ライフサイエンスコーパス: extrachromosomal

1 o 50 weeks and that it remained circular and extrachromosomal.

2 hat Deltalmxgt1-3 mutants contained a linear extrachromosomal 40 kb amplification of a region on chro

3 ng rewiring of the chromatin topology on the extrachromosomal amplicon.

4 in a site-specific and inheritable manner in extrachromosomal and chromosomal targets.

5 3K4me3 and greatly impaired recombination of extrachromosomal and endogenous immunoglobulin gene segm

6 The DNA assembles into a semistable extrachromosomal array composed of many copies of inject

7 Loss of the transgene extrachromosomal array leads to reversion of the silenci

8 ly a fraction of the animals in a transgenic extrachromosomal array line are transformed.

9 on level and pattern frequently exhibited by extrachromosomal array lines.

10 to evaluate the frequency of gene editing on extrachromosomal array transgenic lines.

11 A synthetic target on an extrachromosomal array was targeted with a previously ch

12 Because extrachromosomal arrays are semistable, only a fraction

13 Extrachromosomal arrays can carry hundreds of copies of

14 In addition, because extrachromosomal arrays can contain hundreds of copies o

15 In contrast, apoptosis is not enhanced by extrachromosomal arrays carrying genes not driven by ger

16 Here, we show that extrachromosomal arrays form de novo centromeres at high

17 Transformed plasmids assemble into extrachromosomal arrays resembling extra minichromosomes

18 to the Caenorhabditis elegans germline forms extrachromosomal arrays that segregate during cell divis

19 the C. elegans germline, where conventional extrachromosomal arrays typically fail to express due to

20 dance of homologous templates present in the extrachromosomal arrays versus the paucity of such templ

21 d NHEJ in Schizosaccharomyces pombe using an extrachromosomal assay and find that, as anticipated, it

22 ides to endonuclease-induced chromosomal and extrachromosomal breaks.

23 HMRa on a chromosome and on a nonreplicating extrachromosomal cassette as cells passed through S phas

24 ase in GM847 cells does not affect t-loop or extrachromosomal circle formation.

25 A(+) difA(+)), the GGI can be detected as an extrachromosomal circle that exists transiently.

26 The presence of extrachromosomal circles containing telomeric DNA was co

27 elomere-enriched fractions revealed frequent extrachromosomal circles, ranging from 0.7 to 56.8 kb.

28 We also observed a substantial increase in extrachromosomal circular (ecc) repeated DNAs in mutant

29 Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) facilitates adapt

30 Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) is both a driver

31 Interest in extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) molecules has inc

32 ty in Amaranthus palmeri: a massive, ~400-kb extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) that harbors the

33 , a tandem duplication mechanism and a large extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) that is tethered

34 ies are commonly found on highly rearranged, extrachromosomal circular DNA (ecDNA).

35 ata from adult brain neurons, we detected an extrachromosomal circular DNA event.

36 re, composition and genome-wide frequency of extrachromosomal circular DNA have not yet been profiled

37 omic approaches to describe the landscape of extrachromosomal circular DNA in neuroblastoma, a tumor

38 We identified a self-propagating extrachromosomal circular DNA molecule that results from

39 d lung carcinoma patients, the prevalence of extrachromosomal circular DNA molecules harboring amplif

40 administered clinically, on the stability of extrachromosomal circular DNA molecules in cancer cells.

41 This size range is representative of extrachromosomal circular DNA molecules that have been s

42 noncoding RNAs, microDNAs, a family of small extrachromosomal circular DNA species, and tRNA-derived

43 Examples of extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs) are found in ma

44 Extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs) have been repor

45 e have identified tens of thousands of short extrachromosomal circular DNAs (microDNA) in mouse tissu

46 Moreover, we find that extrachromosomal circular DNAs are an unanticipated majo

47 Thus, extrachromosomal circular DNAs represent a multihit muta

48 alog of somatically acquired and undescribed extrachromosomal circular DNAs.

49 that its left and right ends join to form an extrachromosomal circular excision product (pVPI).

50 bpopulation of cells, PAPI-1 can exist in an extrachromosomal circular form after precise excision fr

51 a linear PMU within the chromosome and as an extrachromosomal circular form.

52 tiple chromosomal copies and the presence of extrachromosomal circular forms of ICE6013 were detected

53 , we found that the VPI-2 region can form an extrachromosomal circular intermediate (CI) molecule aft

54 as a chromosomal linear PMU1 (L-PMU1) and an extrachromosomal circular PMU1 (C-PMU1).

55 Extrachromosomal circularization of DNA is an important

56 d for chromosomal integration, excision, and extrachromosomal circularization of these elements, and

57 rtional inactivation, and the development of extrachromosomal cloning vectors, genetic analysis of Bo

58 Furthermore, these extrachromosomal complex DNA molecules can circularize i

59 larization, integration, or the formation of extrachromosomal complex T-DNA structures that subsequen

60 ons showed that PR has modest activity in an extrachromosomal context but has activity that is barely

61 Extrachromosomal copies of IMD1, IMD3, or IMD4 could not

62 of aging or life span is the accumulation of extrachromosomal copies of rDNA circles in old mother ce

63 h multidrug-resistant KB cells, which harbor extrachromosomal copies of the multidrug resistance gene

64 . and that there is continuous generation of extrachromosomal copies of the translocated c-myc sequen

65 centrations (100 muM) or by expression of an extrachromosomal copy of GMPS.

66 rrected by expression of E. coli L27 from an extrachromosomal copy of the rpmA gene.

67 ngements in classical strains will not yield extrachromosomal CTX DNA and thus will not yield virions

68 erichia coli (ETEC) have largely centered on extrachromosomal determinants of virulence, in particula

69 chromothripsis is a major driver of circular extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) amplification (also known a

70 Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) amplification promotes intr

71 Recent results implicate extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) as the primary driver of fo

72 genes are commonly amplified on particles of extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) in cancer(1,2), but our und

73 demonstrated that oncogene amplification on extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a frequent event in canc

74 n be amplified in chromosomes or in circular extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA), although the frequency and

75 resulting in interspersed gene deletions and extrachromosomal DNA amplification events.

76 lar subtypes, intra-tumor heterogeneity, and extrachromosomal DNA amplification.

77 fitness are preserved on high-level circular extrachromosomal DNA amplifications.

78 ence changes associated with the presence of extrachromosomal DNA and nonselective persistence of pla

79 the hermaphrodite germline to form multicopy extrachromosomal DNA arrays.

80 on of the viral genome, which persists as an extrachromosomal DNA circle in infected cells.

81 Extrachromosomal DNA circles (GAP1(circle)) contain GAP1

82 nce of episomes of T-cell antigen receptors (extrachromosomal DNA circles formed during intrathymic T

83 In this study, we generated extrachromosomal DNA circles to study cohesion in respon

84 ant strains strongly reduced accumulation of extrachromosomal DNA compared with the single agnA- stra

85 Using an extrachromosomal DNA donor carrying a 12-bp tag, a 900-b

86 recombination between the chromosome and an extrachromosomal DNA donor.

87 our data demonstrate that the presence of an extrachromosomal DNA element in a pathogenic rickettsial

88 Nuclear extrachromosomal DNA elements have been identified in se

89 orrelia burgdorferi strain B31 MI carries 21 extrachromosomal DNA elements, the largest number known

90 wal, reemergence of clonal EGFR mutations on extrachromosomal DNA follows.

91 For decades, scientists have observed small extrachromosomal DNA fragments in tumor cells, yet compr

92 bridizing fragments caused the appearance of extrachromosomal DNA hybridizing to the lytA gene, follo

93 We observed abundant extrachromosomal DNA in TREX1-deficient neural cells, of

94 integrase that can mediate the insertion of extrachromosomal DNA into genomic DNA.

95 everal DNA viruses maintain their genomes as extrachromosomal DNA minichromosomes in actively dividin

96 Our work suggests that virtually any extrachromosomal DNA molecule may be recruited for the p

97 elements can transpose from relatively short extrachromosomal DNA molecules into the plant genome.

98 nduced cultures revealed the presence of two extrachromosomal DNA molecules, a double-stranded molecu

99 is a tubulin-like protein that functions in extrachromosomal DNA movement within bacteria.

100 The extrachromosomal DNA of Sodalis glossinidius from two ts

101 mechanism, enhancing transcription only from extrachromosomal DNA templates.

102 intimate relationship between host cells and extrachromosomal DNA that enables the dynamic acquisitio

103 Bacterial plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA that provides selective advantages

104 as a restriction factor selectively blocking extrachromosomal DNA transcription.

105 the conserved RprA small RNA in controlling extrachromosomal DNA transfer.

106 ted C-myc sequences in low-molecular-weight, extrachromosomal DNA, as did CA46 cells.

107 ty, and oncogenic nature of tumor-associated extrachromosomal DNA.

108 as genetic exchange between chromosomes and extrachromosomal DNA.

109 step subsequent to 3'-end processing of Ty3 extrachromosomal DNA.

110 rise due to the formation and replication of extrachromosomal DNA.

111 signatures suggestive of hybrid, human-viral extrachromosomal DNA.

112 r-weight chromosomes or low-molecular-weight extrachromosomal DNA.

113 to occur by elimination of mutant EGFR from extrachromosomal DNA.

114 herapies that target oncogenes maintained on extrachromosomal DNA.

115 In many bacteria these extrachromosomal DNAs are cryptic with no known markers

116 both required for the stable replication of extrachromosomal DNAs in yeast.

117 e cassettes as stably replicating, circular, extrachromosomal DNAs, thus, expanding genome plasticity

118 is TA pair to fight pathogens carrying these extrachromosomal DNAs.

119 evidence that ORD is concentrated within the extrachromosomal domains of the nuclei of Drosophila pri

120 P recombinase is also needed to generate the extrachromosomal donor.

121 plified DNA sequences are borne on unstable, extrachromosomal double minutes (DMs), which suggests th

122 Extrachromosomal (ec) DNAs are genetic elements that exi

123 he 70-kb virulence plasmid of Yersinia, this extrachromosomal element does not appear to harbor genes

124 The 2-micron plasmid, a high copy extrachromosomal element in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, pr

125 he discovery of this previously unrecognized extrachromosomal element opens additional possibilities

126 Extrachromosomal element pSOG3 (52,162 nucleotides) in t

127 UTI89 has a large extrachromosomal element termed pUTI89 with many charact

128 ously called the D2 permease), on a circular extrachromosomal element, and they overexpress LmGT4 mRN

129 additional putative genes not expected on an extrachromosomal element, such as those encoding an elec

130 aled the presence of a previously unreported extrachromosomal element.

131 copy number of the oncogenes residing on the extrachromosomal element.

132 resistance is most commonly associated with extrachromosomal elements acquired from other bacteria i

133 Plasmids are extrachromosomal elements built from a selection of gene

134 The amplicons are linear, extrachromosomal elements either 225 or 180 kb long, con

135 ther support the idea of a critical role for extrachromosomal elements in C. burnetii pathogenesis.

136 hough TDH and TRH homologs can be encoded on extrachromosomal elements in V. cholerae, type III secre

137 s, but the mechanism of replication of these extrachromosomal elements is unknown.

138 pronounced impact of coevolution with these extrachromosomal elements on bacterial genome dynamics i

139 ction resulted in the generation of circular extrachromosomal elements varying in size from 8 to 300

140 The extrachromosomal elements were also found to form chromo

141 orc10 (oriC2), and the largest peaks on the extrachromosomal elements were near orc9 (oriP1) in both

142 Amplified DNA can be organized as extrachromosomal elements, as repeated units at a single

143 phosphorylated exhibit a high prevalence of extrachromosomal elements, hallmarks of perturbed replic

144 ue has no pseudogenes, introns, transposons, extrachromosomal elements, or inteins; few paralogs; and

145 composed of a linear chromosome and up to 21 extrachromosomal elements.

146 er copies for the stable transmission of the extrachromosomal elements.

147 nology could be extended, to generate linear extrachromosomal elements.

148 acteria, as well as bacteriophages and other extrachromosomal elements.

149 epressive chromatin structure persists in an extrachromosomal environment immediately following remov

150 normal chromosomal context, as well as in an extrachromosomal episome containing an MLL bcr fragment.

151 -Barr virus (EBV) genome is maintained as an extrachromosomal episome during latent infection of B ly

152 lls, and its genome persists as a multicopy, extrachromosomal episome.

153 enomes persist in latently infected cells as extrachromosomal episomes that attach to host chromosome

154 foreign sources to persist in the nucleus as extrachromosomal episomes, revealing a potential mechani

155 lls, KSHV DNA is maintained as circularized, extrachromosomal episomes.

156 Alternatively, part of the intra- and extrachromosomal events could involve transpositions.

157 Detection of these extrachromosomal excision circles in T cells located in

158 Precise excision, replication of an extrachromosomal form and loss of phiMFV1 from the mycop

159 or sequences have persisted predominantly in extrachromosomal form.

160 mosome to form a circular but nonreplicative extrachromosomal form.

161 (constins) in that circular, nonreplicative extrachromosomal forms occur in which the left and right

162 ntegrated forms, AAV genomes were present as extrachromosomal forms.

163 n induction of the HO endonuclease, a linear extrachromosomal fragment is generated in each cell and

164 Because double minutes are extrachromosomal fragments, selection pressures must ope

165 A statistically significant decrease in MDR1 extrachromosomal gene copy number was reproducibly detec

166 onal types encode additional chromosomal and extrachromosomal genes that facilitate the ability of E.

167 In yeast, the cellular extrachromosomal genetic element [KIL-d] alters killer a

168 olution of replicon complexity by capture of extrachromosomal genetic elements.

169 tic RNA-based adaptive immune system against extrachromosomal genetic elements.

170 Here, we conditionally evicted the viral extrachromosomal genome from tumor cells in vitro to exa

171 Animal mitochondrial DNA is a small, extrachromosomal genome, typically approximately 16 kb i

172 2 protein maintains and segregates the viral extrachromosomal genomes by tethering them to cellular m

173 Extrachromosomal, heterologous expression of a trans-dom

174 we provide evidence that the suppression of extrachromosomal HIV-1 DNA is histone-related.

175 nd H1 linker histones are all deposited onto extrachromosomal HIV-1 DNA.

176 g at both the chromosomal HMRa locus and the extrachromosomal HMRa locus with equal efficiency.

177 mpair both spontaneous and cisplatin-induced extrachromosomal homologous recombination and attenuated

178 The mechanism for extrachromosomal HPV DNA persistence in cycling cells is

179 Keratinocyte clones harboring extrachromosomal HR HPV genomes had shorter population d

180 ing (NHEJ) or intra-chromatid, homologue, or extrachromosomal HR.

181 endent pathway thought to be responsible for extrachromosomal HR.

182 on inhibits gene targeting while stimulating extrachromosomal HR.

183 ndicative of a crossover outcome) or remains extrachromosomal (indicative of a non-crossover outcome)

184 , which is ordinarily unable to generate the extrachromosomal intermediate required for SXT transfer.

185 ike lambda, the SXT element forms a circular extrachromosomal intermediate through specific recombina

186 binase and the I-SceI endonuclease generates extrachromosomal linear DNA molecules in vivo.

187 near YACs could be detected, suggesting that extrachromosomal maintenance of DNA with the oriP /EBNA-

188 arm were tested for their ability to promote extrachromosomal maintenance of plasmids.

189 anti-CRISPR genes encoded on chromosomal and extrachromosomal MGEs within Enterobacteriaceae and Pseu

190 mosome to form a circular but nonreplicative extrachromosomal molecule that is required for its trans

191 ansformed cells maintain the injected DNA as extrachromosomal molecules.

192 Additionally, the results demonstrate that extrachromosomal, not integrated, genomes are the major

193 somes in other kinetoplastids, the T. brucei extrachromosomal NR-element is not generated by drug sel

194 es can maintain latency in dividing cells as extrachromosomal nuclear plasmids.

195 y sites by replacing R5M with I2 inactivated extrachromosomal oriC function.

196 ing on the cell-line UPCI:SCC090 confirm the extrachromosomal origin and fine structure of a Forkhead

197 m and other protists, the rDNA is carried on extrachromosomal palindromic elements that comprise up t

198 taining regions in mammalian chromosomes) or extrachromosomal palindromic molecules (equivalent to do

199 ssibility of each chromosomal att site to an extrachromosomal partner carried on a low-copy plasmid.

200 Sodalis also harbors an extrachromosomal plasmid about 134 kb in size.

201 studies described here found no evidence for extrachromosomal plasmid DNA in any of the strains exami

202 ains, we could easily get transformants with extrachromosomal plasmid DNA when closed circular, repli

203 al threat to human health, often residing in extrachromosomal plasmid DNA.

204 associated herpesvirus (KSHV) persists as an extrachromosomal plasmid in latently infected cells.

205 bit subtle defects in V(D)J recombination of extrachromosomal plasmid molecules.

206 The factors required for extrachromosomal plasmid recombination are constitutivel

207 due to the overamplification of 2 microm, an extrachromosomal plasmid.

208 Papillomaviral DNA replicates as extrachromosomal plasmids in squamous epithelium.

209 The copy number of pAL5000-based extrachromosomal plasmids is 23 in M. smegmatis as deter

210 lls, by generating transposition events from extrachromosomal plasmids to chromosomes.

211 nmotile clones was present in the introduced extrachromosomal plasmids, while the motile MS17 clone w

212 es can maintain latency in dividing cells as extrachromosomal plasmids.

213 thogenic bacteria are often encoded on large extrachromosomal plasmids.

214 wledge this is the first investigation using extrachromosomal probes containing a Fapy.dG or Fapy.dA

215 ences that, when transcribed from a powerful extrachromosomal promoter, can complement the auxotrophy

216 Further analyses provided empirical data on extrachromosomal prophages and coinfection prevalences,

217 AV, we previously described the existence of extrachromosomal proviral AAV genomes in human tissues.

218 determined the proportion of integrated and extrachromosomal rAAV genomes in mouse livers and their

219 The production and accumulation of extrachromosomal rDNA circles (ERCs) is one pathway that

220 ay a sacrifice during budding: they keep the extrachromosomal rDNA circles (ERCs) so that their buds

221 y, this is not accompanied by an increase in extrachromosomal rDNA circles (ERCs).

222 ds to rDNA instability and elevated level of extrachromosomal rDNA circles and nucleolar fragmentatio

223 ore, mutations of R102 cause accumulation of extrachromosomal rDNA circles and reduce life span, sugg

224 iation with rDNA and subsequent formation of extrachromosomal rDNA circles, and reduced cell survival

225 n that is associated with elevated levels of extrachromosomal rDNA circles.

226 g, most likely involving the accumulation of extrachromosomal rDNA circles.

227 ation and likely increases the production of extrachromosomal rDNA circles.

228 nucleolar fragmentation, and accumulation of extrachromosomal rDNA.

229 macronuclear chromosome were cloned into the extrachromosomal rDNA.

230 C) typically have either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal rearrangements that join the promoter a

231 olonies and cell lines, which maintained the extrachromosomal recombinant genome long-term.

232 These cRSs are active in extrachromosomal recombination assays and cleaved during

233 ed to the Dbeta 12-RSS over Jbeta 12-RSSs on extrachromosomal recombination substrates in nonlymphoid

234 Extrachromosomal recombination was stimulated by double-

235 ochromatin domains, mitotic chromosomes, and extrachromosomal regions of mitotic cells by quantitativ

236 plasma viremia, cultivable virus, and labile extrachromosomal replication intermediates.

237 In vivo extrachromosomal replication of the rDNA ARS was cold se

238 us recombination is important for high-level extrachromosomal replication.

239 DNA ARS that might contribute to inefficient extrachromosomal replication.

240 imperfect match increased the efficiency of extrachromosomal replication.

241 These genes occur on both the large extrachromosomal replicon pNRC100 (arsADRC and arsR2M) a

242 is and trans characteristics of a mammalian, extrachromosomal replicon.

243 e repeatedly displaced each other in various extrachromosomal replicons.

244 rsely, silencing the Smc5/6 complex enhances extrachromosomal reporter gene transcription in the abse

245 hibits the stimulatory effect of HBx both on extrachromosomal reporter genes and on hepatitis B virus

246 Repair of both stably integrated and extrachromosomal reporter substrates was observed to inc

247 The Smc5/6 complex associates with extrachromosomal reporters and the hepatitis B virus gen

248 ts in dna2 mutants, although in dna2 mutants extrachromosomal ribosomal circles do not accumulate dur

249 t does not appear to simply be a function of extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA circle production.

250 Accumulation of extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA circles (ERCs) appears to

251 a marked increase in the cellular content of extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA circles (ERCs), which can

252 nucleolar architecture, and accumulation of extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA circles (ERCs).

253 charomyces cerevisiae is the accumulation of extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA circles (ERCs).

254 ence factors - including protein aggregates, extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA circles, and abnormal nuc

255 oxically, it also leads to the production of extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA circles, which cause yeas

256 Besides the mating-induced genes, two extrachromosomal RNA elements were identified.

257 Here we show that an extrachromosomal S plasmid assay is AID dependent and th

258 e is a model for a stable, high-copy-number, extrachromosomal "selfish" DNA element.

259 he accessibility of individual end-points to extrachromosomal sequences is as important.

260 Simultaneously, extrachromosomal single-stranded DIRS-1 DNA accumulated

261 ication of both chromosomally integrated and extrachromosomal SLP1.

262 erall regulation of functions related to the extrachromosomal state of SLP1.

263 n, rRNA genes are found on a 40 kb, possibly extrachromosomal, structure.

264 Here we have used our human extrachromosomal substrate assay to formally test the hy

265 -EJ factors, based on biochemical studies or extrachromosomal substrate end-joining studies.

266 s in vitro, or increased recombination of an extrachromosomal substrate in a cellular assay.

267 dGTP pools result in altered N regions in an extrachromosomal substrate transfected into T-cell or pr

268 frequent, cryptic RS that rearrange both in extrachromosomal substrates and in their genomic context

269 f normal murine thymocyte development and on extrachromosomal substrates induced to undergo recombina

270 Previous studies using extrachromosomal substrates reveal that cryptic recombin

271 pair by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) on extrachromosomal substrates.

272 ss switch DNA recombination (CSR), including extrachromosomal switch circular DNAs and circle transcr

273 experiments that assayed recombination of an extrachromosomal switch substrate during transient trans

274 sed from the genome serves as a template for extrachromosomal synthesis of its double-stranded DNA co

275 Here, we show that complex extrachromosomal T-DNA structures form in A. tumefaciens

276 A molecules resulted in an increased rate of extrachromosomal T-DNA to T-DNA recombination, indicatin

277 Alterations in the extrachromosomal targets were largely products of end-fi

278 A damage and have greatly elevated levels of extrachromosomal telomere DNA (C-circles).

279 associated promyelocytic leukemia bodies and extrachromosomal telomere repeats; however, no alteratio

280 recently that ALT cells have a high level of extrachromosomal telomeric circles (t circles) that may

281 al survivors and stimulated the formation of extrachromosomal telomeric circles in survivors.

282 These results show that extrachromosomal telomeric DNA circles are present in AL

283 CtIP suppresses the generation of circular, extrachromosomal telomeric DNA.

284 yper-ALT phenotype, including an increase in extrachromosomal telomeric repeat DNAs, putative recombi

285 ere sister chromatid exchanges (T-SCEs), and extrachromosomal telomeric signals (ECTSs).

286 The break is repaired by copying DNA from an extrachromosomal template into the chromosomal site.

287 ations, or homology-directed repair using an extrachromosomal template.

288 ation on chromosomal but, remarkably, not on extrachromosomal templates.

289 However, an extrachromosomal transgene containing wild-type vha-12 d

290 mosomal deletions, as well as integration of extrachromosomal transgenes, which complements those der

291 rmed by intermolecular recombination between extrachromosomal Ty1 cDNA molecules before or during int

292 required for integration of the replicated, extrachromosomal Ty3 DNA.

293 From a single progenitor line carrying an extrachromosomal unc-54::gfp transgene array, we generat

294 Herein, we show that extrachromosomal V(D)J recombination substrates recapitu

295 transgene expression primarily results from extrachromosomal vector genomes, a series of experiments

296 t least in part from the loss of the linear, extrachromosomal vector genomes.

297 that all components are present on a stable extrachromosomal vector that can replicate in a wide var

298 between R4 attB and attP sites cloned on an extrachromosomal vector.

299 ed in the formation and/or maintenance of an extrachromosomal viral episome in vivo, which is likely

300 he advantages and consequences of persistent extrachromosomal viral genome replication.