ライフサイエンスコーパス: extrasynaptic

1 ) is required for the proper distribution of extrasynaptic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in Caenorh

2 Extrasynaptic actions of glutamate are limited by high-a

3 Extrasynaptic activation of SER-2 facilitates ventral bo

4 fast-acting ionotropic receptor, LGC-55, and extrasynaptic activation of the slow-acting metabotropic

5 The extrasynaptic alpha-5 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A rec

6 Importantly, TC neurons also express extrasynaptic alpha4beta2delta GABA(A)Rs, although how t

7 (MSNs), indicating predominant expression of extrasynaptic alpha4beta2delta receptors in these cells.

8 ABAAR) isoforms (synaptic alpha1beta3gamma2, extrasynaptic alpha4beta3delta, and beta3 homopentomers)

9 puberty in female mice due to expression of extrasynaptic alpha4betadelta GABAA receptors (GABARs).

10 could arise from differential expression of extrasynaptic alpha4betadelta subtypes in the cells.

11 that can explain the rapid downregulation of extrasynaptic alpha4betadelta-GABA(A)-R following in viv

12 g GABA(A) receptors and postulate a role for extrasynaptic alpha4delta-containing GABA(A) receptors i

13 Thus, it is not the positional effect of extrasynaptic alpha6beta3delta receptors that causes the

14 Overexpression of extrasynaptic alpha6beta3delta-GABAA receptors in mouse

15 Whether extrasynaptic alphabetadelta receptors adopt the analogo

16 th synaptic (alphabetagamma2-containing) and extrasynaptic (alphabetadelta-containing) GABAA receptor

17 ron that controls this decision via top-down extrasynaptic aminergic potentiation of the primary osmo

18 nhibition were due to activation of putative extrasynaptic AMPA receptors as their antagonism blocked

19 c transmission, reduce levels of synaptic or extrasynaptic AMPA receptors, or alter other AMPA recept

20 iffusion at synapses observed a large mobile extrasynaptic AMPAR pool.

21 switch that uncouples GABAAR-alpha5 from its extrasynaptic anchor, thereby enriching synaptic recepto

22 monstrate that the vast majority of ErbB4 is extrasynaptic and detergent-soluble.

23 tOH-enhanced GABAAR delta subunit-containing extrasynaptic and EtOH-insensitive alpha1betagamma2 subt

24 Less than 10% of sQD-AMPARs were extrasynaptic and highly mobile.

25 ol the excitability of mouse LSO neurons via extrasynaptic and presynaptic signalling.

26 h surface delivery of NMDA receptors to both extrasynaptic and synaptic membranes.

27 akes place by a two-step mechanism involving extrasynaptic and then synaptic receptor transport.

28 NMDAR subunit composition and was similar at extrasynaptic and total receptor populations.

29 itment of the scaffold protein gephyrin from extrasynaptic areas, which in turn is promoted by CaMKII

30 % of bQD-AMPARs were in PSDs and 90-95% were extrasynaptic as previously observed.

31 Occupancy in boutons exceeds that at nearby extrasynaptic axonal sites by approximately threefold, r

32 rtners at rod bipolar dyad synapses, express extrasynaptic (but not synaptic) NMDA receptors, with di

33 y the cystine/glutamate antiporter activated extrasynaptic, but not synaptic, NMDARs, and blockade of

34 uA2-lacking AMPARs, as well as NMDARs to the extrasynaptic cell surface, in a calcium/calmodulin-depe

35 both GluA2-lacking AMPARs and NMDARs to the extrasynaptic cell surface.

36 mma-aminobutyric acid type A) receptors into extrasynaptic clusters, whereas neuronal presynaptic bou

37 rsu-1) mutant based on the presence of large extrasynaptic clusters.

38 In both synaptic and extrasynaptic compartments, total ERK1/2 proteins remain

39 d frequency of synaptic events and increased extrasynaptic conductance, with the latter associated wi

40 ly, Munc13-1 overexpression (M13OE) promoted extrasynaptic DCV release, also without prolonged stimul

41 rgic inhibitory neurotransmission, including extrasynaptic delta subunit-containing GABA(A) receptors

42 locks steady-state GABA currents mediated by extrasynaptic delta subunit-containing GABAA receptors (

43 GABA(A) receptors mediate phasic IPSCs while extrasynaptic delta subunits mediate diffusional IPSCs a

44 Here we report a novel plasticity of extrasynaptic delta-containing GABAA receptors in the de

45 Here, we explored the contribution of extrasynaptic delta-GABA(A)Rs to male and female binge-l

46 ficantly reduce tonic inhibition mediated by extrasynaptic delta-GABAARs with little action on phasic

47 In summary, we found that activation of extrasynaptic delta-subunit-containing GABA(A) receptors

48 cess involving crosstalk between GABABRs and extrasynaptic delta-subunit-containing GABAARs.

49 Extrasynaptic delta-subunits containing GABAA receptors

50 is associated with striking upregulation of extrasynaptic, delta-containing GABAA receptors that med

51 Neurosteroids activate extrasynaptic deltaGABAA receptor-mediated tonic inhibit

52 ry role of Zn(2+) at neurosteroid-sensitive, extrasynaptic deltaGABAA receptors by electrophysiologic

53 ng AMPARs, not only at synapses, but also at extrasynaptic dendritic and somatic regions of CA1 pyram

54 Y-expressing ivy cells provided synaptic and extrasynaptic dendritic modulation.

55 dissociated Ppt1(-/-) cultured neurons show extrasynaptic, diffuse calcium influxes and enhanced vul

56 in the hippocampus populating primarily the extrasynaptic domain of CA1 pyramidal cells, where it me

57 ic contacts with axons or by ambient GABA in extrasynaptic domains.

58 NS) with fast, transsynaptic, and modulatory extrasynaptic effects being mediated by the ionotropic G

59 apsyn revealed several distinct synaptic and extrasynaptic effects, suggesting novel roles for MuSK s

60 riatal neurons, while the drug did not alter extrasynaptic ERK2 phosphorylation.

61 induces low frequency temporal variations of extrasynaptic extracellular dopamine levels, at time sca

62 ms (ERK1 and ERK2) were concentrated more in extrasynaptic fractions than in synaptic fractions in st

63 n required prolonged stimulation, similar to extrasynaptic fusion in wild-type neurons.

64 Based upon these findings, we propose that extrasynaptic GABA contributes to a form of control, bas

65 ion potentials revealed that GAT-3 regulates extrasynaptic GABA levels from action potential-independ

66 ) receptors are tonically active and enhance extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptor currents in cerebellar gr

67 timates of ambient GABA levels and predicted extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptor numbers when considering

68 he past two decades, research has identified extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptor populations that enable n

69 onsciousness is highlighted by the fact that extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)Rs) are believed

70 Tonic inhibition mediated by extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors (GABARs) sensing ambient

71 High-affinity extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors are persistently activat

72 binding of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) to extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors generates tonic inhibiti

73 nsidering drug strategies designed to target extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors in the treatment of slee

74 mbient GABA in the brain tonically activates extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors, and activity-dependent

75 ic GABA(B) receptors enhance the function of extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors, including delta subunit

76 ls, exhibit a tonic GABA current mediated by extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors.

77 all tonic currents indicated the presence of extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors.

78 ceptor delta(-/-) mice, which have a loss of extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors.

79 ) that acts preferentially via high-affinity extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors.

80 GABA appears to act on extrasynaptic GABA(A) Rs as demonstrated by application

81 sponses in LSO neurons that were mediated by extrasynaptic GABA(A) Rs.

82 ility at P11 via shunting inhibition through extrasynaptic GABA(A) Rs.

83 x in brain slices derived from wild-type and extrasynaptic GABA(A)R-lacking, alpha4 "knock-out" (alph

84 The neurosteroid sensitivity of these extrasynaptic GABA(A)Rs may explain their importance in

85 Extrasynaptic GABA(A)Rs may therefore present a therapeu

86 ed in the amygdala, much less is known about extrasynaptic GABA(A)Rs mediating persistent or tonic in

87 Collectively, our data reveal that extrasynaptic GABA(A)Rs of the somatosensory thalamus do

88 the persistent activation of perisynaptic or extrasynaptic GABA(A)Rs, which can detect extracellular

89 ic inhibition is prolonged by recruitment of extrasynaptic GABA(A)Rs.

90 d delta subunits, which typically constitute extrasynaptic GABA-A receptors, and GABA-B R1 and R2 sub

91 Inhibiting tonic (extrasynaptic) GABA signalling during the repair phase w

92 asting (tonic) inhibition via high-affinity (extrasynaptic) GABA(A)Rs, which provide a majority of th

93 d antagonist-type profiles, depending on the extrasynaptic GABAA receptor isoforms targeted.

94 t on relative expression levels of different extrasynaptic GABAA receptor subtypes, and on the ambien

95 OL), as a potential mechanism for modulating extrasynaptic GABAA receptor-mediated tonic currents.

96 This is consistent with upregulation of extrasynaptic GABAA receptors containing alpha4- and del

97 entral amygdala, DCUK-OEt acted primarily on extrasynaptic GABAA receptors containing the alpha1 subu

98 e time, but differences between synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors have not been explored.

99 that regulates the function of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors in physiologic and patholo

100 ort the rationale for targeting synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors in the development of ther

101 Zn(2+) inhibition of neurosteroid-sensitive, extrasynaptic GABAA receptors in the hippocampus has dir

102 lockade by Zn(2+) of neurosteroid-sensitive, extrasynaptic GABAA receptors in the mouse hippocampus d

103 opose a working model that both synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors may compete for limited re

104 receptors mediate phasic inhibition, whereas extrasynaptic GABAA receptors mediate tonic inhibition.

105 In the extended hippocampal circuit, extrasynaptic GABAA receptors promoted subcortical, but

106 functional interaction between synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors through various molecular

107 unds to selectively modulate the activity of extrasynaptic GABAA receptors underlying tonic inhibitio

108 onic GABA currents mediated by high-affinity extrasynaptic GABAA receptors, are increasingly recogniz

109 ound that heightened activity of hippocampal extrasynaptic GABAA receptors, believed to impair fear a

110 d tonic inhibition, mediated by synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors, respectively, in physiolo

111 ositive allosteric modulator of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors.

112 ve allosteric modulator of both synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors.

113 ity by allosteric activation of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors.

114 aid to further understand the physiology of extrasynaptic GABAA receptors.

115 tonic conductance, mediated by synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA Rs, respectively.

116 xonal projections from the TMN evoked tonic (extrasynaptic) GABAA receptor Cl(-) currents onto medium

117 we found tinnitus-related increases in tonic extrasynaptic GABAAR currents, in action potentials/evok

118 in expression in Mecp2-null mice was another extrasynaptic GABAAR subunit, alpha6, by approximately 4

119 To identify anesthetic binding sites in an extrasynaptic GABAAR, we photolabeled human alpha4beta3d

120 Given that extrasynaptic GABAARs control the firing mode of thalamo

121 However, for DR neurons extrasynaptic GABAARs exert only a limited influence.

122 sm, Thio-THIP evoked robust currents through extrasynaptic GABAARs in cerebellar granule cells.

123 ere we show evidence for augmentation of the extrasynaptic GABAARs in Mecp2-null mice.

124 expressing MSNs (D-MSNs) additionally harbor extrasynaptic GABAARs incorporating alpha4, beta, and de

125 These results suggest that extrasynaptic GABAARs seem to be augmented with Mecp2 di

126 tonic conductance, mediated by synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAARs, respectively.

127 the delta subunit, the principal subunit of extrasynaptic GABAARs, was present in LC neurons.

128 ersistent tonic inhibition via high-affinity extrasynaptic GABAARs.

129 other through the activation of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAARs.

130 tance resulting from ambient GABA activating extrasynaptic GABAARs.

131 Extrasynaptic gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (

132 Extrasynaptic gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors t

133 matergic synapses, but also suggest possible extrasynaptic, glial, and mitochondrial GluD1 functions.

134 dephosphorylate S845 and remove synaptic and extrasynaptic GluA1 during long-term depression (LTD).

135 xposure significantly increased synaptic and extrasynaptic GluA1 membrane expression as well as GluA1

136 he postsynaptic density and colocalizes with extrasynaptic GluA1 puncta in primary dissociated neuron

137 unique mechanism as an auxiliary factor for extrasynaptic GluA1-containing AMPARs.

138 hanol's actions and suggest a unique role of extrasynaptic GluN2B-containing receptors in facilitatin

139 ing, but how this affects PAPs and therefore extrasynaptic glutamate actions is poorly understood.

140 rallel fiber (PF) release sites controls the extrasynaptic glutamate concentration transient followin

141 a(0/0) pups exhibited increased synaptic and extrasynaptic glutamatergic transmission and consequentl

142 neurons in this area express Cl(-) permeable extrasynaptic glycine receptors (GlyRs).

143 These findings identify extrasynaptic GlyRs as critical regulators of DR excitab

144 eveals a large tonic conductance mediated by extrasynaptic GlyRs, which dominates DR inhibition.

145 halamic relay neurons through recruitment of extrasynaptic high-affinity GABAA receptors.

146 otoxin, indicating that they are mediated by extrasynaptic homomeric GlyRs.

147 The extrasynaptic hypothesis is built in part on observed se

148 ting the activity of PKCdelta(+) neurons via extrasynaptic inhibition mediated by alpha5 subunit-cont

149 tamine-GABA axonal projections suggests that extrasynaptic inhibition will be coordinated over large

150 te receptors, and retromer knockdown reduces extrasynaptic insertion of adrenergic receptors as well

151 ially mediate NMDAR function at synaptic and extrasynaptic locations and play opposing roles in excit

152 s), which were found at synaptic loci and at extrasynaptic loci 20-100 nm proximal to gap junctions.

153 and channels localize at high levels to the extrasynaptic membrane of parvalbumin-immunoreactive den

154 millisecond time range; those located in the extrasynaptic membrane respond to ambient GABA and confe

155 on synapses and micron-scale organization of extrasynaptic membrane that provides a rationale for stu

156 nerve-free AChR clusters induced by agrin in extrasynaptic membrane, internalized AChRs are driven ba

157 her the diffuse distribution of receptors in extrasynaptic membranes is a default state or is activel

158 brain and are localized at both synaptic and extrasynaptic membranes.

159 h lifetime >15 min, and do not accumulate in extrasynaptic membranes.

160 Activation of extrasynaptic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors caus

161 A1 levels, whereas stimulating predominantly extrasynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors promoted th

162 of neuronal transporter expression can alter extrasynaptic neuroglial signaling.

163 nism that governs the spatial specificity of extrasynaptic neurosecretory terminal (ENT) formation in

164 nal LS, likely reflecting a reduction in the extrasynaptic, neurosteroid-sensitive alpha4/delta conta

165 Diffuse extrasynaptic neurotransmitter receptors constitute an a

166 luding stroke-induced damage caused by toxic extrasynaptic NMDA receptor (eNMDAR) signaling.

167 ty is caused mainly by overactivation of the extrasynaptic NMDA receptor (NMDAR) and results in speci

168 proposed to combat the pathological triad of extrasynaptic NMDA receptor signaling that is common to

169 ly showed that a functional coupling between extrasynaptic NMDA receptors (eNMDARs) and the A-type K(

170 KEY POINTS: A functional coupling between extrasynaptic NMDA receptors (eNMDARs) and the A-type K(

171 strocytic glutamate, which in turn activates extrasynaptic NMDA receptors (eNMDARs) on neurons.

172 Synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDA receptors (NMDARs) appear to play opp

173 that glycine is the endogenous coagonist for extrasynaptic NMDA receptors (NMDARs), unlike at synapse

174 effects of D1DR stimulation on synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDA receptors (NMDARs).

175 disease, share increased death signaling by extrasynaptic NMDA receptors caused by elevated extracel

176 rasynaptic sites on neurons, but the role of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors is unclear.

177 CF excitation of MLIs is dependent on extrasynaptic NMDA receptors that enhance the spatial an

178 s thought to decrease glutamate spillover to extrasynaptic NMDA receptors while increasing synaptic g

179 hat AII and A17 amacrines express clustered, extrasynaptic NMDA receptors, with different and complem

180 not by glutamate bath application activating extrasynaptic NMDA receptors.

181 de the synaptic cleft and possibly stimulate extrasynaptic NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) on

182 Blocking extrasynaptic NMDA-type glutamate receptors prevented am

183 nthase (nNOS) following Ca(2+) entry through extrasynaptic NMDA-type ionotropic glutamate receptors (

184 In contrast to synaptic NMDAR activation, extrasynaptic NMDAR activation had no effect on PHLPP1 a

185 a-benzyloxyaspartic acid, revealed increased extrasynaptic NMDAR activity and stronger baseline activ

186 Importantly, only extrasynaptic NMDAR expression and currents were increas

187 The extrasynaptic NMDAR hypothesis posits that synaptic NMDA

188 This led us to test the extrasynaptic NMDAR hypothesis using metabolic challenge

189 it of NMDAR, indicating decreased amounts of extrasynaptic NMDAR in the absence of PS1.

190 nhibition during repetitive stimulation, and extrasynaptic NMDAR inhibition.

191 ure enhances LTP in the BNST via paradoxical extrasynaptic NMDAR involvement.

192 self-administration limits activation of the extrasynaptic NMDAR pool by increasing glutamate reuptak

193 umbens shell and demonstrate upregulation of extrasynaptic NMDAR signaling as a novel consequence of

194 ne-naive rats, the D1DR-mediated increase in extrasynaptic NMDAR signaling was independent of the act

195 lunts the influence of D1DRs on synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDAR signaling.

196 1DR stimulation had an effect on synaptic or extrasynaptic NMDAR signaling.

197 nvolved in the function of both synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDAR, demonstrating that they play simila

198 calpain activation is neuroprotective, while extrasynaptic NMDAR-coupled m-calpain activation is neur

199 by calpain may mediate excitotoxicity via an extrasynaptic NMDAR-dependent manner.

200 ediated STEP degradation was associated with extrasynaptic NMDAR-induced neurotoxicity.

201 at neuroligins are selectively essential for extrasynaptic NMDAR-mediated signaling, but dispensable

202 smitter (GT), resulting in the generation of extrasynaptic NMDAR-mediated slow inward currents (SICs)

203 ered by the activation of either synaptic or extrasynaptic NMDAR.

204 ticular an imbalance between synaptic versus extrasynaptic (NMDAR(EX)) activity.

205 Considering that synaptic NMDARs and extrasynaptic NMDARs (eNMDARs) can have opposite effects

206 The activation of extrasynaptic NMDARs alone was sufficient for degradatio

207 that involves a functional coupling between extrasynaptic NMDARs and A-type K(+) channels, which is

208 synaptic as well as tonic zinc in inhibiting extrasynaptic NMDARs and thereby fine tuning neuronal ex

209 NMDARs are neurotrophic/neuroprotective and extrasynaptic NMDARs are neurotoxic.

210 xcitotoxic global activation of synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDARs by bath application of NMDA causes

211 that synaptic NMDARs activate CREB, whereas extrasynaptic NMDARs dominantly oppose CREB activation.

212 hus far, this interplay between synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDARs has been studied exclusively in cor

213 centrations required to inhibit synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDARs in vitro.

214 mple, memantine but not ketamine may inhibit extrasynaptic NMDARs more effectively than synaptic NMDA

215 c, but not synaptic, NMDARs, and blockade of extrasynaptic NMDARs reduced ischemia-gated currents and

216 Activation of extrasynaptic NMDARs relies on the availability of extra

217 ion, released glutamate activates additional extrasynaptic NMDARs that are not reached by synapticall

218 on of memantine shows little selectivity for extrasynaptic NMDARs when all receptors are tonically ac

219 retina, where ON synapses reportedly include extrasynaptic NMDARs with GluN2B subunits.

220 r glutamate concentration, overactivation of extrasynaptic NMDARs, and ischemic neuronal death.

221 ctional coupling resulted from activation of extrasynaptic NMDARs, was calcium- and protein kinase C-

222 We found that both synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDARs, which are differentially modulated

223 beyond the synaptic cleft where it inhibits extrasynaptic NMDARs.

224 d currents and increased the contribution of extrasynaptic NMDARs.

225 f the coagonist binding site of synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDARs.

226 ctor, myocyte enhancer factor 2D (MEF2D), by extrasynaptic NMDARs.

227 tic physiological and pathological roles for extrasynaptic NMDARs.

228 ating that NL1 is responsible for recruiting extrasynaptic NMDARs.

229 te interneurons for enabling the function of extrasynaptic NMDARs.

230 glutamatergic signaling at synaptic but not extrasynaptic, NMDARs by differentially augmenting CREB

231 espite the low degree of overlap between the extrasynaptic (or wireless) and synaptic (or wired) conn

232 t NitroMemantine, which selectively inhibits extrasynaptic over physiological synaptic NMDAR activity

233 nce showed a significant (1) decrease in the extrasynaptic plasmalemmal density of obligatory GluN1-N

234 work has implications for neurotransmission, extrasynaptic receptor activation, and synaptic plastici

235 els in extrasynaptic spaces, likely limiting extrasynaptic receptor activation.

236 to TTX, as well as a variety of synaptic and extrasynaptic receptor antagonists, indicating that the

237 tional mode of synaptic plasticity, in which extrasynaptic receptor reservoirs supply synaptic GABAAR

238 n RSU-1-dependent active mechanism maintains extrasynaptic receptors dispersed and indirectly regulat

239 e cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) primes extrasynaptic receptors for synaptic insertion in respon

240 alpha4betaxdelta GABAA receptors are extrasynaptic receptors important for tonic inhibition.

241 into the function of inhibitory synapses and extrasynaptic receptors in controlling neuronal excitati

242 effects of 100 mum Thio-THIP at synaptic and extrasynaptic receptors in principal cells of four diffe

243 e results indicate that the diffuse state of extrasynaptic receptors is not a default state that is s

244 in some situations therapeutically targeting extrasynaptic receptors may be inappropriate.

245 is built in part on observed selectivity for extrasynaptic receptors of a neuroprotective use-depende

246 However, the ability of Zn(2+) to block extrasynaptic receptors remains unclear.

247 apse stimulate cell survival pathways, while extrasynaptic receptors signal for cell death.

248 pting rsu-1 causes spontaneous clustering of extrasynaptic receptors that are normally dispersed, ind

249 le spillover may allow for the activation of extrasynaptic receptors, efficient uptake by serotonin r

250 interaction is less well appreciated at the extrasynaptic receptors, which respond sensitively to en

251 s contain the gamma2-subunit, in contrast to extrasynaptic receptors, which were not modulated by zol

252 mitter spillover and paracrine activation of extrasynaptic receptors.

253 y occurs through the spillover activation of extrasynaptic receptors.

254 riggered by the coactivation of synaptic and extrasynaptic receptors.

255 delta subunits, which are characteristic of extrasynaptic receptors.

256 ic mechanisms or through tonic activation of extrasynaptic receptors.

257 s displayed higher diffusion coefficients in extrasynaptic regions and excitatory or inhibitory termi

258 Synaptic vesicles (SVs) remained at extrasynaptic regions in Hb9(cre)NCAM(flx) mice rather t

259 S1P induced SynI relocation to extrasynaptic regions of mature neurons, as well as SynI

260 ze to cell bodies where they are enriched at extrasynaptic regions that are in contact with the basal

261 In contrast with CP-AMPARs in extrasynaptic regions, synaptic CP-AMPARs displayed an u

262 roper at the active zone and not just within extrasynaptic regions.

263 tatory and inhibitory synapses compared with extrasynaptic regions.

264 f and a set of tools for examining peri- and extrasynaptic regulations of pain-afferent transmission.

265 apses, but the possible contribution of this extrasynaptic release to intersynaptic communication has

266 e dense-core vesicles (LDCVs), which mediate extrasynaptic release.

267 of ACh adjusted by BChE and may represent an extrasynaptic sensor for homeostasis at the NMJ.

268 results show that serotonin functions as an extrasynaptic signal that independently activates multip

269 to glutamate increases and promotes aberrant extrasynaptic signaling through ionotropic and metabotro

270 rd-wired synaptic or junctional circuits and extrasynaptic signals wirelessly broadcast from a small

271 nd receptors are often positioned to receive extrasynaptic signals.

272 study, we focused on ERK at synaptic versus extrasynaptic sites and investigated its responses to th

273 rincipal cells, this subunit occupies mostly extrasynaptic sites and mediates tonic inhibition.

274 in intracellular Ca(2+) at both synaptic and extrasynaptic sites and provide evidence for activity-de

275 lutamate homeostasis and whether synaptic or extrasynaptic sites are responsible for excess glutamate

276 DCVs also fused at extrasynaptic sites but only after prolonged stimulation

277 receptors can be found at both synaptic and extrasynaptic sites on neurons, but the role of extrasyn

278 elta-gamma2 chimeric subunits to synaptic or extrasynaptic sites, depending on whether it was co-asse

279 BA(A)-Rs) are localized at both synaptic and extrasynaptic sites, mediating phasic and tonic inhibiti

280 face membrane receptors between synaptic and extrasynaptic sites.

281 stsynaptic density (PSD), but did not affect extrasynaptic sites.

282 n) but transiently (<24 h) elevated GluA1 at extrasynaptic sites.

283 e BLA nucleus, where it is located mostly at extrasynaptic sites.

284 tions or relocalization of NMDA receptors to extrasynaptic sites.

285 ll-type-specific micron-scale domains within extrasynaptic somatodendritic plasma membranes of pyrami

286 caused a profound spillover of GABA into the extrasynaptic space and this increase in e[GABA] was sig

287 cytokine consumption, escape fluxes into the extrasynaptic space are expected to be substantial (>/=2

288 orters prevented pooling of serotonin in the extrasynaptic space from activating 5-HT1A -IPSCs.

289 dual AMPARs, including free diffusion in the extrasynaptic space, confinement in the synapse, and tra

290 at iGluSnFR reduces free glutamate levels in extrasynaptic spaces, likely limiting extrasynaptic rece

291 Extrasynaptic SVs in Hb9(cre)NCAM(flx) sprouts were asso

292 a critical role in governing synaptic versus extrasynaptic targeting of GABA(A)-Rs, possibly through

293 lize on dendritic spines and shafts at sites extrasynaptic to GABAergic input at pubertal onset in ti

294 elocates alpha5-GABARs, which are ordinarily extrasynaptic, to inhibitory synapses, quashing further

295 he alpha1 subunit and generated increases in extrasynaptic "tonic" current with no significant effect

296 GABA-A receptors mediating synaptic or extrasynaptic transmission are molecularly and functiona

297 ivated ion channels involved in synaptic and extrasynaptic transmission in the brain and are also pre

298 GABArho dynamics may be a novel mechanism of extrasynaptic transmission regulating GABAergic control

299 n the brain; yet it is well established that extrasynaptic volume transmission, especially via monoam

300 onses, which, in stellate cells, are largely extrasynaptic, without a change in AMPA-receptor-mediate