ライフサイエンスコーパス: endoderm

1 abels a subset of PDX1-expressing pancreatic endoderm.

2 rate between the ventral epidermis and trunk endoderm.

3 and slower aggregation favoring mesoderm and endoderm.

4 le-directed migration and are independent of endoderm.

5 transcriptional program of embryonic foregut endoderm.

6 ge specification, respectively, from foregut endoderm.

7 embryos to investigate the formation of the endoderm.

8 inding Pou5f3 or Nanog in prospective dorsal endoderm.

9 olarity radially from the cluster toward the endoderm.

10 PGCs whether mislocalized or trapped in the endoderm.

11 develop from third pharyngeal pouch (3rd pp) endoderm.

12 mally absent from the presumptive pancreatic endoderm.

13 capable of specifying the entire C. elegans endoderm.

14 ropriate pancreas formation from the foregut endoderm.

15 ox transcription factor Lhx1 in the visceral endoderm.

16 delineates the boundary with the underlying endoderm.

17 and extra-embryonic mesoderm and definitive endoderm.

18 accessible regions that become repressed in endoderm.

19 ntal ontology of the limb bud, or definitive endoderm.

20 osin II (MyoII) activation in the Drosophila endoderm.

21 nce of visceral and primitive streak-derived endoderm.

22 second extra-embryonic tissue, the primitive endoderm.

23 ows maternal nutrient uptake by the visceral endoderm.

24 ingle G protein-coupled receptor, Trapped in endoderm 1 (Tre1), mediates germ cell polarization at th

25 rigins: the gills of cyclostomes derive from endoderm [9-12], while gnathostome gills were classicall

26 SHH pathway activation throughout pouch endoderm activated ectopic Tbx1 expression and partially

27 Subsequently, lung-biased anterior foregut endoderm (AFE) is specified by sequential inhibition of

28 m and persistent de-epithelialization in the endoderm also arise during local wounding in Hydra, sugg

29 enhanced, giving rise to excess mesoderm and endoderm, an effect that can be rescued by reducing sign

30 Coordination between the endoderm and adjacent cardiac mesoderm is crucial for he

31 B3b coordinates the movements of the hepatic endoderm and adjacent lateral plate mesoderm (LPM), resu

32 tails of the intricate interplay between the endoderm and ALPM during embryogenesis, highlighting why

33 processes, including axial patterning of the endoderm and branching morphogenesis.

34 begins by sorting two epithelial cell types, endoderm and ectoderm, into inner and outer layers, resp

35 of cardiopharyngeal progenitors between the endoderm and epidermis.

36 without maternally provided vg1 fail to form endoderm and head and trunk mesoderm, and closely resemb

37 Moreover, induction of endoderm and head-mesoderm, which require peak Nodal-sig

38 The definitive endoderm and hepatic endoderm cells were characterized b

39 erwise, lower Wnt signals lead to definitive endoderm and higher Wnt signals induce presomitic mesode

40 trient internalization by the early visceral endoderm and highlight its involvement in the formation

41 ng calcein label is mainly excluded from the endoderm and is concentrated in the spicules.

42 Pax9 is expressed in the pharyngeal endoderm and is downregulated in Tbx1 mutant mice.

43 In contrast, metastases are enriched for key endoderm and lung-specifying transcription factors, SOX2

44 ds, the intermediate step between definitive endoderm and mature organoids.

45 is, which reinforces the hypothesis that the endoderm and mesoderm in triploblastic bilaterians evolv

46 ing that bidirectional Wnt signaling between endoderm and mesoderm promotes trachea development.

47 gether with Fgf, to determine the pattern of endoderm and mesoderm specification.

48 tlas of liver lineage establishment from the endoderm and mesoderm through to the organization of the

49 astruloids into homogenous subpopulations of endoderm and mesoderm, and comparative analysis of these

50 combinatorial signaling interactions between endoderm and mesoderm, but how these signals are interpr

51 s dorsal-ventral gene expression in both the endoderm and mesoderm, whereas Wnt/beta-catenin acts as

52 SHH signaling is active in both dorsal pouch endoderm and neighboring neural crest (NC) mesenchyme.

53 nd GATA4 in the formation of both definitive endoderm and pancreatic progenitor cells.

54 eny, expand the neuroendocrine repertoire of endoderm and redefine the boundaries of neural crest div

55 rting with the differentiation of hPSCs into endoderm and subsequently into foregut progenitor (FP) c

56 surrounding it the extra-embryonic primitive endoderm and the trophectoderm tissues.

57 ve the proliferative expansion of the distal endoderm and the underlying mesenchyme during lung branc

58 tional signatures of the epiblast, primitive endoderm and trophectoderm, and identify deeply conserve

59 ary band, in the apical plate and pharyngeal endoderm, and 4-6 serotonergic neurons that are confined

60 in the blastocyst: trophectoderm, primitive endoderm, and epiblast.

61 d pre-implantation embryos towards primitive endoderm, and inhibiting ERK supports ES cell self-renew

62 for efficient differentiation of pancreatic endoderm, and its absence in individuals with MRS specif

63 erent epithelial populations (skin ectoderm, endoderm, and periderm-like cells in zebrafish), in addi

64 x interactions between the cardiac mesoderm, endoderm, and the rest of the embryo, whereby the risk c

65 gata4/5/6, which are later restricted to the endoderm; and activation of ets1 and erg in the mesoderm

66 ich FGFs induce hepatic character within the endoderm are ill defined.

67 helial primordial progenitors of the foregut endoderm are thought to be the developmental precursors

68 uncover the anterior intestinal portal (AIP) endoderm as a putative heart organizer.

69 Although the early emergence of the endoderm as an epithelial sheet(2,3) and later morphogen

70 sh (the enamel organ) is derived from medial endoderm, as hitherto assumed based on position deep in

71 , in which epiblast cells differentiate into endoderm at two distinct time points-before and during g

72 t direct expression in the anterior visceral endoderm (AVE), primitive streak (PS) and definitive end

73 We conclude that in zebrafish the pharyngeal endoderm becomes overlain by cells with a peridermal phe

74 At the initiation of tracheal development, endoderm begins to express Nkx2.1, and then mesoderm exp

75 pecies can generate neurons from mesoderm or endoderm, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown.

76 e we delineate the ontogeny of the mammalian endoderm by generating 112,217 single-cell transcriptome

77 Further, endoderm can generate a rudimentary ADH-like structure i

78 ong-term efficacy of hESC-derived pancreatic endoderm cells (PECs) to maintain normoglycemia posttran

79 Primitive endoderm cells displayed higher overall levels of ERK ac

80 Endoderm cells move by amoeboid shape changes, but in co

81 tly expressed in trophectoderm and primitive endoderm cells of human blastocyst-stage embryos.

82 The definitive endoderm and hepatic endoderm cells were characterized by the expression of t

83 Trajectories of endoderm cells were mapped as they acquired embryonic ve

84 l chimera studies demonstrate that wild-type endoderm cells within the liver and pancreas can rescue

85 s and embryonic stem cell-derived definitive endoderm cells, screening 7905 distinct DNA sequences.

86 ube assembly, interactions with the adjacent endoderm control the medial movement of cardiomyocytes,

87 and that this movement likewise depended on endoderm convergence.

88 rm (subduction) and migration independent of endoderm convergence.

89 nductive interactions between the definitive endoderm (DE) and the surrounding splanchnic mesoderm (S

90 screens to uncover regulators of definitive endoderm (DE) differentiation, which unexpectedly uncove

91 (AVE), primitive streak (PS) and definitive endoderm (DE) have yet to be defined.

92 First, definitive endoderm (DE) is induced in the presence of high concent

93 We identify a definitive endoderm (DE) transcriptomic signature that leads us to

94 the differentiation of hPSCs into definitive endoderm (DE) using activin A, followed by the generatio

95 While endoderm derivation is not impacted by telomere shorteni

96 landscape during ESC differentiation to the endoderm derivatives pancreas and liver.

97 Cs remain capable of forming extra-embryonic endoderm derivatives.

98 Hoxb6 and Hoxc6) leads to a dramatic loss of endoderm-derived endocrine cells, including insulin-secr

99 osa/submucosa enable formation and growth of endoderm-derived human organoids, such as gastric, hepat

100 or amniote hypoxia-sensitive cell evolution: endoderm-derived NECs were retained as PNECs, while the

101 me with hypopituitarism, hyperinsulinism and endoderm-derived organ abnormalities.

102 dysmorphic features, choroidal coloboma and endoderm-derived organ malformations in liver, lung and

103 ential for the normal development of several endoderm-derived organs, including the prostate gland(1,

104 ike cells that subsequently cover the entire endoderm-derived pharyngeal epithelium [Rosa et al., 201

105 arising through interactions of an ancestral endoderm-derived proto-pituitary with newly evolved plac

106 th mouse genetics, showing the importance of endoderm-derived signals in mesoderm patterning.

107 that NECs are not neural crest-derived, but endoderm-derived, like PNECs, whose endodermal origin we

108 E1 and HDE2, which stain different stages of endoderm development and distinct derivative cell types.

109 ivation of Lhx1 disrupts anterior definitive endoderm development and impedes node and midline morpho

110 l copy of GATA6 is sufficient for definitive endoderm development and pancreas formation, but it is i

111 ts the basal cell lineage during normal lung endoderm development to allow the proper patterning of e

112 key transcriptional regulator of definitive endoderm development, and yet, its genomic targets remai

113 -repressor protein Sin3a is crucial for lung endoderm development.

114 ic variation in the requirement for SKN-1 in endoderm development.

115 nct embryonic-abembryonic axes and primitive endoderm differentiation and can initiate the transition

116 nt (TERT) down-regulation, immediately after endoderm differentiation and completely absent in in vit

117 gulates the transcription factors that drive endoderm differentiation and suggest that protein-lncRNA

118 Here, we report that endoderm differentiation is regulated by the interaction

119 c switching occurs during early mesoderm and endoderm differentiation, high glycolytic flux is mainta

120 ity, promoting a more robust mesendoderm and endoderm differentiation.

121 -sequencing to study population variation of endoderm differentiation.

122 rm transcription factors and is required for endoderm differentiation.

123 Notably, visceral endoderm dispersal is impeded in Cubilin null embryos.

124 part due to severe disturbances in visceral endoderm displacement.

125 tial anisotropic growth between mesoderm and endoderm drives diagonal folding.

126 ing an ectodermal fate at the expense of the endoderm during embryoid body (EB) formation.

127 We find that the endoderm-ectoderm cell fate switch is controlled by the

128 derm, ciliated band cells and cells from the endoderm/ectoderm boundary that will give rise both to h

129 drives cell movements in the hindgut-forming endoderm, enabling tissue-scale posterior extension of t

130 Endocytosis across the visceral endoderm epithelium involves specific cell surface recep

131 e expression and up-regulates extraembryonic endoderm (ExEn) genes, revealing a conserved function in

132 Gut endoderm fate adoption requires at least 1 h of signalin

133 ctor Gata4, which drives the extra-embryonic endoderm fate, and combined them with ESCs and TS cells

134 nd spontaneous differentiation toward a meso-endoderm fate, owing to de-repression of BMP signalling.

135 ming of lung epithelial cells to a posterior endoderm fate.

136 , which is expressed in the future posterior endoderm-fated territory; intermediate levels are requir

137 ras we show that Bmp signals directly to the endoderm for proper morphogenesis.

138 antiviral defenses compromised ectoderm and endoderm formation and dysregulated the development of m

139 valproic acid treatment increased pancreatic endoderm formation, while inhibition of TGFbeta signalin

140 essive telomere dysfunction impaired hepatic endoderm formation.

141 at BRA is essential for mesoderm but not for endoderm formation.

142 ges of development in the definitive ventral endoderm forming the foregut.

143 n precursors of the pharynx, which separates endoderm from ectoderm.

144 chinery that directs formation of definitive endoderm from pluripotent stem cells is not well underst

145 Previously we reported that definitive endoderm from which liver was derived, expressed Globo H

146 correct initiation of both the mesoderm and endoderm gene regulatory networks.

147 shows Gata6 enrichment near pluripotency and endoderm genes, suggesting that Gata6 functions as both

148 complexes onto neuroectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm genes.

149 The endoderm germ layer contributes to the respiratory and g

150 on, when the epiblast generates mesoderm and endoderm germ layers through epithelial-mesenchymal tran

151 that while the downstream components in the endoderm GRN are common across metazoan phylogeny, initi

152 (2) a subsequent function in activating key endoderm GRN factors and the morphogenetic movements of

153 The endoderm GRN in Caenorhabditis elegans is initiated by t

154 is experiments, we define the Sox17-governed endoderm GRN in Xenopus gastrulae.

155 sa, suggesting that cryptic variation in the endoderm GRN may be tuned by opposing requirements for t

156 KN-1/Nrf2 and MOM-2/Wnt, into the C. elegans endoderm GRN.

157 YY1 loss in the developing endoderm had no apparent consequences until late gestati

158 ting the three germ layer lineages: thyroid (endoderm), heart (mesoderm), and brain (ectoderm).

159 human embryonic-stem-cell-derived pancreatic endoderm (hESC-PE) in mice.

160 are both derived from the posterior foregut endoderm, however, the interdependence of these two cell

161 fied many of the upstream signals specifying endoderm identity in different model systems, revealing

162 which we show is restricted to the primitive endoderm in both human and mouse embryos.

163 dy epithelium emerging from pharyngeal pouch endoderm in early organogenesis, differential Foxa1/Foxa

164 the contribution of visceral endoderm to the endoderm in the early mouse embryo.

165 ators, in others, most embryos differentiate endoderm in their absence.

166 al. (2016) demonstrate an active role of the endoderm in this process, challenging the prior view tha

167 layers, namely the somitic mesoderm and the endoderm, in quail embryos.

168 s of these antibodies enable one to optimize endoderm induction and hepatic specification from any hP

169 reveals a de-repression mechanism underlying endoderm induction that may be recapitulated in other de

170 These stages include endoderm induction, anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventra

171 hibians, but we show that at the cell level, endoderm internalisation exhibits characteristics remini

172 propose that apical constriction leading to endoderm invagination is the source of the extrinsic for

173 s blocked but is abolished in the absence of endoderm invagination.

174 -lapse imaging showed that hepatic-specified endoderm iPSCs (HE-iPSCs) self-assembled into three-dime

175 The visceral endoderm is a polarized epithelial monolayer necessary f

176 The endoderm is a progenitor tissue that, in humans, gives r

177 During amphibian gastrulation, presumptive endoderm is internalised as part of vegetal rotation, a

178 process, challenging the prior view that the endoderm is passively pushed by the mesoderm.

179 ling mechanism emanating from the pharyngeal endoderm is required for crucial tissue interactions dur

180 thway, which is active in the dorsal hindgut endoderm, is required for hindgut extension and colon fo

181 Loss of Sin3a in mouse early foregut endoderm led to a specific and profound defect in lung d

182 osteriorize" 88% of the embryo, inducing gut endoderm-like gene expression and morphogenetic movement

183 ecursors, and formation of anterior visceral endoderm-like tissues.

184 oF variants perturbed cardiac genes and also endoderm lineage genes that direct PDX1 expression and p

185 in the epiblast marks the entire definitive endoderm lineage, the anterior mesendoderm, and midline

186 ico precursors of the epiblast and primitive endoderm lineages and revealed a role for MCRS1, TET1, a

187 a consistent ratio of epiblast and primitive endoderm lineages is achieved through incremental alloca

188 o differentiate down mesoderm, ectoderm, and endoderm lineages, demonstrating pluripotency.

189 and lower levels of markers for mesoderm and endoderm lineages.

190 t can be further programmed into mesoderm or endoderm lineages.

191 inhibited expression of RA-induced Hoxa1 and endoderm master control genes such as Gata4 and Gata6.

192 ingly, the ligand pdgfaa is expressed in the endoderm medial to the pdgfra-expressing myocardial prec

193 Thus, modulation of endoderm/mesenchyme signalling emerges as a plausible me

194 Specific endoderm/mesenchyme signalling is required for stomach d

195 path is distinct from other lineages such as endoderm, mesendoderm, and neural ectoderm.

196 Cells from different germ layers - endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm - can spontaneously segr

197 iblast self-organizes into the 3 germ layers-endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm, which eventually form t

198 differentiating into the three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.

199 infer a spatiotemporal signaling network of endoderm-mesoderm interactions that orchestrate foregut

200 m layer, which undergoes a complex series of endoderm-mesoderm-mediated signaling events to generate

201 otic wnt16 expression is concentrated in the endoderm/mesoderm beginning at mid-blastula stage.

202 wnstream of high nbeta-catenin segregate the endoderm/mesoderm boundary, which is further reinforced

203 ivation and/or maintenance of key regulatory endoderm/mesoderm genes and is essential for gastrulatio

204 we highlight how cross-organismal studies of endoderm morphogenesis provide a useful perspective that

205 Endoderm morphogenesis thus emerges from local transcrip

206 ALPM during embryogenesis, highlighting why endoderm movement is essential for heart development, an

207 ndent migratory modes: co-migration with the endoderm, movement from the dorsal to the ventral side o

208 thelin 1 (Edn1) expression in the pharyngeal endoderm of the dorsal arch, thus preventing dorsal EDNR

209 manipulation of SHH signaling in either the endoderm or NC mesenchyme had direct and indirect effect

210 e the SHH signal transducer Smo in either pp endoderm or NC mesenchyme.

211 does not form, embryos fail to elongate, and endoderm organization, ectodermal cell polarity and patt

212 essible model for the study of complex human endoderm organogenesis.

213 transcription factor expressed in tissues of endoderm origin.

214 key stages following gastrulation, including endoderm patterning, organ specification, and organogene

215 on of the inner cell mass (ICM) to primitive endoderm (PE) and epiblast (EPI).

216 CM), followed by epiblast (EPI) or primitive endoderm (PE) specification within the ICM.

217 ll form the new organism, from the primitive endoderm (PE), which will form the yolk sac, is a crucia

218 uclear markers in the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm/pharynx; and a Morphogenesis strain that expres

219 HDE1 marks a definitive endoderm population with high hepatic potential, whereas

220 s (hPSCs) requires the induction of a proper endoderm population, broadly characterized by the expres

221 gle-cell transcriptomes, which represent all endoderm populations within the mouse embryo until midge

222 FCs share hallmark properties with primitive endoderm (PrE) and can be regulated by non-canonical Wnt

223 between the epiblast (Epi) and the primitive endoderm (PrE) fate that occurs in the mammalian preimpl

224 nalysis of EPI and extra-embryonic primitive endoderm (PrE) formation during preimplantation developm

225 ey signal driving specification of primitive endoderm (PrE) versus pluripotent epiblast (EPI) within

226 h forms the embryo proper, and the primitive endoderm (PrE), which forms extra-embryonic yolk sac tis

227 cell mass and the formation of the primitive endoderm (PrE).

228 be specified in epiblast (Epi) or primitive endoderm (PrE).

229 m (TE), the epiblast (Epi) and the primitive endoderm (PrE).

230 ironments codifying hPSCs towards definitive endoderm, precardiac or presomitic mesoderm within the f

231 ortical tension in the apical cell cortex of endoderm precursor cells.

232 ecursors of the epiblast (Epi) and primitive endoderm (PrEn) lineages.

233 lly similar to epiblast, ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm, primordial germ cells, trophectoderm, and amni

234 cogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) on definitive endoderm production.

235 involve both differentiation of distal lung endoderm progenitors and extensive cellular remodeling o

236 anscriptomes from embryonic day (E)7.5, when endoderm progenitors are specified, to E10.5 liver, when

237 Deletion of Ezh2 in early lung endoderm progenitors leads to the ectopic and premature

238 y tissues in chimeric animals while Sox17(+) endoderm progenitors specifically contributed in a regio

239 ptotic gene BCL2 enables EpiSCs and Sox17(+) endoderm progenitors to integrate into blastocysts and c

240 aling in these cells allows specification of endoderm progenitors, while the cells further from the m

241 ues of the notochord, floor plate and dorsal endoderm, raising the question of whether midline tissue

242 , in which genomic variants, or knockdown of endoderm regulatory genes, that result in a high SKN-1 r

243 over that Smad2 inactivation in the visceral endoderm results in increased numbers of PGCs due to an

244 cluding splanchnic mesoderm sliding over the endoderm, results in HT formation.

245 The stomach, an organ derived from foregut endoderm, secretes acid and enzymes and plays a key role

246 a novel role for these proteins in mesoderm-endoderm signaling during embryogenesis.

247 Through this approach, we identified two endoderm-specific antibodies, HDE1 and HDE2, which stain

248 anscription through the sonic hedgehog (Shh) endoderm-specific enhancer MACS1 and that GATA-binding s

249 promoter, it can replace the complete set of endoderm-specific GATA factors: END-1, END-3, ELT-7 and

250 Notably, however, brain manganese levels of endoderm-specific knockouts were lower than whole-body k

251 Importantly, endoderm-specific knockouts, lacking SLC30A10 in the liv

252 in, and classify sets of stem cell-specific, endoderm-specific, and shared accessibility-modifying tr

253 including at genes involved in mesoderm and endoderm specification and at the Hox and Fox gene famil

254 n3a is an essential regulator for early lung endoderm specification and differentiation.

255 signaling is initially normal and increasing endoderm specification does not rescue mesendodermal cel

256 g as a major mechanism regulating pancreatic endoderm specification during patterning of the gut tube

257 actor; however, the requirement for SKN-1 in endoderm specification varies widely among distinct C. e

258 e core transcriptional network necessary for endoderm specification while promoting neuroectoderm fac

259 Tcf7l1 represses FoxA2, a pioneer factor for endoderm specification.

260 differentiated in 3 dimensions into hepatic endoderm spheroids and stepwise into hepatoblast spheroi

261 ck to the low levels of the fetal prehepatic endoderm stage, leading to necrosis and lethality within

262 ultiple cell types to induced extraembryonic endoderm stem (iXEN) cells.

263 mbryonic stem (ES) cells and extra-embryonic endoderm stem (XEN) cells can be derived.

264 phoblast stem cell lines and extra-embryonic endoderm stem cells can be directly derived from expande

265 e embryonic, trophoblast and extra-embryonic endoderm stem cells.

266 t from the dorsal to the ventral side of the endoderm (subduction) and migration independent of endod

267 the changing mechanical properties of their endoderm substrate.

268 e formation of hepatic progenitor cells from endoderm that has been derived from human induced plurip

269 as alpha-cells, or other cells derived from endoderm); the engineering of non-beta-cells that are ca

270 In the ventrolateral endoderm, the Elabela / Aplnr pathway limits Sox32 level

271 1-Pax9 genetic interaction is the pharyngeal endoderm, therefore revealing that a Tbx1-Pax9-controlle

272 o specify hepatic fate within the definitive endoderm through activation of the FGF receptors (FGFRs)

273 itive streak to form mesoderm and definitive endoderm, through an epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

274 hat AChE is specifically required in the gut endoderm tissue, a non-neuronal cell population, where i

275 by FGFR activity during the transition from endoderm to hepatic progenitor cell.

276 ependent on a Cxcr4a-regulated tether of the endoderm to mesoderm.

277 ent and reveals the contribution of visceral endoderm to the endoderm in the early mouse embryo.

278 paraxial mesoderm, lateral plate, ectoderm, endoderm) to drive axis morphogenesis remain largely unk

279 n of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) from endoderm toward terminally differentiated hepatocytes, t

280 is promoted by DIGIT, occupies enhancers of endoderm transcription factors and is required for endod

281 o show that overexpression of two definitive endoderm transcription factors, T and Foxa2, results in

282 vealed development trajectories of primitive endoderm, trophectoderm, epiblast lineages, and PGCLCs.

283 Notably, cells committed to mesoderm and endoderm undergo widespread coordinated epigenetic rearr

284 We found that during segmentation the endoderm underwent three distinct phases of movement rel

285 grate towards one another, internalizing the endoderm until they meet at the yolk stalk (umbilicus in

286 ved from the trophectoderm and the primitive endoderm upon reintroduction to the blastocyst.

287 berus 1 acts downstream of WNT to refine the endoderm versus mesoderm fate choice.

288 cross germ layers provides evidence that the endoderm was the first germ layer to evolve.

289 ntractility and compliance in the underlying endoderm, we find that MET in HPCs can be accelerated in

290 nscription factor Pdx1 within the pancreatic endoderm, where it is required for the specification of

291 enhances Nodal signaling to properly specify endoderm, whereas the 'migration model' posits that Todd

292 fferentiation of cells into anterior foregut endoderm, which is followed by their lineage specificati

293 eeds normally until generation of pancreatic endoderm, which is significantly reduced.

294 y spatially converged within the nascent gut endoderm, which revealed these cells to be globally simi

295 n II flows towards the presumptive posterior endoderm, which still undergoes apical constriction in a

296 nical Wnt pathway to specify and pattern the endoderm while repressing alternative mesectoderm fates.

297 progress from pluripotency towards primitive endoderm while retaining their capacity to re-enter self

298 and progressive atrophy of the proximal lung endoderm with complete epithelial loss at later stages o

299 human embryonic stem cell-derived definitive endoderm with the goal of identifying cell surface marke

300 hoblast stem cells (TS), and extra-embryonic endoderm (XEN) stem cells to generate embryo-like struct