness in

77 (sucralose + optogenetic stimulation of VTA dopamine neurons) and found that nesfatin-1 fully abolis

78 cts were countered by inhibition of midbrain dopamine neurons, and by activation of PV interneurons i

79 s, that this requires activation of midbrain dopamine neurons, and can be ameliorated by activating P

80 ling in setting the functional properties of dopamine neurons, and indicate that dopaminergic dysfunc

81 of striatal dopamine terminals, SNc loss of dopamine neurons, and motor-behavior defects.

82 echanism of manganese-induced dysfunction of dopamine neurons, and reveal a potential therapeutic tar

83 a large majority of BA projectors (>95%) are dopamine neurons, and that BA projectors become activate

84 cleus sends glutamatergic projections to VTA dopamine neurons, and that stimulation of this circuit p

85 ibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in VTA dopamine neurons, and these effects were mediated by a p

86 ed that substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopamine neurons are a key node in the circuitry that dr

87 in vivo firing patterns of ventral midbrain dopamine neurons are controlled by afferent and intrinsi

88 Midbrain dopamine neurons are crucial for many behavioral and cog

89 These dopamine neurons are especially susceptible to Parkinson

90 ve strategy for Parkinson's disease in which dopamine neurons are generated by direct conversion of a

91 Midbrain dopamine neurons are known to encode reward prediction e

92 xamine whether RPE signals coded by midbrain dopamine neurons are modulated by the cost paid to obtai

93 Dopamine neurons are proposed to signal the reward predi

94 Dopamine neurons are sensitive to stress and critical fo

95 Dopamine neurons are thought to encode novelty in additi

96 d that many VTA neurons, among them putative dopamine neurons, are excited by footshocks, and acquire

97 Our data implicate senescence of dopamine neurons as a contributing factor in the patholo

98 genetically stimulated or inhibited midbrain dopamine neurons as rats performed a skilled reaching ta

99 ion of O-GlcNAcylation importantly regulates dopamine neurons at the molecular, synaptic, cellular, a

100 Correcting the SV content in dopamine neuron axon terminals by impairing anterograde

101 s drives axonal outgrowth and contributes to dopamine neuron axonal plasticity in the postlesional br

102 erneurons, which drive dopamine release from dopamine neuron axons by activation of nicotinic acetylc

103 ne signals evoked by stimulation of midbrain dopamine neuron axons.

104 Conditioned by these experiences, dopamine neurons begin to fire upon the earliest present

105 llular senescence transcriptional program in dopamine neurons both in human stem cell-derived dopamin

106 In dopamine neurons, both variants can act as autoreceptors

107 in somatic regions of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons, but did not activate ROS production in

108 iation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and dopamine neurons, but not glutamate neurons, relies on q

109 G(q) and G(s) stimulation activated dopamine neurons, but only G(q) stimulation robustly enh

110 h after induction of depolarization block of dopamine neurons by acute haloperidol treatment (0.6 mg/

111 both dopamine and glutamate transporters in dopamine neurons by increasing activation of the small G

112 nce in this trade-off, and identify a single dopamine neuron called DAN-i1 that can do so.

113 cell transcriptomic analyses of iPSC-derived dopamine neurons carrying the GBA-N370S PD risk variant,

114 sc1 and constitutive activation of mTORC1 in dopamine neurons causes somatodendritic hypertrophy, red

115 ons not only in dopamine release but also in dopamine neuron connectivity, cotransmission, modulation

116 tors to improve their derivation and predict dopamine neuron content after engraftment.

117 Distinct populations of VTA dopamine neurons contribute to components of the impulse

118 ndent expectation signal that influences how dopamine neurons convey reward prediction errors to guid

119 on-dependently increased the excitability of dopamine neurons, decreased the amplitude of action pote

120 of cell-replacement therapies that comprise dopamine neurons derived from human pluripotent stem cel

121 These data identify that dopamine neuron-derived IGF-1 acts as a regulator of dop

122 In addition, conditional deletion of dopamine neuron-derived IGF-1 in adult mice leads to dec

123 plicated in psychiatric disorders, including dopamine neuron differentiation and innate immune respon

124 During memory expression, subsets of dopamine neurons directly and indirectly modulate the ac

125 Inhibiting ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons disrupted the tendency for reward-paire

126 terozygous (cHET) reduction of Gls1 in their dopamine neurons, dopamine neuron survival and transmiss

127 show that this enhanced VGluT2 expression in dopamine neurons drives axonal outgrowth and contributes

128 Stromalin knockdown in dopamine neurons during a critical developmental period

129 ationship between mitochondrial function and dopamine neuron dysfunction and death using C. elegans m

130 Midbrain dopamine neuron dysfunction contributes to various psych

131 f VTA GABA neurons to increase inhibition of dopamine neurons, eliciting real-time and learned avoida

132 ENT This project serves to determine whether dopamine neurons encode differences in cued approach beh

133 navigated in a virtual-reality environment, dopamine neurons encoded an array of sensory, motor and

134 Ablation of AdipoR1 specifically from dopamine neurons enhances neuronal and anxiogenic respon

135 g 5-HT2B receptors totally or exclusively in dopamine neurons exhibit heightened cocaine-induced loco

136 ices, but it has been unclear whether or how dopamine neurons factor it into their teaching signal.

137 highlight the key role of netrin-1 in adult dopamine neuron fate, and the therapeutic potential of t

138 Although all dopamine neurons fire action potentials in a pacemaker p

139 endogenous opioid nociceptin that regulates dopamine neuron firing and acts uniquely to gate motivat

140 nectin haploinsufficiency leads to increased dopamine neuron firing and anxiety behavior under basal

141 mine content in the striatum and deficits in dopamine neuron firing and causes reduced spontaneous lo

142 mework for the biophysical implementation of dopamine neuron firing patterns in the intact brain.

143 brane potential events that cause changes in dopamine neuron firing patterns remain unknown.

144 scales, from subsecond phasic release due to dopamine neuron firing to tonic release responsible for

145 Antipsychotic failure coincided with reduced dopamine neuron firing, which was not observed during an

146 nstitution experiments that Kenyon cells and dopamine neurons from axoaxonic reciprocal synapses.

147 lens to record the activity of more than 300 dopamine neurons from the ventral tegmental area of the

148 in Parkinson disease (PD) is not uniform, as dopamine neurons from the ventral tier are lost more rap

149 Given the similarities in dopamine neuron function across the animal kingdom, this

150 impact of regional astrocyte differences on dopamine neuron function and susceptibility to degenerat

151 vHipp activity and downstream alterations in dopamine neuron function in the MAM rodent model.

152 mentary refers to 'O-GlcNAcylation regulates dopamine neuron function, survival and degeneration in P

153 nized role for NAPE-PLD in the regulation of dopamine neuron function, which may be linked to the con

154 Here, we bidirectionally modulate dopamine neuron G-protein signaling with DREADDs (design

155 Hyperactivation of dopamine neurons generates behavioral pathologies.

156 nd synaptic stimulation in subpopulations of dopamine neurons grouped according to their axonal proje

157 rol cellular survival and death) in midbrain dopamine neurons has led to the identification of the Bc

158 This suggests that dopamine neurons have access to a wider variety of infor

159 Substantia nigra dopamine neurons have been implicated in the initiation

160 Midbrain dopamine neurons have been proposed to signal prediction

161 ordings from large populations of individual dopamine neurons have not been performed in a behavioura

162 Thus, preserving or rescuing dopamine neuron health and function is of paramount impo

163 observed Lewy pathology in healthy embryonic dopamine neurons implanted into the striatum of patients

164 Genetic deletion of GABAB receptors from dopamine neurons in adult mice did not affect general or

165 st paid to obtain rewards, by recording from dopamine neurons in awake behaving monkeys during perfor

166 mer driven by optical activation of midbrain dopamine neurons in DAT-cre mice.

167 ctive, immunocytochemically-defined midbrain dopamine neurons in isoflurane-anaesthetized adult mice.

168 ersely, LHb activation selectively inhibited dopamine neurons in lateral VTA, which were unaffected b

169 crease in the number of spontaneously active dopamine neurons in MAM rats but not in controls.

170 adaptive coding has been linked to midbrain dopamine neurons in nonhuman primates, and evidence in s

171 elicit a beneficial effect on nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in PD.

172 mine and glutamatergic signaling in midbrain dopamine neurons in response to acute administration of

173 ons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A small subset of dopamine neurons in the adult, healthy brain expresses v

174 ncentive cues, support an important role for dopamine neurons in the attribution of incentive salienc

175 ressive correspondence between the firing of dopamine neurons in the mammalian midbrain and the rewar

176 There is increased appreciation that dopamine neurons in the midbrain respond not only to rew

177 signal in the SN is a proxy for function of dopamine neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway.

178 main pathological features of PD is loss of dopamine neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway.

179 Dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) pars compa

180 t these symptoms arise following the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra has been known

181 mers produce a small but significant loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (

182 Dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta a

183 toms accompanied by the preferential loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta.

184 kinson's disease is characterized by loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra(1).

185 Here, we show that, in contrast to dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, vagal motoneur

186 ced striatal dopamine signaling, and loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra.

187 sociated with decreased neural activities of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (DA(VTA)

188 Dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are

189 Here we show that dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) exp

190 lasticity, at least in part by disinhibiting dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area.

191 Here we show that dopamine neurons in the VTA that project to the basal am

192 ral to cellular senescence in SATB1 knockout dopamine neurons in vitro and in vivo.

193 ient direct lineage reprogramming to induced dopamine neurons in vitro and in vivo.

194 Here, we develop a biophysical model of a dopamine neuron incorporating ion channel stochasticity

195 The activity of VTA dopamine neurons increases significantly after administr

196 t-induced internalization of D2 receptors on dopamine neurons indicate a purposefully regulated local

197 ing differentiation into cultures containing dopamine neurons, induced pluripotent stem cells from pa

198 wn by increased survival of substantia nigra dopamine neurons, integrity of striatal dopaminergic fib

199 D2R-mediated signaling in dopamine neurons is involved in the presynaptic regulati

200 hese fundamental properties, the activity of dopamine neurons is regulated and underlies the wide-ran

201 te the complexity of inputs, the output from dopamine neurons is remarkably homogeneous and robust.

202 Rapid phasic activity of midbrain dopamine neurons is thought to signal reward prediction

203 gic input to NAc shell arising from midbrain dopamine neurons, it alters fundamental properties of th

204 ediction errors have been mapped to midbrain dopamine neurons, it is unclear how the brain represents

205 ved by distinct subtypes of mesodiencephalic dopamine neurons located in the substantia nigra pars co

206 on's disease (PD) and results in age-related dopamine neuron loss and locomotor dysfunction in Drosop

207 moderately high-amino acid diet also blocks dopamine neuron loss and motor deficits in Drosophila th

208 athologically characterized by nigrostriatal dopamine neuron loss and the postmortem presence of Lewy

209 movement impairments but did not protect the dopamine neuron loss.

210 tia nigra (SN) to produce degeneration of SN dopamine neurons, loss of striatal dopamine levels, and

211 decades of research, it remains unclear how dopamine neurons make this calculation.

212 has suggested that the firing of mesolimbic dopamine neurons may activate nodes of the salience netw

213 nt mice, revealing that beta2* nAChRs on VTA dopamine neurons mediate nicotine's conditioned aversive

214 luence the functional properties of midbrain dopamine neurons, midbrain inflammation may play a role

215 Results show that VTA dopamine neurons modulate numerous distinct aspects of c

216 Dopamine neuron morphology, excitability, and dopamine r

217 n for diversity among ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons, much less is known regarding functiona

218 Whether individual dopamine neurons multiplex several variables, or whether

219 Dopamine neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (AR

220 on and voltammetry, we address this issue in dopamine neurons of the neuroendocrine system, which fac

221 mine metabolism that accumulates with age in dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra (SN).

222 Dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) reg

223 ne-induced inhibitory synaptic plasticity in dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA).

224 used with optofluidic delivery to stimulate dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area of freely

225 J mice suggest that manganese accumulates in dopamine neurons of the VTA and substantia nigra via nif

226 We found dopamine neurons of the VTA encode strength of incentive

227 Finally, silencing VTA dopamine neurons, or their axon terminals in the BA duri

228 phasic and slowly ramping dopamine signals: dopamine neurons perform a derivative-like computation o

229 signaling and not recapitulated by NAcSh or dopamine neuron photostimulation.

230 The implications of this finding for dopamine neuron physiology are discussed.SIGNIFICANCE ST

231 Dopamine neurons played a causal role only after outcome

232 ontaneous tonic discharge activity of nigral dopamine neurons plays a fundamental role in dopaminergi

233 c AdipoRon in wild-type mice decreases basal dopamine neuron population activity and firing rate and

234 suggest that MS-mediated changes in midbrain dopamine neuron population activity could be one mechani

235 FC or LHb in normal rats potently suppressed dopamine neuron population activity, but in unique patte

236 egmental area and decreased substantia nigra dopamine neuron population activity.

237 show for the first time that the activity of dopamine neurons precisely represents the impulse vector

238 found that NAc inputs synapsed directly onto dopamine neurons, preferentially activating GABAB recept

239 discovered that chemogenetic manipulation of dopamine neurons produced rapid, bidirectional modulatio

240 to identify predictive markers expressed in dopamine neuron progenitors that correlate with graft ou

241 Thus, VTA dopamine neurons projecting to the BA contribute to fear

242 Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived dopamine neurons provide an opportunity to model Parkins

243 hese data provide evidence that ensembles of dopamine neurons provide highly specific teaching signal

244 However, the way dopamine neurons receive information about reward outcom

245 he pattern of firing across a small group of dopamine neurons recorded in rats signals the identity o

246 Here, we show that dopamine neurons recorded in rats that had self-administ

247 Midbrain dopamine neurons recorded in vivo pause their firing in

248 ese areas provide critical input to midbrain dopamine neurons regarding expected outcomes, suggesting

249 Optogenetic studies have revealed that dopamine neurons release dopamine in a synaptic signal m

250 We now find that midbrain dopamine neurons release glutamate and dopamine with dif

251 ite decades of research, the function of VTA dopamine neurons remains controversial.

252 role of glutamatergic input as a whole onto dopamine neurons remains unclear.

253 arget SNL GABA neurons, and CeA->SNL and SNL dopamine neurons respond similarly to salient stimuli.

254 Dopamine neurons respond to errors in predicting value-n

255 Dopamine neuron responses to cues predicting reward and

256 t into behavioral reinforcement via midbrain dopamine neuron responses.

257 duces DCC cleavage and a significant loss of dopamine neurons, resulting in motor deficits.

258 olocomotion, while optogenetic activation of dopamine neurons reverses this hypolocomotor phenotype.

259 We discovered that dopamine neurons secrete IGF-1 from the cell bodies foll

260 behavior; most critically, it indicates that dopamine neurons selectively modulate signal reception p

261 redictable, with smaller grafts, enriched in dopamine neurons, showing appropriate integration and ac

262 Midbrain dopamine neurons signal reward prediction error (RPE), o

263 Regional differences in dopamine neuron signaling are likely to be differentiall

264 Inhibiting dopamine neurons spared the suppressive effect of reward

265 This suggests that dopamine neurons specifically in the VTA encode motivati

266 edge about whether and how activation of VTA dopamine neurons specifically influences regional or glo

267 ist transcript was significantly enriched in dopamine neurons, suggesting tight regulation of X-linke

268 reduction of Gls1 in their dopamine neurons, dopamine neuron survival and transmission were unaffecte

269 Egln1, Kcnj6, Spen, and Uchl1) implicated in dopamine neuron survival and/or Parkinson's disease.

270 the detrimental effect of these mutations on dopamine neuron survival.

271 not only in a signaling role at a subset of dopamine neuron synapses, but also in mediating vesicula

272 Dopamine neuron synaptic actions vary across the striatu

273 tion level dopaminergic activation to select dopamine neurons that predict behavioral choice in Droso

274 We identified dopamine neurons that uniquely coexpress the Onecut3 and

275 show that, during lactation, neuroendocrine dopamine neurons, the "TIDA" cells that control prolacti

276 urons exert inhibitory control over midbrain dopamine neurons, the activity of which are suppressed d

277 SV pool size without altering the number of dopamine neurons, their axons, or synapses.

278 erized the cell-specific connectivity of VTA dopamine neurons, their mRNA translational profile, and

279 However, afferents onto SNc dopamine neurons themselves appear insensitive to drugs

280 al patterns emerge from this synthesis: that dopamine neurons themselves calculate reward prediction

281 and critical role for positive feedback onto dopamine neurons through reciprocal connections with Ken

282 contribution of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons to auditory-cued fear learning in male

283 ative afferents bidirectionally modulate VTA dopamine neurons to enable temporally precise vocal lear

284 How cocaine exposures act on midbrain dopamine neurons to precipitate addiction-relevant chang

285 Independent discharges of dopamine neurons (tonic or pacemaker firing) determine t

286 C-matching increases the survival of grafted dopamine neurons (tyrosine hydroxylase: TH+).

287 se data indicate that the features that make dopamine neurons unique are highly concordant and not a

288 Finally, ablation of KORs from dopamine neurons using AAV-TH-cre in KOR(loxP) mice prev

289 onin neurons activate ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons via glutamate co-transmission and that

290 To evaluate, dopamine neurons were recorded from male rats performing

291 Midbrain dopamine neurons, which can be regulated by neuropeptide

292 type-specific Tsc1 deletion to test whether dopamine neurons, which modulate cognitive, motivational

293 and Ca(2+) homeostasis in G2019S LRRK2 human dopamine neurons, which potentially contributes to the p

294 uA1 subunits in ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons, which subsequently enhance the motivat

295 action potential firing rate in vivo in VTA dopamine neurons, which was blocked by rolipram pretreat

296 sive alpha-synucleinopathies earlier than SN dopamine neurons while exhibiting milder cell loss in PD

297 periments where we optogenetically activated dopamine neurons while rats were learning associative re

298 nce between excitation and inhibition in VTA dopamine neurons, while PDE4 inhibition reestablishes th

299 Treatment of iPSC-derived dopamine neurons with HDAC4-modulating compounds upregul

300 terogeneity in the basic organization of VTA dopamine neurons with regard to sex.