ライフサイエンスコーパス: ectotherm

1 quilibrium body temperature of an individual ectotherm.

2 the overall cost of growth for an individual ectotherm.

3 Peyer patches but not the O-MALT of birds or ectotherms.

4 -visual roles, including thermoregulation in ectotherms.

5 limits among related species of terrestrial ectotherms.

6 lly rather than linearly with temperature in ectotherms.

7 nding of the relative thermal sensitivity of ectotherms.

8 at these results are general for terrestrial ectotherms.

9 responses have been observed for terrestrial ectotherms.

10 uickly than heat tolerance in endotherms and ectotherms.

11 , all stem mammaliamorphs were most probably ectotherms.

12 development affect a wide range of traits in ectotherms.

13 temperatures is beneficial or deleterious to ectotherms.

14 ucocorticoid concentrations, particularly in ectotherms.

15 traits through which climate impacts marine ectotherms.

16 particularly for detecting small mammals and ectotherms.

17 olour lightness-environment relationships in ectotherms.

18 s evolved several times in animals including ectotherms.

19 polewards to a greater degree than temperate ectotherms.

20 al and ecological processes, particularly in ectotherms.

21 fects of chronic, sublethal warming on small ectotherms.

22 incipal thermoregulator of the brain also in ectotherms.

23 is known to influence mortality patterns in ectotherms.

24 eat-related challenges for polar terrestrial ectotherms.

25 ressional wetlands are temperature-sensitive ectotherms.

26 olic rate and hence aerobic scope of aquatic ectotherms.

27 uring cold exposure in this diverse group of ectotherms.

28 ver broader temperature ranges than tropical ectotherms.

29 e to environmental conditions, especially in ectotherms.

30 that of oxygen consumption in endotherms and ectotherms.

31 of Lake Tanganyika fishes and other tropical ectotherms.

32 mammals, lineages of LMP7 are restricted to ectotherms.

33 d-across geographic ranges of several marine ectotherms.

34 being considerably faster in endotherms than ectotherms.

35 ic demands and energy requirements of marine ectotherms.

36 eed the physiological thermal limits of most ectotherms.

37 Because Drosophila is a small ectotherm, a preference for low temperature implies a lo

38 For ectotherms, a major constraint on activity is environmen

39 Ectotherms' ability to adapt to climate warming depends

40 ass) and quality (nutrient content) and that ectotherm access to food increases with temperature.

41 We then explore how this quantity varies for ectotherms acclimated to different temperatures.

42 Here, we compile thermal-tolerance limits of ectotherms across a wide range of latitudes and elevatio

43 eir upper thermal limits than do terrestrial ectotherms across all latitudes-but that this is the cas

44 solved this apparent paradox by showing that ectotherm activity generates microclimatic deviations la

45 maturation may be the key limiting factor in ectotherms' adaptation to climate warming.

46 To survive elevated temperatures, ectotherms adjust the fluidity of membranes by fine-tuni

47 re the potential impact of global warming on ectotherm ageing through its effects on reactive oxygen

48 Thermal limits of marine ectotherms also vary among species and trophic levels, m

49 We compare how major groups of vertebrate ectotherms (amphibians) and endotherms (birds) respond t

50 In this representative of aquatic ectotherms, an individual's liver mitochondrial efficien

51 r functional division between genes used for ectotherm and endotherm physiological strategies.

52 mance is influenced by thermal conditions in ectotherms and an increase in temperature by only 2 C is

53 ecular drivers of O-MALT structures found in ectotherms and birds remain essentially unknown.

54 were intermediate to those of endotherms and ectotherms and closest to those of extant mesotherms.

55 e variation in the thermal limits of aquatic ectotherms and could adversely affect wild populations i

56 ain size differences between average-brained ectotherms and endotherms.

57 ponsible for tuberculosis-like infections in ectotherms and is an occasional opportunistic human path

58 sonal life cycle regulation evolves in urban ectotherms and may contribute to ecoevolutionary dynamic

59 ming will limit the aerobic scope of aquatic ectotherms and may place a greater metabolic burden on l

60 ions that widespread extinctions of tropical ectotherms, and tropical forest lizards in particular, w

61 This theory is generally supported for ectotherm animals, however, the function of colors in th

62 tant to know how nutritional requirements of ectotherms are affected by changing temperatures.

63 Tiny ectotherms are confined to surfaces and are variously su

64 Ectotherms are considered to be particularly vulnerable

65 There is increasing evidence that aquatic ectotherms are especially vulnerable to global warming s

66 Tropical ectotherms are hypothesized to be vulnerable to environm

67 he limited data available suggest that polar ectotherms are more sensitive to warming than previously

68 Previous theory has shown that tropical ectotherms are more successful in invading and adapting

69 Ectotherms are predicted to 'shrink' with global warming

70 Phytoplankton and many other ectotherms are smaller at higher temperatures.

71 Tropical ectotherms are thought to be especially vulnerable to cl

72 In ectotherms, behaviors that elevate body temperature may

73 provide a physiological basis for projecting ectotherm body size responses to climate change from mic

74 tal warming is associated with reductions in ectotherm body sizes, suggesting that larger individuals

75 n apparent general decrease in body sizes of ectotherms, both across and within taxa, especially in a

76 mergence is widely reported in high-latitude ectotherms, but a significant number of species exhibit

77 tion can set heat tolerance for some aquatic ectotherms, but only at unrealistic lethal temperatures

78 ht to lead to increased immune reactivity in ectotherms, but we found that the effect of temperature

79 As ectotherms, butterflies are sensitive to temperature cha

80 ing can induce a cost-of-living "squeeze" in ectotherms by increasing energetic expenditures while re

81 ate warming is expected to benefit temperate ectotherms by lengthening the summer growing season, dec

82 In cold environments ectotherms can be dormant underground for long periods.

83 Rather, we propose that tropical ectotherms can perform over a narrower range of temperat

84 y the partitioning of the climatic niche, as ectotherms can rely on water availability and thermoregu

85 In freeze-tolerant ectotherms, cold hardiness is influenced by complex, sea

86 if we aim to understand or even predict how ectotherm communities will react to global warming and n

87 How cells in ectotherms cope with the myriad disruptive effects of te

88 In warming climates, however, aquatic ectotherms could experience frequent fluctuations in foo

89 ere, we use datasets of predatory vertebrate ectotherms (crocodilians, turtles, lizards and fishes) t

90 inting, swimming, and jumping performance of ectotherms decreases by at least 33% over a 10 degrees C

91 The body size of marine ectotherms decreases with temperature, but controls on c

92 that cannot regulate their body temperature (ectotherms) depends on their ability to increase the flu

93 n exert strong natural selection on tropical ectotherms, despite their ability to thermoregulate beha

94 Controlling for phylogeny and body size, ectotherms display a higher diversity of aging rates com

95 ty does not affect the poleward expansion of ectotherm distributions.

96 evious findings using air temperatures, most ectotherms do not have a physiological thermal-safety ma

97 Ectotherms do so by moving to warmer places, hence the t

98 We also compiled initial evidence that ectotherm dormancy may be (1) less temperature dependent

99 Both endotherms and ectotherms (e.g., fish) increase their body temperature

100 pply affecting aerobic metabolism of aquatic ectotherms, ecological theories such as the metabolic th

101 ure dynamics could provide new insights into ectotherm ecology both now and in response to future cli

102 Increased body temperatures during the ectotherm-endotherm transition of mammal ancestors would

103 The model fits metabolic rates of microbes, ectotherms, endotherms (including those in hibernation),

104 trends in temperature variability: tropical ectotherms evolve to be 'thermal specialists' because th

105 Many ectotherms exhibit striking latitudinal gradients in lif

106 mpute a cumulative 'metabolic currency' that ectotherms expend (or accumulate) before reaching their

107 not align with the microscale at which small ectotherms experience climate.

108 Here we show that marine ectotherms experience hourly body temperatures that are

109 Marine ectotherms experience temperatures closer to their upper

110 Conversely, tropical ectotherms facing dry summers would have fewer opportuni

111 terns of ageing rates in wild populations of ectotherms facing warming conditions.

112 ncubation temperatures for birds and aquatic ectotherms (fish, amphibians, aquatic insects and zoopla

113 ersity of endotherms (birds and mammals) and ectotherms (fishes, amphibians, and reptiles).

114 ted in a given thermal environment, and that ectotherm food chain lengths should increase with increa

115 he thermal tolerance of 17 species of marine ectotherm from tropical, warm temperate and cold tempera

116 data on geographic variation in lifespan in ectotherms from around the globe to determine how much o

117 Ectotherms from higher latitudes can generally perform o

118 But, it prevents both tropical and temperate ectotherms from maintaining sink populations in localiti

119 scuss candidate mechanisms that could buffer ectotherms from the potentially negative consequences of

120 , observed thermal limits may differ between ectotherms from the same environment, challenging this t

121 Ectotherms given time to acclimate to warmer environment

122 nd search for common response patterns among ectotherm groups.

123 Tropical ectotherms have an advantage when moving to cooler clima

124 Gradients in cuticle lightness of ectotherms have been demonstrated across latitudes and e

125 tions for a desert site predict that shallow ectotherms have increased opportunities for mid-winter a

126 In warm localities shallow ectotherms have lowest energy costs and largest reserves

127 Ectotherms have peculiar relationships with microorganis

128 ass in ectotherms resulted in endotherms and ectotherms having the same food consumption.

129 Ectotherms, however, do not simply experience mean condi

130 cold temperatures, a particular challenge in ectotherms, however, relies on a deliberate strategy com

131 atory warming experiments of diverse aquatic ectotherms (i.e., the "temperature-size rule" [TSR]).

132 the minimal maintenance metabolic rate of an ectotherm in a post-absorptive and inactive state and ca

133 o found that even among highly mobile marine ectotherms in a global warming hotspot, few species are

134 emperature within species in a wide range of ectotherms in both controlled laboratory experiments and

135 ch as cetaceans might shift more slowly than ectotherms in response to warming and would primarily fo

136 For ectotherms, in particular, temperature has a strong infl

137 Many ectotherms, including C. elegans, have shorter life span

138 Small ectotherms, including larval zebrafish, must thermoregul

139 n may be particularly likely for short-lived ectotherms, including many pest, pathogen, and vector sp

140 for assessing hydrological needs of aquatic ectotherms, including the parasite-host relationship, wh

141 he general contention that for high-latitude ectotherms, increasing spring temperatures associated wi

142 More generally, amphibians and other ectotherms inhabiting alpine or boreal habitats at or ne

143 behind the response is well established for ectotherms inhabiting aquatic environments: as higher te

144 However, for ectotherms inhabiting cold, highly seasonal environments

145 n temperature on the aerobic scope of marine ectotherms is a primary driver of migrating biodiversity

146 ty in developmental delays that characterize ectotherm life cycles.

147 tly incorporates mechanistic descriptions of ectotherm life history trait responses to temperature.

148 Temperature is a critical driver of ectotherm life-history strategies, whereby a warmer envi

149 mpacts of future warming trends on temperate ectotherms' life cycle and population persistence are la

150 l warming as an independent factor affecting ectotherms' life history in the context of global climat

151 oenvironment experienced by small, cursorial ectotherms like ants.

152 hanges in activities, may help buffer forest ectotherms like butterflies from microclimate changes in

153 As tropical ectotherms live closer to their thermal tolerance limits

154 Enzymes from ectotherms living in chronically cold environments have

155 a critical adaptation for insects and other ectotherms living in thermally variable environments.

156 In ectotherms, longevity is often negatively correlated wit

157 Some ectotherms maintain homeostasis via a daily temperature

158 ze how climate-driven telomere shortening in ectotherms may accumulate across generations and generat

159 remain difficult to predict, in part because ectotherms may adapt or acclimate to novel conditions or

160 increases in global temperature, lifespan of ectotherms may be substantially shortened in the future.

161 Such insights are vital for predicting how ectotherms may respond to future climate warming.

162 lations underlying the thermal physiology of ectotherms might influence their responses to the two ma

163 ndings highlight the complex trade-offs that ectotherms must navigate to balance behavioural thermore

164 stantially lower oxygen consumption rates of ectotherms of a given body mass relative to those of end

165 stand resource competition, generally, among ectotherms of different sizes.

166 These changes may impact ectotherms, of which performance and fitness are highly

167 Ectotherms often attain smaller body sizes when they dev

168 ical thermal-tolerance limits of terrestrial ectotherms often exceed local air temperatures, implying

169 ion, the winter dormancy that is observed in ectotherms, on memory remains unknown.

170 Were dinosaurs ectotherms or fast-metabolizing endotherms whose activit

171 In ectotherms, organismal performance depends on how well a

172 mal melanism theory states that dark-colored ectotherm organisms are at an advantage at low temperatu

173 gical trade-off involving the depth at which ectotherms overwintered: on warm days, only shallow rept

174 s and suggests research agendas for studying ectotherms overwintering underground.

175 For many ectotherms, overwintering survival depends on the avoida

176 n extraordinary clade to test these rules in ectotherms owing to their exemplary fossil record and th

177 Ectotherms, particularly fish, challenge traditional bra

178 Subtidal marine ectotherm physiological responses vary with ocean warmin

179 Developing a thorough understanding of how ectotherm physiology adapts to different thermal environ

180 hange, more work is needed to understand how ectotherm physiology relates to microclimatic temperatur

181 These results suggest that predictions of ectotherm population viability based on rm may be valid

182 to predict the effects of climate warming on ectotherm population viability.

183 ng population persistence depends on whether ectotherm populations can achieve a stable age/stage dis

184 cting the future of Earth's tiny terrestrial ectotherm populations.

185 predictions, both terrestrial endotherm and ectotherm predators have significantly positive predator

186 The thermal limit of ectotherms provides an estimate of vulnerability to clim

187 ture during development of distantly related ectotherms ranging from the insect Drosophila melanogast

188 assemblages, but especially the tropics and ectotherms remain understudied.

189 ral and internal warmth sensors in this tiny ectotherm reminiscent of thermoregulatory systems in lar

190 wer metabolic rates per gram of body mass in ectotherms resulted in endotherms and ectotherms having

191 ormance curves (TPCs), which quantify how an ectotherm's body temperature (Tb ) affects its performan

192 However, in many long-lived ectotherms, selection is expected to remain strong at ol

193 Ectotherms shifting hourly to the coldest depth potentia

194 n trait response data predicts that tropical ectotherms should be able to expand their distributions

195 izations about the vulnerability of tropical ectotherms should be made more cautiously.

196 threaten tropical ectotherms while temperate ectotherms should resist or even benefit from higher tem

197 of these changes may be especially acute on ectotherms since they have limited capacities to use met

198 ture and rainfall may thus mold gradients of ectotherm size, with consequences for the structure and

199 etermines the upstream extent of the aquatic ectotherm smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) in two

200 ellular fluids evolved in several vertebrate ectotherms, some plants, and many insects.

201 s both confirm and confound expectations for ectotherm species affected by climate warming: an increa

202 cts of future climates on a model vertebrate ectotherm species using a large-scale warming experiment

203 Warmer nights may expand ectotherms' species thermal niche and open new opportuni

204 I focus on ectotherms, species whose body temperature depends on th

205 Ectotherms such as teleost fish display sickness behavio

206 The body temperature of small ectotherms, such as Drosophila, relies on the temperatur

207 ; however, comparable adaptations in aquatic ectotherms, such as fishes, have not been as extensively

208 e conditions are challenging for soft-bodied ectotherms, such as termites, to survive in, let alone b

209 In ectotherms, temperature affects development rates, body

210 kton size spectrum, the larger end comprises ectotherms that are often studied at the species, or gro

211 metabolic differences between endotherms and ectotherms that drive trophic and competitive interactio

212 Short-lived ectotherms that exhibit plasticity in their life history

213 In ectotherms, the performance of physiological, ecological

214 pears to be much greater for endotherms than ectotherms, the reasons for which are not fully understo

215 Like other ectotherms, the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans and the

216 tal Ratios in different aquatic invertebrate ectotherms: the freshwater model species Daphnia magna,

217 ng the life histories of long-lived tropical ectotherms: the seemingly incongruent combination of ext

218 Being small-bodied ectotherms, their growth, survival and reproduction is c

219 Ectotherm thermal physiology is frequently used to predi

220 The re-emergence of ectotherm thermal tolerance landscape models provides a

221 Marine ectotherms' thermal tolerance is limited by their abilit

222 Our models predict that ectotherms thermoregulate more accurately when thermal r

223 r associated fauna, which may benefit marine ectotherms, though temperature differentials were narrow

224 oved forecast accuracy in 18 of 19 empirical ectotherm time series (by 19% on average), with the larg

225 To evaluate the capacity of a widespread ectotherm to anticipated environmental changes, we condu

226 tly modest and highly variable capacities of ectotherms to adjust their heat limits.

227 restimate the vulnerability of many tropical ectotherms to climate change.

228 es of molecular variation in the response of ectotherms to environmental temperature variation in the

229 ability to predict the response of non-model ectotherms to global temperature change.

230 ld thus control the vulnerability of aquatic ectotherms to global warming.

231 ependent, allows both tropical and temperate ectotherms to track warming-induced changes in their the

232 A primary response of many marine ectotherms to warming is a reduction in body size, to lo

233 otherms, we show that the temperature ranges ectotherms tolerate (the difference between lower and up

234 nternal energy to regulate body temperature, ectotherms typically regulate body temperature behaviora

235 However, many ectotherms use behavioral adjustments to maintain prefer

236 ing rates and longevity across wild tetrapod ectotherms, using data from 107 populations (77 species)

237 s of trophic position based on delta(15)N in ectotherm vertebrates with large size ranges, may be ina

238 investigating the gut microbial diversity of ectotherms, we lack an understanding of how environmenta

239 Using a dataset spanning diverse ectotherms, we show that the temperature ranges ectother

240 nimodal thermal performance is ubiquitous in ectotherms, we suggest that this may be a general explan

241 The physiological activities of such ectotherms were dependent on environmental and behaviour

242 Although top ectotherms were heavier than top endotherms at a given t

243 ts also reveal deep-time climate legacies in ectotherms, whereby orders that originated in cold paleo

244 the majority of animals and vertebrates are ectotherms, which often experience fluctuations in body

245 emperatures are particularly challenging for ectotherms, which use both basal thermotolerance and acc

246 obal warming will severely threaten tropical ectotherms while temperate ectotherms should resist or e

247 most biodiversity on the planet consists of ectotherms whose body temperature depends on the environ

248 ty and distribution of species, particularly ectotherms whose body temperatures depend on environment

249 ch variation may be especially important for ectotherms whose body temperatures, and consequently, ph

250 l model that predicts that infection risk in ectotherms will decrease as the difference between host

251 forecasts of the impact of climate change on ectotherms will require an understanding of the genetic

252 dels predict a poleward migration for marine ectotherms with ocean warming.

253 e or time in N. unicornis and possibly other ectotherms with the combination of longevity and asympto

254 and acidification act concurrently on marine ectotherms with the potential for detrimental, synergist

255 Therefore, tropical ectotherms (with warm baseline temperatures) should expe

256 have important physiological implications in ectotherms, with darker species having greater heating r

257 ngs of the American alligator, an amphibious ectotherm without air sacs, which suggests that this pat

258 influences the distribution and diversity of ectotherms, yet in natural settings, interactions betwee

259 sk among three age classes in a cold-adapted ectotherm (Zootoca vivipara) facing warming-induced exti